Attributable liver cancer deaths and disability-adjusted life years in China and worldwide: profiles and changing trends

Objective: Liver cancer is a major health concern globally and in China. This analysis investigated deaths and disability-adjusted life years(DALYs) with respect to etiologies and risk factors for liver cancer in China and worldwide.Methods: Global and China-specific data were collected on liver cancer deaths, DALYs, and age-standardized rates(ASRs) from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019 database. Liver cancer etiologies were classified into five groups and risk factors were categorized into three levels. Each proportion of liver cancer burden was calculated in different geographic regions. The joinpoint regression model were used to assess the trends from 1990±2019.Results: Liver cancer accounted for 484,577 deaths worldwide in 2019 with an ASR of 5.9 per 100,000 population. China had an elevated liver cancer death ASR in 2019 and males had an ASR 1.7 times the global rate. The global ASR for DALYs peaked at 75±79 years of age but peaked earlier in China. Hepatitis B virus was the prominent etiology globally(39.5%) and in China(62.5%), followed by hepatitis C virus and alcohol consumption. In high sociodemographic index countries, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis has gained an increasing contribution as an etiologic factor. The liver cancer burden due to various etiologies has decreased globally in both genders. However, metabolic risk factors, particularly obesity, have had a growing contribution to the liver cancer burden, especially among males.Conclusions: Despite an overall decreasing trend in the liver cancer burden in China and worldwide, there has been a rising contribution from metabolic risk factors, highlighting the importance of implementing targeted prevention and control strategies that address regional and gender disparities.

Chronic ankle instability is associated with proprioception deficits:A systematic review and meta-analysis

Background:Acute ankle injury causes damage to joint mechanoreceptors and deafferentation and contributes to proprioception deficits in patients with chronic ankle instability(CAI).We aimed to explore whether deficits of proprioception,including kinesthesia and joint position sense(JPS),exist in patients with CAI when compared with the uninjured contralateral side and healthy people.We hypothesized that proprioception deficits did exist in patients with CAI and that the deficits varied by test methodologies.Methods:The study was a systematic review and meta-analysis.We identified studies that compared kinesthesia or JPS in patients with CAI with the uninjured contralateral side or with healthy controls.Meta-analyses were conducted for the studies with similar test procedures,and narrative syntheses were undertaken for the rest.Results:A total of 7731 studies were identified,of which 30 were included for review.A total of 21 studies were eligible for meta-analysis.Compared with the contralateral side,patients with CAI had ankle kinesthesia deficits in inversion and plantarflexion,with a standardized mean difference(SMD)of 0.41 and 0.92,respectively,and active and passive JPS deficits in inversion(SMD=0.92 and 0.72,respectively).Compared with healthy people,patients with CAI had ankle kinesthesia deficits in inversion and eversion(SMD=0.64 and 0.76,respectively),and active JPS deficits in inversion and eversion(SMD=1.00 and 4.82,respectively).Proprioception deficits in the knee and shoulder of patients with CAI were not statistically significant.Conclusion:Proprioception,including both kinesthesia and JPS,of the injured ankle of patients with CAI was impaired,compared with the uninjured contralateral limbs and healthy people.Proprioception varied depending on different movement directions and test methodologies.The use of more detailed measurements of proprioception and interventions for restoring the deficits are recommended in the clinical management of CAI.

Burden of liver cancer:From epidemiology to prevention

In this review,we offer a concise overview of liver cancer epidemiology in China and worldwide from the official databases of GLOBOCAN 2020 and the National Cancer Registry in China.We also summarized the evidence for the main risk factors associated with liver cancer risk and discuss strategies implemented in China to control the liver cancer burden.Overall,liver cancer was the sixth most commonly diagnosed cancer and the third leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide in 2020.Although China contributed to nearly half of cases across the world alone,the incidence and mortality rates of liver cancer presented a declining trend owing to the persistent efforts from the governments at all levels.The current liver cancer burden in China still faces an arduous challenge due to the relatively large population base as well as the substantially low survival rate(12.1%).To better control the liver cancer burden with the lowest cost,specific measures should be conducted by reducing exposure to established risk factors such as hepatitis B infection and aflatoxin.The promotion of surveillance is also an important method to prolong the survival of liver cancer.This review will provide basic information for future direction on the control of liver cancer burden.

