Epidemiological characteristics of varicella in Chongqing,China,2014-2021

Background:To analyze the epidemiological characteristics of varicella epidemics in Chongqing Municipality from 2014 to 2021,and to provide a scientific basis for the formulation of varicella prevention and control measures.Methods:Data on the incidence of varicella outbreaks and vaccination data in Chongqing from 2014 to 2021 were collected through the China Disease Control and Prevention Information System and statistically analyzed using descriptive epidemiological methods.Results:From 2014 to 2021,213,715 cases of varicella were reported in Chongqing Municipality,with an average annual incidence rate of 86.26/100,000,with a statistically significant difference(χ^(2)=24,972.069,P<0.001);varicella incidence is seasonal,with peaks in May/June and October/December each year,presenting a“double-peak distribution”.The average annual incidence rate of varicella in municipal districts was 90.74/100,000,which was higher than that of counties 69.62/100,000 and autonomous counties 84.04/100,000;the average annual incidence rate of varicella in males was 89.37/100,000,and in females,82.22/100,000,with the difference not being statistically significant;the age of onset of the disease was mainly in the group of people under 15 years of age,with a total of 190,021 cases reported(88.9%),with 5-9 years old(35.7%)as the high incidence age group.The incidence occupation was dominated by students in 133,733 cases(62.6%).Conclusion:The overall varicella epidemic in Chongqing is on the rise,and has obvious seasonal,regional and population distribution characteristics.The prevention and control of varicella epidemic should be strengthened,the publicity of varicella vaccine should be increased,and it is recommended that varicella vaccine should be included in the national immunization program.

Analysis of vascular plant resources and diversity in Machin County,Qinghai Province

Machin County is situated in the Sanjiangyuan Nature Reserve in the southeastern part of Qinghai Province.Influenced by the special topography and climate of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau,Machin County has complex and diverse plant species.The vascular plant resources and diversity in Machin County were studied through field survey,literature review and specimen identification.The results show that there are 47 families and 127 genera and 256 species of vascular plants in the region,basically angiosperms,including those containing more species of the family Asteraceae,Buttercup,Genus Ginseng,Leguminosae and Rosaceae,and those containing more species of the genus Artemisia,Artemisia,Aster and Donzonia.In terms of life type,perennial herbs are the most dominant ones,accounting for 77.34%of the total number of species,followed by some annual(or biennial)herbs and shrub types.There are 191 species of medicinal vascular plants,accounting for 74.61%of the total number of species,including 48 species of Tibetan medicine.In terms of the medicinal parts of these plants,whole herb category is the most common one,followed by the root and rhizome category.Based on the investigation and research,we have proposed the conservation and utilization of plant resources in Machin County,Qinghai Province.

A review of reservoir damage during hydraulic fracturing of deep and ultra-deep reservoirs

Deep and ultra-deep reservoirs have gradually become the primary focus of hydrocarbon exploration as a result of a series of significant discoveries in deep hydrocarbon exploration worldwide.These reservoirs present unique challenges due to their deep burial depth(4500-8882 m),low matrix permeability,complex crustal stress conditions,high temperature and pressure(HTHP,150-200℃,105-155 MPa),coupled with high salinity of formation water.Consequently,the costs associated with their exploitation and development are exceptionally high.In deep and ultra-deep reservoirs,hydraulic fracturing is commonly used to achieve high and stable production.During hydraulic fracturing,a substantial volume of fluid is injected into the reservoir.However,statistical analysis reveals that the flowback rate is typically less than 30%,leaving the majority of the fluid trapped within the reservoir.Therefore,hydraulic fracturing in deep reservoirs not only enhances the reservoir permeability by creating artificial fractures but also damages reservoirs due to the fracturing fluids involved.The challenging“three-high”environment of a deep reservoir,characterized by high temperature,high pressure,and high salinity,exacerbates conventional forms of damage,including water sensitivity,retention of fracturing fluids,rock creep,and proppant breakage.In addition,specific damage mechanisms come into play,such as fracturing fluid decomposition at elevated temperatures and proppant diagenetic reactions at HTHP conditions.Presently,the foremost concern in deep oil and gas development lies in effectively assessing the damage inflicted on these reservoirs by hydraulic fracturing,comprehending the underlying mechanisms,and selecting appropriate solutions.It's noteworthy that the majority of existing studies on reservoir damage primarily focus on conventional reservoirs,with limited attention given to deep reservoirs and a lack of systematic summaries.In light of this,our approach entails initially summarizing the current knowledge pertaining to the types of fracturing fluids employed in deep and ultra-deep reservoirs.Subsequently,we delve into a systematic examination of the damage processes and mechanisms caused by fracturing fluids within the context of hydraulic fracturing in deep reservoirs,taking into account the unique reservoir characteristics of high temperature,high pressure,and high in-situ stress.In addition,we provide an overview of research progress related to high-temperature deep reservoir fracturing fluid and the damage of aqueous fracturing fluids to rock matrix,both artificial and natural fractures,and sand-packed fractures.We conclude by offering a summary of current research advancements and future directions,which hold significant potential for facilitating the efficient development of deep oil and gas reservoirs while effectively mitigating reservoir damage.

