All-trans retinoic acid regulates the expression of MMP-2 and TGF-β2 via RDH5 in retinal pigment epithelium cells

·AIM: To investigate the effect of all-trans retinoic acid(ATRA) on retinol dehydrogenase 5(RDH5), matrix metalloproteinase-2(MMP-2) and transforming growth factor-β2(TGF-β2) transcription levels, and the effect of RDH5 on MMP-2 and TGF-β2 in retinal pigment epithelium(RPE) cells.·METHODS: After adult RPE cell line-19(ARPE-19 cells) intervened with gradient concentrations of ATRA(0-20 μmol/L) for 24h, flow cytometry was used to detect the proliferation and apoptosis of cells in each group, and quantitative realtime polymerase chain reaction(q RT-PCR) was used to detect RDH5, MMP-2 and TGF-β2 m RNA expression. Then, after ARPE-19 cells transfected with three different si RNA targets for 48h, the RDH5 knockdown efficiency of each group and expression of MMP-2 and TGF-β2 m RNA within them was detected by q RT-PCR. ·RESULTS: Flow cytometry results showed that ATRA could inhibit the proliferation of RPE cells and promote the apoptosis of RPE cells, and the difference of apoptosis was statistically significant when the ATRA concentration exceeded 5 μmol/L and compared with the normal control group(P=0.027 and P=0.031, respectively). q RT-PCR results showed that ATRA could significantly inhibit the expression level of RDH5 m RNA(P<0.001) and promote the expression of MMP-2 and TGF-β2 m RNA(P=0.03 and P<0.001, respectively) in a dose-dependent manner, especially when treated with 5 μmol/L ATRA. The knockdown efficiency of RDH5 si RNA varies with different targets, among which RDH5 si RNA-435 had the highest knockdown efficiency, i.e., more than 50% lower than that of the negative control group(P=0.02). When RDH5 was knocked down for 48h, the results of q RT-PCR showed that the expressions of MMP-2 and TGF-β2 m RNA were significantly up-regulated(P<0.001).·CONCLUSION: ATRA inhibits the expression of RDH5 and promotes MMP-2 and TGF-β2, and further RDH5 knockdown significantly upregulates MMP-2 and TGF-β2. These findings suggest that RDH5 may be involved in an epithelial-mesenchymal transition of RPE cells mediated by ATRA.

非球面人工晶状体植入术后偏心和倾斜与视觉质量的相关性研究

目的:探讨新型眼前节扫频光相干断层扫描仪CASIA2测量年龄相关性白内障患者植入非球面人工晶状体(IOL)术后的偏心和倾斜与视觉质量的关系。方法:观察性研究。纳入年龄相关性白内障术后1mo随访的患者62例90眼。应用CASIA2于散瞳后测量IOL偏心和倾斜的大小和方向,进行3次测量,取其矢量平均值。再使用KR-1W波前像差仪和双通道视觉质量分析系统(OQAS)进行测量,获取4、6mm瞳孔直径下全眼总高阶像差(tHOA)、球面像差(SA)、彗差(Coma)、客观散射指数(OSI)、调制传递函数截止频率(MTF cut off)和斯特列尔比(SR)等参数。结果:IOL偏心与4mm瞳孔直径下SA(r=0.347,P=0.001)和OSI(r=0.343,P=0.002)成正相关,与MTF cut off(r=-0.244,P=0.032)呈负相关,与tHOA、Coma和SR无相关。IOL倾斜与4mm瞳孔直径下MTF cut off(r=-0.345,P=0.002)和SR(r=-0.256,P=0.023)呈负相关,与tHOA、SA、Coma、OSI均无相关性。IOL的偏心和倾斜与6mm瞳孔直径下的tHOA、SA、Coma、MTF cut off、SR均无相关性。结论:年龄相关性白内障患者植入非球面IOL后,除IOL偏心与4mm瞳孔直径下SA呈弱相关性,偏心和倾斜与其余各项高阶像差均无明显相关性,与视觉质量参数OSI值及MTF cut off值弱相关,提示临床医生在精准白内障手术中关注高阶像差及视觉质量。

Comparison of visual quality after implantation of Al-UV and SN60WF aspheric intraocular lens

AIM:To compare the visual performance of pseudophakic eyes implanted with Al-UV and SN60WF aspheric intraocular lens(IOL),and to investigate the correlations between visual quality parameters and pupil size.METHODS:This prospective comparative study included 105 eyes of 90 patients with age-related cataract who underwent uneventful phacoemulsification.The subjects were divided into two groups according to the implanted IOL type.Three months postoperatively,visual acuity and contrast sensitivity were measured,wave-front aberrations were assessed using a KR-IW aberrometer(Topcon),and objective optical quality parameters were performed using an optical quality analysis system-OQAS Il(Visiometrics).Independent sample Mest and Spearman correlation analysis were used for data analysis.RESULTS:There were no significant differences found in visual acuity,contrast sensitivity and visual quality parameters between the two groups(P>0.05).The measured intraocular spherical aberration(SA)in Al-UV IOL eyes of-0.19±0.05 pm was close to the designed SA value of-0.20 pm.The modulation transfer function cutoff,Strehl ratio and OQAS values were negatively correlated with pupil size in both groups(P<0.01).CONCLUSION:The subjective and objective visual quality in pseudophakic eyes with A1-UV and SN60WF IOLs are comparable.For aspheric IOL eyes,visual quality decreases with increasing pupil size.

Myopia genetics in genome-wide association and postgenome-wide association study era

Genome-wide association studies(GWAS) of myopia and refractive error have generated exciting results and identified novel risk-associated loci. However, the interpretation of the findings of GWAS of complex diseases is not straightforward and has remained challenging. This review provides a brief summary of the main focus on the advantages and limitations of GWAS of myopia, with potential strategies that may contribute to further insight into the genetics of myopia in the post-GWAS or omics era.

Ophthalmic characteristics of carotid cavernous fistula:a case report

Dear Editor,We report a case of traumatic carotid cavernous fistula(CCF)that initially presented in the Ophthalmology Department because of the ocular manifestations.CFF is a clinical syndrome characterized by ocular abnormalities,which is caused by abnormal communication between the cavernous sinus and the cavernous segment or other meningeal branches of the internal carotid artery(ICA)due to traumatic or spontaneous factors.