Characteristics of 240 randomized controlled trials for adjusting constitution in preventive treatment of disease:A bibliometric analysis

Background:A growing number of randomized controlled trials(RCTs)have explored the significance of adjusting constitution for preventive treatment of disease in traditional Chinese medicine(TCM).In this study,we sought to comprehensively analyze the characteristics of these RCTs.Methods:All RCTs related to constitutional adjustment and preventive treatment of disease were included in the study.Literature was screened searching seven databases,including Pubmed,Web of Science,Embase,SinoMed,CNKI,Chongqing VIP,and Wangfang Database,from inception to December 2018.Data pertaining to bibliometrics,participants,and interventions were extracted and analyzed.Results:Two hundred and forty papers were published between 2007 and 2018,involving 240 RCTs with 55977 total participants.Sample size in these RCTs ranged from 30 to 7800.Among them,59 RCTs addressed disease prevention prior to onset involving 11 healthy states of participants,mainly for general health or sub-health population(40.68%)using health care and non-drug therapy.In control the development of existing disease(n Z 174),59 diseases were involved.Based on the number of RCTs and sample sizes,diseases including type 2 diabetes mellitus,primary hypertension,nonalcoholic fatty liver disease,and hyperlipoproteinemia accounted for 51.15%of the total patients studied.Drug therapy as an intervention was frequently used.In preventing recurrence after recovery(n Z 7),over 4 kinds of health status in participants were involved.Drug therapy combined with health care was mostly used.Most RCTs reported positive outcomes,with only one reporting negative findings(1/240).Conclusion:The number of RCTs of constitutional adjustment on preventive treatment of disease has gradually increased since 2012.Participants and intervention measures from the above-mentioned types of RCTs exhibit their own characteristics.Future systematic reviews or meta-analyses on constitutional adjustment for preventive treatment of disease are warranted.

Esophageal cancer global burden profiles, trends, and contributors

Objective:This study aimed to provide a comprehensive overview of the global burden of esophageal cancer(EC)and determine the temporal trends and factors influencing changes in the global burden.Methods:The latest incidence and mortality data for EC worldwide were obtained from GLOBALCAN 2022.The mortality and disability-adjusted life years(DALYs)rates for EC from 1990±2019 were sourced from the 2019 Global Burden of Diseases.Trends in EC mortality and DALYs attributable to 11 risk factors or clusters of risk were analyzed using the joinpoint regression model.The trends in age-related EC burden were assessed using a decomposition approach.Results:An estimated 511,054 new cases of EC were diagnosed in 2022 with 445,391 deaths worldwide.Approximately 75%of cases and deaths occurred in Asia.Nearly 50%of global EC deaths and DALYs were attributed to tobacco use in men in 2019,while 20%were attributed to high body mass index(BMI)in women.From 1990±2019,EC deaths and DALYs attributable to almost all risk factors had declining trends,while EC deaths and DALYs attributed to high BMI in men had upward trends.The age-related EC burden exhibited an upward trend driven by population growth and aging,which contributed to 307.4 thousand deaths and 7.2 million DALYs due to EC.Conclusions:The EC burden remains substantial worldwide.Effective tobacco and obesity control measures are critical for addressing the risk-attributable burden of EC.Population growth and aging pose challenges for EC prevention and control efforts.