Fasudil-modified macrophages reduce inflammation and regulate the immune response in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis

Multiple sclerosis is characterized by demyelination and neuronal loss caused by inflammatory cell activation and infiltration into the central nervous system.Macrophage polarization plays an important role in the pathogenesis of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis,a traditional experimental model of multiple sclerosis.This study investigated the effect of Fasudil on macrophages and examined the therapeutic potential of Fasudil-modified macrophages in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis.We found that Fasudil induced the conversion of macrophages from the pro-inflammatory M1 type to the anti-inflammatory M2 type,as shown by reduced expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase/nitric oxide,interleukin-12,and CD16/32 and increased expression of arginase-1,interleukin-10,CD14,and CD206,which was linked to inhibition of Rho kinase activity,decreased expression of toll-like receptors,nuclear factor-κB,and components of the mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway,and generation of the pro-inflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor-α,interleukin-1β,and interleukin-6.Crucially,Fasudil-modified macrophages effectively decreased the impact of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis,resulting in later onset of disease,lower symptom scores,less weight loss,and reduced demyelination compared with unmodified macrophages.In addition,Fasudil-modified macrophages decreased interleukin-17 expression on CD4^(+)T cells and CD16/32,inducible nitric oxide synthase,and interleukin-12 expression on F4/80^(+)macrophages,as well as increasing interleukin-10 expression on CD4^(+)T cells and arginase-1,CD206,and interleukin-10 expression on F4/80^(+)macrophages,which improved immune regulation and reduced inflammation.These findings suggest that Fasudil-modified macrophages may help treat experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by inducing M2 macrophage polarization and inhibiting the inflammatory response,thereby providing new insight into cell immunotherapy for multiple sclerosis.

Discontinuity development patterns and the challenges for 3D discrete fracture network modeling on complicated exposed rock surfaces

Natural slopes usually display complicated exposed rock surfaces that are characterized by complex and substantial terrain undulation and ubiquitous undesirable phenomena such as vegetation cover and rockfalls.This study presents a systematic outcrop research of fracture pattern variations in a complicated rock slope,and the qualitative and quantitative study of the complex phenomena impact on threedimensional(3D)discrete fracture network(DFN)modeling.As the studies of the outcrop fracture pattern have been so far focused on local variations,thus,we put forward a statistical analysis of global variations.The entire outcrop is partitioned into several subzones,and the subzone-scale variability of fracture geometric properties is analyzed(including the orientation,the density,and the trace length).The results reveal significant variations in fracture characteristics(such as the concentrative degree,the average orientation,the density,and the trace length)among different subzones.Moreover,the density of fracture sets,which is approximately parallel to the slope surface,exhibits a notably higher value compared to other fracture sets across all subzones.To improve the accuracy of the DFN modeling,the effects of three common phenomena resulting from vegetation and rockfalls are qualitatively analyzed and the corresponding quantitative data processing solutions are proposed.Subsequently,the 3D fracture geometric parameters are determined for different areas of the high-steep rock slope in terms of the subzone dimensions.The results show significant variations in the same set of 3D fracture parameters across different regions with density differing by up to tenfold and mean trace length exhibiting differences of 3e4 times.The study results present precise geological structural information,improve modeling accuracy,and provide practical solutions for addressing complex outcrop issues.