Global, regional, and national burden of early-onset gastric cancer

Objective: The burden of gastric cancer(GC) across different age groups needs updating. We determined the GC global, regional, and national burden profiles and changes in incidence for 3 sequential 5-year intervals from 2003 to 2017.Methods: The latest incidence and mortality estimates of GC from 185 countries and regions were extracted from the GLOBOCAN 2022 database. The 5-year interval age-standardised incidence rates(ASIRs) were evaluated using cancer registry data from volumes X±XII of the Cancer Incidence in Five Continents(CI5). Correlation analysis was used to evaluate the relationship between ASIR or the age-standardised mortality rate(ASMR) and the Human Development Index(HDI).Results: There was an estimated global 968,000 new GC cases and 660,000 deaths in 2022, with male predominance. GC ASIRs and ASMRs were 9.2 and 6.1 per 100,000 persons, respectively. East Asia had the highest burden, with 53.8% of cases and 48.2% of deaths among all geographic regions. There was a significant correlation between ASIR and HDI. Over three 5-year intervals from 2003 to 2017, the incidence of GC notably decreased in most countries but peaked at 2008±2012 in New Zealand, Turkey, and South Africa. Several countries in Europe, Oceania, and America suggest an increasingly concerning trend among younger individuals, especially females.Conclusions: GC is a significant health issue, especially among males and in geographic regions with an HDI, such as eastern Asia. While the incidence of GC is decreasing in many countries due to prevention efforts and improved treatments, a rising trend persists among younger individuals. Comprehensive prevention strategies tailored to different age patterns are clearly needed.

Stomach cancer burden in China: Epidemiology and prevention

In 2020, stomach cancer was the fifth most commonly diagnosed cancer and the fourth leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide. Due to the relatively huge population base and the poor survival rate, stomach cancer is still a threat in China, and accounts for nearly half of the cases worldwide. Fortunately, in China, the incidence and mortality rates of stomach cancer presented a declining trend owing to the change of individual life styles and the persistent efforts to prevent stomach cancer from the governments at all levels. Helicobacter pylori(H. pylori)infection, poor eating habits, smoking, history of gastrointestinal disorders, and family history of stomach cancer are the main risk factors for stomach cancer in China. As a result, by taking risk factors for stomach cancer into account, specific preventive measures, such as eradicating H. pylori and implementing stomach cancer screening projects, should be taken to better prevent and decrease the burden of stomach cancer.

Colorectal cancer burden,trends and risk factors in China:A review and comparison with the United States

Objective:China and the United States(the U.S.)have the heaviest colorectal cancer(CRC)burden with considerable variations in temporal trends.This study aims to analyze the temporal patterns of CRC burden and its risk factors in China and the U.S.across the past three decades.Methods:Data were extracted from the Global Burden of Disease(GBD)Study in 2019,including cases,deaths,disability-adjusted life-years(DALYs),age-standardized rate(ASR),and summary exposure value(SEV)of CRC in China and the U.S.between 1990 and 2019.Annual average percentage changes(AAPCs)of CRC burden were calculated using the Joinpoint regression model.The mortality in CRC attributable to potential risk factors was characterized by countries,gender,and age groups.Results:In 2019,there were 607,900 and 227,241 CRC cases,and 261,777 and 84,026 CRC deaths in China and the U.S.,respectively.The age-standardized incidence rate(ASIR)was 30.55 per 100,000 in China and 41.86 per100,000 in the U.S.,and the age-standardized mortality rate(ASMR)was 13.86 per 100,000 in China and 14.77 per100,000 in the U.S.CRC incidence,mortality,and DALY rate in the U.S.showed downward trends in the past three decades(AAPC=-0.47,-1.06,and-0.88,respectively),while upward trends were observed in China(AAPC=3.11,1.05,and 0.91,respectively).Among the cause of CRC,the leading risk factor contributing to CRC death was low milk in China and smoking in the U.S.,respectively.Conclusions:From 1990 to 2019,the burden of CRC in China increased dramatically,particularly for males and middle-aged and elderly people.The management of the major risk factors associated with the high burden of CRC should be enhanced.

Cancer profiles in China and comparisons with the USA:a comprehensive analysis in the incidence,mortality,survival,staging,and attribution to risk factors

China faces a disproportionate cancer burden to the population size and is undergoing a transition in the cancer spectrum.We extracted data in five aspects of cancer incidence,mortality,survival,staging distributions,and attribution to risk factors in China,the USA and worldwide from open-source databases.We conducted a comprehensive secondary analysis of cancer profiles in China in the above aspects,and compared cancer statistics between China and the USA.A total of 4,546,400 new cancer cases and 2,992,600 deaths occurred in China in 2020,accounting for 25.1%and 30.2%of global cases,respectively.Lifestyle-related cancers including lung cancer,colorectal cancer,and breast cancer showed an upward trend and have been the leading cancer types in China.41.6%of new cancer cases and 49.3%of cancer deaths occurred in digestive-system cancers in China,and the cancers of esophagus,nasopharynx,liver,and stomach in China accounted for over 40%of global cases.Infection-related cancers showed the highest population-attributable fractions among Chinese adults,and most cancers could be attributed to behavioral and metabolic factors.The proportions of stage I for most cancer types were much higher in the USA than in China,except for esophageal cancer(78.2%vs.41.1%).The 5-year relative survival rates in China have improved substantially during 2000–2014,whereas survival for most cancer types in the USA was significantly higher than in China,except for upper gastrointestinal cancers.Our findings suggest that although substantial progress has been made in cancer control,especially in digestive system cancers in China,there was still a considerable disparity in cancer burden between China and the USA.More robust policies on risk factors and standardized screening practices are urgently warranted to curb the cancer growth and improve the prognosis for cancer patients.

Lung cancer burden and trends from 2000 to 2018 in China:Comparison between China and the United States

Objective: This study aims to provide an analysis of the current status and trends of lung cancer incidence and mortality rates in China, comparing trends with those in the United States(U.S.).Methods: Data on lung cancer incidence and mortality rates spanning 2000 to 2018 were extracted from the China Cancer Registry Annual Report and the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database for China and the U.S., respectively. Crude incidence and mortality rates were calculated by sex and age, with age-standardized incidence rates(ASIR) and mortality rates(ASMR) calculated using the Segi-Doll world standard population.Trend analyses employed Joinpoint regression models to determine average annual percentage change(AAPC).The study also assessed the proportion of new cases and deaths by sex and age.Results: In 2018, the ASIR of lung cancer for males in China was 50.72 per 100,000 and the ASMR was 39.69 per 100,000, the ASIR for females was 26.25 per 100,000 and the ASMR was 15.24 per 100,000. Both ASIR and ASMR were higher in males and the highest in the population aged 65 years and older, with the lowest among those aged 20-49 years. In China, female ASIR demonstrated an increasing trend(AAPC: 1.16%), while ASMR decreased in both sexes(AAPCs:-0.48% for males,-1.00% for females). The U.S. exhibited decreasing trends in both ASIR and ASMR across sexes and age groups.Conclusions: The study identified an increasing trend in lung cancer incidence among females and a decreasing mortality trend in both sexes in China. These trends are likely linked to factors such as smoking prevalence,advancements in cancer screening, and improved medical care. The findings underscore the need for tailored lung cancer prevention measures in China, particularly the reinforcement of anti-smoking policies.

Tetraploid Induction and Identification of <i>Gossypium arboreum</i>

Gossypium arboreum (2n = 26, A2) is a diploid species with limited production in acreage com-pared with G. hirsutum and G. barbadense. However, its unique traits such as insect and disease resistance contribute an important germplasm to cotton breeding. So polyploid manipulation for G. arboreum is an effective approach of germplasm development. This research focused on tetraploid induction of G. arboreum by colchicine. Morphology and cytology identifications for obtained mutants were also conducted. The seedling growth and development of all mutants was more stunted than controls. According to preliminary morphological characteristics, mutant rates in different treatment were statistically estimated and the highest mutant rate was 42.31% under the treatment of 0.1% colchicine for 24 hours. The chromosome number of most mutants was 2n = 4x = 52, while the chromosome number of diploid controls was 2n = 2x = 26 by cytology observation of root tip cells. By microscope observation of low leaf epidermis, there were significant differences for stoma area between tetraploids and diploids. The meiosis behavior of the induced tetraploid was much more complex than that of the diploid. At diakinesis, some univalent, trivalent and polyvalent were also observed besides bivalent and quadrivalent. There were different kinds of polyad in tetraspore period of mutants. The dissociate chromosomes existed during metaphase I and II, the unbalance separation of chromosomes existed during anaphase I and II. As a result, tetraploid mutants of G. arboreum were identified and their desirable traits would be further evaluated to incorporate into next breeding program.