Real-time arrival picking of rock microfracture signals based on convolutional-recurrent neural network and its engineering application

Accurately picking P-and S-wave arrivals of microseismic(MS)signals in real-time directly influences the early warning of rock mass failure.A common contradiction between accuracy and computation exists in the current arrival picking methods.Thus,a real-time arrival picking method of MS signals is constructed based on a convolutional-recurrent neural network(CRNN).This method fully utilizes the advantages of convolutional layers and gated recurrent units(GRU)in extracting short-and long-term features,in order to create a precise and lightweight arrival picking structure.Then,the synthetic signals with field noises are used to evaluate the hyperparameters of the CRNN model and obtain an optimal CRNN model.The actual operation on various devices indicates that compared with the U-Net method,the CRNN method achieves faster arrival picking with less performance consumption.An application of large underground caverns in the Yebatan hydropower station(YBT)project shows that compared with the short-term average/long-term average(STA/LTA),Akaike information criterion(AIC)and U-Net methods,the CRNN method has the highest accuracy within four sampling points,which is 87.44%for P-wave and 91.29%for S-wave,respectively.The sum of mean absolute errors(MAESUM)of the CRNN method is 4.22 sampling points,which is lower than that of the other methods.Among the four methods,the MS sources location calculated based on the CRNN method shows the best consistency with the actual failure,which occurs at the junction of the shaft and the second gallery.Thus,the proposed method can pick up P-and S-arrival accurately and rapidly,providing a reference for rock failure analysis and evaluation in engineering applications.

Ultraviolet‑Irradiated All‑Organic Nanocomposites with Polymer Dots for High‑Temperature Capacitive Energy Storage

Polymer dielectrics capable of operating efficiently at high electric fields and elevated temperatures are urgently demanded by next-generation electronics and electrical power systems.While inorganic fillers have been extensively utilized to improved high-temperature capacitive performance of dielectric polymers,the presence of thermodynamically incompatible organic and inorganic components may lead to concern about the long-term stability and also complicate film processing.Herein,zero-dimensional polymer dots with high electron affinity are introduced into photoactive allyl-containing poly(aryl ether sulfone)to form the all-organic polymer composites for hightemperature capacitive energy storage.Upon ultraviolet irradiation,the crosslinked polymer composites with polymer dots are efficient in suppressing electrical conduction at high electric fields and elevated temperatures,which significantly reduces the high-field energy loss of the composites at 200℃.Accordingly,the ultraviolet-irradiated composite film exhibits a discharged energy density of 4.2 J cm^(−3)at 200℃.Along with outstanding cyclic stability of capacitive performance at 200℃,this work provides a promising class of dielectric materials for robust high-performance all-organic dielectric nanocomposites.

Retaining the self-released chalcogenate at reconstructed cobalt sites by self-transformed carbonate regulation for boosted oxygen evolution

The in-situ generated oxyanions at electrochemically reconstructed catalysts from metal-based nonoxide compounds have been proven to significantly accelerate oxygen evolution reaction(OER)kinetics.However,it remains a challenge to retain these self-released oxyanions at reconstructed catalysts,hindering its utilization as a tool to develop efficient OER catalysts.Here,we demonstrate a versatile selftransformed carbonate regulation strategy to efficiently retain the self-released chalcogenate at Co oxyhydroxides reconstructed from carbon-incorporated Co selenides under OER conditions.These selftransformed CO_(3)^(2-)can induce electron accumulation and narrow d bond at Co sites to facilitate the Co3d-O 2p orbital hybridization between Co sites and SeO_(x)^(2-)for enhanced SeO_(x)^(2-)retention,which can accelerate the rate-limiting step for^(*)OOH formation during OER.Relative to CoOOH-SeO_(x)^(2-)with limited SeO_(x)^(2-)residues,CoOOH-CO_(3)^(2-)/SeO_(x)^(2-)with elevated SeO_(x)^(2-)retention by CO_(3)^(2-)regulation exhibited a 5.6-fold increase in current density and a remarkable lower Tafel slope towards OER.This strategy paves a rational avenue to design efficient catalysts for electrooxidation reactions through finely regulating self-released oxyanions at reconstructed structures.

Metal-N_(4) model single‐atom catalyst with electroneutral quadri‐pyridine macrocyclic ligand for CO_(2) electroreduction

Metal–N–C single‐atom catalysts,mostly prepared from pyrolysis of metalorganic precursors,are widely used in heterogeneous electrocatalysis.Since metal sites with diverse local structures coexist in this type of material and it is challenging to characterize the local structure,a reliable structure–property relationship is difficult to establish.Conjugated macrocyclic complexes adsorbed on carbon support are well‐defined models to mimic the singleatom catalysts.Metal–N_(4) site with four electroneutral pyridine‐type ligands embedded in a graphene layer is the most commonly proposed structure of the active site of single‐atom catalysts,but its molecular counterpart has not been reported.In this work,we synthesized the conjugated macrocyclic complexes with a metal center(Co,Fe,or Ni)coordinated with four electroneutral pyridinic ligands as model catalysts for CO_(2) electroreduction.For comparison,the complexes with anionic quadri‐pyridine macrocyclic ligand were also prepared.The Co complex with the electroneutral ligand expressed a turnover frequency of CO formation more than an order of magnitude higher than that of the Co complex with the anionic ligand.Constrained ab initio molecular dynamics simulations based on the well‐defined structures of the model catalysts indicate that the Co complex with the electroneutral ligand possesses a stronger ability to mediate electron transfer from carbon to CO_(2).

Different responses of two adjacent artificial beaches to Typhoon Hato in Zhuhai,China

Major differences in beach erosion between two neighboring artificial beaches Xiangluwan Beach(XL beach)and Meiliwan Beach(ML beach)in Zhuhai,China,were studied after Super Typhoon Hato.In this study,a fully nonlinear Boussinesq wave model(FUNWAVE)-Total Variation Diminishing(TVD)was used to distinguish the main impact factors,their relative contributions,and the hydrodynamic mechanisms underlying the different beach responses.Results show that compared to the ML beach,the main reason for the relatively weak erosion on Xiangluwan(XL)beach was the smaller beach berm height(accounting for approximately 75.9%of the erosion response).Regarding the beach with a higher berm,the stronger wave-induced undertow flow,along with the higher sediment concentration,led to a higher offshore sediment transport flux,resulting in more severe erosion relative to the beach with a smaller berm height.The second most important reason explaining the weak erosion on XL beach was the absence of seawalls(accounting for approximately 17.9%of the erosion response).Wave reflection induced by the seawall could cause higher suspended sediment concentration,resulting in a toe scouring near the seawall.The offshore submerged breakwater protected XL beach slightly(accounting for approximately 6.1%of the erosion response).Due to the higher water level induced by storm surge,most of the wave energy could penetrate through the submerged breakwater.The effect of the larger berm width of XL beach was negligible.Compared to the beach with a larger berm width,the erosion/deposition regions in the beach with a narrower berm width showed shoreward migration,without significant changes in the erosion/deposition extent.Despite of this,the larger berm width could reduce the wave energy reaching the shoreline.This study of the storm stability of artificial beaches may be applied to beach restoration design.

Robust,Flexible,and Superhydrophobic Fabrics for High-Efficiency and Ultrawide-Band Microwave Absorption

Microwave absorption(MA)materials are essential for protecting against harmful electromagnetic radiation.In this study,highly efficient and ultrawide-band microwave-absorbing fabrics with superhydrophobic surface features were developed using a facile dip-coating method involving in situ graphene oxide(GO)reduction,deposition of TiO_(2)nanoparticles,and subsequent coating of a mixture of polydimethylsiloxane(PDMS)and octadecylamine(ODA)on polyester fabrics.Owing to the presence of hierarchically structured surfaces and low-surface-energy materials,the resultant reduced GO(rGO)/TiO_(2)-ODA/PDMS-coated fabrics demonstrate superhydrophobicity with a water contact angle of 159°and sliding angle of 5°.Under the synergistic effects of conduction loss,interface polarization loss,and surface roughness topography,the optimized fabrics show excellent microwave absorbing performances with a minimum reflection loss(RL_(min))of47.4 dB and a maximum effective absorption bandwidth(EAB_(max))of 7.7 GHz at a small rGO loading of 6.9 wt%.In addition,the rGO/TiO_(2)-ODA/PDMS coating was robust,and the coated fabrics could withstand repeated washing,soiling,long-term ultraviolet irradiation,and chemical attacks without losing their superhydrophobicity and MA properties.Moreover,the coating imparts self-healing properties to the fabrics.This study provides a promising and effective route for the development of robust and flexible materials with microwave-absorbing properties.