Survey of hepatitis B virus infection for liver cancer screening in China:A population-based,cross-sectional study

Background:Hepatitis B virus(HBV)infection is the primary cause of hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC)in China.The target population for HCC screening comprises individuals who test positive for hepatitis B surface antigen(HBsAg).However,current data on the prevalence of HBV infection among individuals who are eligible for HCC screening in China are lacking.We aimed to assess the seroepidemiology of HBV infection among Chinese individuals eligible for HCC screening to provide the latest evidence for appropriate HCC screening strategies in China.Methods:Questionnaires including information of sex,age,ethnicity,marital status,educational level,source of drinking water,as well as smoking and alcohol consumption history and serum samples were collected from females aged 45-64 years and males aged 35-64 years in 21 counties from 4 provinces in eastern and central China between 2015 and 2023.Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay methods were used to detect the serum HBV marker HBsAg.Results:A total of 603,082 individuals were enrolled,and serum samples were collected for analysis from January 1,2015 to December 31,2023.The prevalence of HBsAg positive in the study population was 5.23%(31,528/603,082).The prevalence of HBsAg positive was greater in males than in females(5.60%[17,660/315,183]vs 4.82%[13,868/287,899],χ^(2)=187.52,P<0.0001).The elderly participants exhibited a greater prevalence of HBV infection than younger participants(χ^(2)=41.73,P<0.0001).Birth cohort analysis revealed an overall downward trend in HBV prevalence for both males and females.Individuals born in more recent cohorts exhibited a lower prevalence of HBV infection as compared to those born earlier.Conclusions:The current prevalence of HBV infection remains above 5%in populations eligible for HCC screening in China.Further efforts should be made to increase the accessibility of HCC screening among individuals with HBV infection.

Do exercise therapies restore the deficits of joint position sense in patients with chronic ankle instability? A systematic review and meta-analysis

To determine whether existing exercise therapies can restore the joint position sense(JPS)deficits of patients with chronic ankle instability(CAI)when compared with controlled non-training patients.Seven databases were searched using ankle,injury,proprioception,and exercise-therapy-related terms.Peer-reviewed human studies in English that used the absolute errors score of joint position reproduction(JPR)test to compare the JPS of injured ankles in CAI patients before and after exercise therapy and non-training controls were included and analyzed.Demographic information,sample size,description of exercise therapies,methodological details of the JPR test,and absolute error scores were extracted by two researchers independently.Meta-analysis of the differences in JPS changes(i.e.,absolute errors after treatment minus the baseline)between the exercise therapies and non-training controls was performed with the weighted mean difference(WMD)and 95%confidence interval(CI).Seven studies were finally included.Meta-analyses revealed significantly higher improvements in passive JPS during inversion with,WMD?1.54and eversion,of,WMD?1.80,after exercise therapies when compared with non-training controls.However,no significant changes in the impaired side active JPS were observed with regard to inversion and eversion.Existing exercise therapies may have a positive effect on passive JPS during inversion and eversion,but do not restore the active JPS deficits of injured ankles in patients with CAI when compared with non-training controls.Updated exercise components with a longer duration that focus on active JPS with longer duration are needed to supplement the existing content of exercise therapies.

Methylselenized glucose:An efficient organoselenium fertilizer enhancing the selenium content in wheat grains

Selenium(Se)is an essential mineral element for human and other animals,and has been proved to improve plant growth and development and tolerance to different abiotic stresses.Selenium biofortification is considered to be a key strategy to increase the selenium content of edible parts of crops,which is helpful for improving human health.In this work,foliar fertilization with different concentrations and selenium forms was carried out on two wheat varieties at the flowering stage to compare the selenium enrichment effect of Na_(2)SeO_(3),methylselenized selenocysteine(MSC),methylselenized glucose(MSG)and methylselenized lactide(MSL)in wheat grains.Surprisingly,MSG was found to be the preferable fertilizer.After the application of MSG,the highest selenium content in wheat gains reached 6 mg/kg in this experiment,and the average selenium content was 2-4 times versus that of Na_(2)SeO_(3)application.Since MSG has high utilization rate and is easily available at relatively low cost,it can be employed as a potential selenium source for selenium biofortification to enhance the added value of agricultural industry.