Paeoniflorin ameliorates chronic colitis via the DR3 signaling pathway in group 3 innate lymphoid cells

Inhibiting the death receptor 3(DR3)signaling pathway in group 3 innate lymphoid cells(ILC3s)presents a promising approach for promoting mucosal repair in individuals with ulcerative colitis(UC).Paeoniflorin,a prominent component of Paeonia lactiflora Pall.,has demonstrated the ability to restore barrier function in UC mice,but the precise mechanism remains unclear.In this study,we aimed to delve into whether paeoniflorin may promote intestinal mucosal repair in chronic colitis by inhibiting DR3 signaling in ILC3s.C57BL/6 mice were subjected to random allocation into 7 distinct groups,namely the control group,the 2%dextran sodium sulfate(DSS)group,the paeoniflorin groups(25,50,and 100 mg/kg),the anti-tumor necrosis factor-like ligand 1A(anti-TL1A)antibody group,and the IgG group.We detected the expression of DR3 signaling pathway proteins and the proportion of ILC3s in the mouse colon using Western blot and flow cytometry,respectively.Meanwhile,DR3-overexpressing MNK-3 cells and 2%DSS-induced Rag1^(-/-)mice were used for verification.The results showed that paeoniflorin alleviated DSS-induced chronic colitis and repaired the intestinal mucosal barrier.Simultaneously,paeoniflorin inhibited the DR3 signaling pathway in ILC3s and regulated the content of cytokines(interleukin-17A,granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor,and interleukin-22).Alternatively,paeoniflorin directly inhibited the DR3 signaling pathway in ILC3s to repair mucosal damage independently of the adaptive immune system.We additionally confirmed that paeoniflorin-conditioned medium(CM)restored the expression of tight junctions in Caco-2 cells via coculture.In conclusion,paeoniflorin ameliorates chronic colitis by enhancing the intestinal barrier in an ILC3-dependent manner,and its mechanism is associated with the inhibition of the DR3 signaling pathway.

Experimental investigation into the salinity effect on the physicomechanical properties of carbonate saline soil

For engineering structures with saline soil as a filling material,such as channel slope,road subgrade,etc.,the rich soluble salt in the soil is an important potential factor affecting their safety performance.This study examines the Atterberg limits,shear strength,and compressibility of carbonate saline soil samples with different NaHCO3 contents in Northeast China.The mechanism underlying the influence of salt content on soil macroscopic properties was investigated based on a volumetric flask test,a mercury intrusion porosimetry(MIP)test,and a scanning electron microscopic(SEM)test.The results demonstrated that when NaHCO3 contents were lower than the threshold value of 1.5%,the bound water film adsorbed on the surface of clay particles thickened continuously,and correspondingly,the Atterberg limits and plasticity index increased rapidly as the increase of sodium ion content.Meanwhile,the bonding force between particles was weakened,the dispersion of large aggregates was enhanced,and the soil structure became looser.Macroscopically,the compressibility increased and the shear strength(mainly cohesion)decreased by 28.64%.However,when the NaHCO3 content exceeded the threshold value of 1.5%,the salt gradually approached solubility and filled the pores between particles in the form of crystals,resulting in a decrease in soil porosity.The cementation effect generated by salt crystals increased the bonding force between soil particles,leading to a decrease in plasticity index and an improvement in soil mechanical properties.Moreover,this work provides valuable suggestions and theoretical guidance for the scientific utilization of carbonate saline soil in backfill engineering projects.

Development of a new irradiation-embrittlement prediction model for reactor pressure-vessel steels

Predicting the transition-temperature shift(TTS)induced by neutron irradiation in reactor pressure-vessel(RPV)steels is important for the evaluation and extension of nuclear power-plant lifetimes.Current prediction models may fail to properly describe the embrittlement trend curves of Chinese domestic RPV steels with relatively low Cu content.Based on the screened surveillance data of Chinese domestic and similar international RPV steels,we have developed a new fluencedependent model for predicting the irradiation-embrittlement trend.The fast neutron fluence(E>1 MeV)exhibited the highest correlation coefficient with the measured TTS data;thus,it is a crucial parameter in the prediction model.The chemical composition has little relevance to the TTS residual calculated by the fluence-dependent model.The results show that the newly developed model with a simple power-law functional form of the neutron fluence is suitable for predicting the irradiation-embrittlement trend of Chinese domestic RPVs,regardless of the effect of the chemical composition.

Stochastic programming based coordinated expansion planning of generation,transmission,demand side resources,and energy storage considering the DC transmission system

With the increasing penetration of wind and solar energies,the accompanying uncertainty that propagates in the system places higher requirements on the expansion planning of power systems.A source-grid-load-storage coordinated expansion planning model based on stochastic programming was proposed to suppress the impact of wind and solar energy fluctuations.Multiple types of system components,including demand response service entities,converter stations,DC transmission systems,cascade hydropower stations,and other traditional components,have been extensively modeled.Moreover,energy storage systems are considered to improve the accommodation level of renewable energy and alleviate the influence of intermittence.Demand-response service entities from the load side are used to reduce and move the demand during peak load periods.The uncertainties in wind,solar energy,and loads were simulated using stochastic programming.Finally,the effectiveness of the proposed model is verified through numerical simulations.

Suppression of stimulated Brillouin and Raman scatterings using an alternating frequency laser and transverse magnetic fields

A novel scheme to suppress both stimulated Brillouin scattering(SBS) and stimulated Raman scattering(SRS) by combining an alternating frequency(AF) laser and a transverse magnetic field is proposed. The AF laser allows the laser frequency to change discretely and alternately over time. The suppression of SBS is significant as long as the AF difference is greater than the linear growth rate of SBS or the alternating time of the laser frequency is shorter than the linear growth time of SBS. However, the AF laser proves ineffective in suppressing SRS, which usually has a much higher linear growth rate than SBS. To remedy that, a transverse magnetic field is included to suppress the SRS instability. The electrons trapped in the electron plasma waves(EPWs) of SRS can be accelerated by the surfatron mechanism in a transverse magnetic field and eventually detrapped. While continuously extracting energy from EPWs, the EPWs are dissipated and the kinetic inflation of SRS is suppressed. The one-dimensional particle-in-cell simulation results show that both SBS and SRS can be effectively suppressed by combining the AF laser with a transverse magnetic field with tens of Tesla. The total reflectivity can be dramatically reduced by more than one order of magnitude. These results provide a potential reference for controlling SBS and SRS under the related parameters of inertial confinement fusion.

Ultra‑Efficient and Cost‑Effective Platinum Nanomembrane Electrocatalyst for Sustainable Hydrogen Production

Hydrogen production through hydrogen evolution reaction(HER)offers a promising solution to combat climate change by replacing fossil fuels with clean energy sources.However,the widespread adoption of efficient electrocatalysts,such as platinum(Pt),has been hindered by their high cost.In this study,we developed an easy-to-implement method to create ultrathin Pt nanomembranes,which catalyze HER at a cost significantly lower than commercial Pt/C and comparable to non-noble metal electrocatalysts.These Pt nanomembranes consist of highly distorted Pt nanocrystals and exhibit a heterogeneous elastic strain field,a characteristic rarely seen in conventional crystals.This unique feature results in significantly higher electrocatalytic efficiency than various forms of Pt electrocatalysts,including Pt/C,Pt foils,and numerous Pt singleatom or single-cluster catalysts.Our research offers a promising approach to develop highly efficient and cost-effective low-dimensional electrocatalysts for sustainable hydrogen production,potentially addressing the challenges posed by the climate crisis.