Cancer statistics for young adults aged 20 to 49 years in China from 2000 to 2017:a population-based registry study

An increasing cancer incidence among adults younger than 50 years has been reported for several types of cancer in multiple countries.We aimed to report cancer profiles and trends among young adults in China.Data from the China Cancer Registry Annual Report were used to estimate incidence and mortality among young adults(ages 20–49 years)in China in 2017,and an age-period-cohort model was employed to estimate the average annual percent change(AAPC)in incidence and mortality from 2000 to 2017.All 25 cancer types were grouped into obesity-or overweight-associated cancers(12 cancer types)and additional cancers(13 cancer types).In 2017,there were 681,178new cases and 214,591 cancer deaths among young adults in China.Among young adults,the most common cancers were thyroid,breast,cervical,liver,lung,and colorectal cancer,and the leading causes of cancer deaths were liver,lung,cervical,stomach,breast,and colorectal cancer.From 2000 to 2017,the cancer incidence increased for all cancers combined among young adults,with the highest AAPC(1.46%)for adults aged 20–24 years,while cancer mortality decreased,with the highest AAPC(-1.63%)for those aged 35–39 years.In conclusion,the cancer incidence in China has increased among young adults,while cancer mortality has decreased for nearly all ages.Cancer control measures,such as obesity control and appropriate screening,may contribute to reducing the increasing cancer burden among young adults.

OsbZIP76 interacts with OsNF-YBs and regulates endosperm cellularization in rice (Oryza sativa)

Following double fertilization,plant endosperm nuclei undergo syncytial divisions,followed by synchro-nous cellularization.Cellularization is a key event during endosperm development,but our understanding of its regulation is limited to Arabidopsis.In this study we show that OsbZIP76 regulates cellularization in rice(Oryza sativa).Activation of OsbZIP76 coincided with the initiation of cellularization,and its knockdown or knockout mutants exhibited precocious cellularization.Genes involved in en-dosperm development or starch biosynthesis were pre-maturely activated in the osbzip76 caryopsis.As a putative transcription factor,OsbZIP76 alone lacked transcriptional activation activity;however,it interacted with the nuclear factor Y(NF-Y)family transcription factors OsNF-YB9 and OsNF-YB1 in yeast and in planta.OsbZIP76 and OsNF-YB9 were predominantly expressed in the endosperm and the proteins colocalized.Seeds of osnf-yb1 and osbzip76 mu-tants showed reduced size and reduced apparent amylose content.The parent-of-origin-dependent expression of OsbZIP76 is variable in different rice accessions.In sum-mary,OsbZIP76 is an endosperm-expressed imprinted gene that regulates endosperm development in rice.

Disparities in 36 cancers across 185 countries: secondary analysis of global cancer statistics

Cancer is a major public health problem and represents substantial disparities worldwide.This study reported estimates for 36 cancers across 185 countries by incidence,mortality,5-year prevalence,mortality-toprevalence ratio(MPR),and mortality-to-incidence ratio(MIR)to examine its association with human development index(HDI)and gross national income(GNI).Data were collected from the GLOBOCAN 2020.MPR and MIR were calculated by sex,age group,country,and cancer type and then summarized into totals.Segi’s population and global cancer spectrum were used to calculate age-and type-standardized ratios.Correlation analyses were conducted to assess associations.Results showed that breast cancer was the most diagnosed cancer globally.Low-and middle-income countries had high MPR and MIR.Cancers of esophagus,pancreas,and liver had the highest ratios.Males and the older population had the highest ratios.HDI and GNI were positively correlated with incidence and mortality but negatively correlated with MPR/MIR.Substantial disparities in cancer burden were observed among 36 cancer types across 185 countries.Socioeconomic development may contribute to narrowing these disparities,and tailored strategies are crucial for regional-and country-specific cancer control.