Hybrid bonding of GaAs and Si wafers at low temperature by Ar plasma activation

High-quality bonding of 4-inch GaAs and Si is achieved using plasma-activated bonding technology.The influence of Ar plasma activation on surface morphology is discussed.When the annealing temperature is 300℃,the bonding strength reaches a maximum of 6.2 MPa.In addition,a thermal stress model for GaAs/Si wafers is established based on finite element analysis to obtain the distribution of equivalent stress and deformation variables at different temperatures.The shape varia-tion of the wafer is directly proportional to the annealing temperature.At an annealing temperature of 400℃,the maximum protrusion of 4 inches GaAs/Si wafers is 3.6 mm.The interface of GaAs/Si wafers is observed to be dense and defect-free using a transmission electron microscope.The characterization of interface elements by X-ray energy dispersion spectroscopy indi-cates that the elements at the interface undergo mutual diffusion,which is beneficial for improving the bonding strength of the interface.There is an amorphous transition layer with a thickness of about 5 nm at the bonding interface.The preparation of Si-based GaAs heterojunctions can enrich the types of materials required for the development of integrated circuits,improve the performance of materials and devices,and promote the development of microelectronics technology.

2003年—2023年老年人主观认知下降的研究热点和护理启示

目的老年人群中主观认知下降(Subjective Cognitive Decline,SCD)的研究显著增加。本研究采用文献计量学的方法分析近20年老年人SCD研究的热点和趋势,旨在为研究者开展该领域的研究提供参考。方法本研究选择Web of Science核心合集中2003年至2023年发表的关于老年人SCD的研究,初步检索获得1502篇,最终纳入1436篇。采用CiteSpace软件对国家、机构、作者、期刊、关键词和突现词等进行分析。结果老年人SCD研究整体呈现上升趋势。美国在该研究领域占据主导地位,其次为中国和法国;加州大学系统、法国国家健康与医学研究院及UDICE法国研究型大学联盟是发文量处于前3位的研究机构;Frank Jessen、韩瑛和Kathryn Ellis是发文量处于前3位的研究者;被引频次处于前3位的期刊为Neurology、Alzheimers&Dementia、Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease。关键词聚类分析显示关注热点涉及“抑郁”“功能连接”“认知储备”“认知功能”“身体活动”、“痴呆症预防”“行为障碍”“初级保健”和“早期诊断”等;关键词的突现词包括“身体活动”“临床前阿尔茨海默病”“框架”“未来痴呆症”和“老年抑郁症”。结论老年人SCD的研究逐年增长,成为研究者关注的热点,其研究范围和主题也逐渐扩大,重点关注早期筛查和预防、负性情绪及症状管理,可为后期护理研究者开展相关研究提供借鉴和参考。

Bone marrow edema in a postpartum female following ankle sprain: a case report

Bone marrow edema(BME)is characterized by an accumulation of interstitial fluid within the bone marrow,the cancellous,hematopoietic compartment within bones.[1]BME is divided into two principal categories:idiopathic or primary BME,with an unknown etiology,and secondary BME,which occurs as a result of an identifiable underlying pathology.[2]Although the prevalence of BME is not limited to specific demographic parameters,it shows a predilection for males or individuals assigned male at birth,predominantly aged between the ages of 30 and 60 years,especially in cases of bone marrow edema syndrome(BMES),a rare idiopathic variant.[3]The etiological spectrum of BME is diverse,including oncological entities(such as acute myeloid leukemia and osteosarcoma),degenerative diseases(such as osteoarthritis),infectious processes(osteomyelitis),ischemic conditions(avascular necrosis),metabolic dysfunctions(osteoporosis),inflammatory disorders(rheumatoid arthritis),and traumatic injuries(such as stress fractures).[1,2]Clinically,BME primarily manifests as localized pain,often accompanied by joint effusion and warmth near the affected joint.Diagnostic protocols typically include physical examination,serological assays,bone marrow biopsies,dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry(DEXA)scans,magnetic resonance imaging(MRI),and ultrasonography,with computed tomography(CT)scans and radiographs being less effective.