History and prospect of melanocytic nevus treatment:A bibliometric analysis

Background:Melanocytic nevus is mainly treated by complete or partial removal.However,predicting the risk of malignant transformation of melanocytic nevi and which treatment patients should receive,surgical or nonsurgical management,to gain the best results and aesthetic outcomes is controversial.Methods:Global literature on melanocytic nevus treatment,published between 1997 and 2022,was scanned using the Web of Science Core Collection database.Microsoft Office Excel,CiteSpace V,VOSviewer,Scimago Graphica,Bibliometrix,and Biblioshiny packages in R were used for the bibliometric analysis to summarize the leading countries,institutions,professors,and research trends in this field.Results:This study included 1723 articles.Publications and citations exhibited positive trends over the past 20 years.The United States had the most productive organizations and publications in the comprehensive worldwide cooperation network,and China was recently one of the most active major participants.Professor Giovanni Pellacani,whose H-index,G-index,and M-index ranked first in this field,founded a virtual biopsy using reflectance confocal microscopy.In addition,Krengel and Kinsler contributed significantly to diagnosing and treating melanocytic nevi.The top 25 keywords in recent years were mostly about the mechanisms and risk factors for the malignant transformation of nevi.Conclusion:The future trend for melanocytic nevi treatment is to specify genotype-phenotype and genotypeoutcome correlations,choose proper therapy to reduce the risk of malignant transformation,and simultaneously achieve the best aesthetic outcomes.

A randomized clinical trial assessing the efficacy of single and multiple intralesional collagenase injections for treating contracted scars

Background:Scar contractions caused by trauma or burns can cause secondary physical dysfunction and disfigurement.Many minimally invasive methods for scar contraction have shown limited applicability and efficacy.This study investigated the feasibility and efficacy of intralesional collagenase injections for scar contraction treatment.Methods:Patients with contracted scars who had limited joint movement and physical disfiguration for>1 year were enrolled in this single-blind,randomized clinical trial from July 2017 to February 2018 at Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital.Collagenase was injected into the firm-contracted scar(15 U/cm^(2))three times at 4-week intervals in the multiple treatment group and once in the single treatment group,and a placebo injection was performed in the control group.Scar length and skin texture were documented at the 4-and 12-week follow-ups.The safety of the collagenase treatment was also evaluated.Results:The contracted scar was significantly elongated after both single and multiple collagenase treatments.The results showed that,compared to a one-time treatment,repeated injections were more effective at 12 weeks,with an average improvement of 26.83(15.79%).At 12 weeks,78.9% of the patients in the multiple group and 52.9%in the single group achieved significant improvement at 12 weeks.No severe adverse events were observed.Conclusion:Intralesional collagenase injection showed promising results in improving scar contraction and provides an alternative treatment for patients.

Ultrasound-assisted isolation:A new method to isolate stromal vascular fraction

Background:The stromal vascular fraction(SVF),a cluster of stem and progenitor cells isolated from adipose tissue,holds significant promise for application in regenerative medicine.However,the existing methods for SVF isolation are time-consuming and expensive.Thus,in this study,we explored a new method of SVF extrac-tion-ultrasound-assisted SVF isolation(USASI)-and compared the viability and characteristics of SVF isolated using different methods.Methods:SVF extraction methods using different combinations of ultrasound power,ultrasound time,collagenase dosage,and collagenase digestion time were compared with those of the control group(collagenase digestion method).The cell yield and vitality of the SVF were evaluated via cell counting and trypan blue staining.The cell components and immunophenotypes of freshly isolated SVF were analyzed using flow cytometry.The prolifer-ative capacity and differentiation potential of the SVF were also identified.Results:Ultrasonication at 95 W-20 kHz for 30 s followed by digestion with 0.15%collagenase for 30 min was identified as the most suitable parameter for the USASI method in isolating SVF,as recommended based on the evaluation of various tested conditions.The USASI method significantly reduced the collagenase dosage and shortened the digestion time.Compared to the collagenase digestion method,the USASI method had a higher cell yield and cell viability,with no adverse effects on cell components,proliferative capacity,or multipotential differentiation capacity.Conclusion:With reduced processing time,lower collagenase dosage,and increased cell yield without impairing the viability and characteristics of SVF,USASI holds the potential to emerge as a time-saving and cost-effective method for future clinical applications.

Hydrogen as a carrier of renewable energies toward carbon neutrality:State-of-the-art and challenging issues

Energy storage and conversion via a hydrogen chain is a recognized vision of future energy systems based on renewables and,therefore,a key to bridging the technological gap toward a net-zero CO_(2)emission society.This paper reviews the hydrogen technological chain in the framework of renewables,including water electrolysis,hydrogen storage,and fuel cell technologies.Water electrolysis is an energy conversion technology that can be scalable in megawatts and operational in a dynamic mode to match the intermittent generation of renewable power.Material concerns include a robust diaphragm for alkaline cells,catalysts and construction materials for proton exchange membrane(PEM)cells,and validation of the long-term durability for solid oxide cells.Hydrogen storage via compressed gas up to 70 MPa is optional for automobile applications.Fuel cells favor hydrogen fuel because of its superfast electrode kinetics.PEM fuel cells and solid oxide fuel cells are dominating technologies for automobile and stationary applications,respectively.Both technologies are at the threshold of their commercial markets with verified technical readiness and environmental merits;however,they still face restraints such as unavailable hydrogen fueling infrastructure,long-term durability,and costs to compete with the analog power technologies already on the market.

The study on psychological resilience of tinnitus and associated influencing factors

The association between tinnitus and psychological resilience is an underdeveloped area of research.This cross-sectional study investigated such associations and factors potentially affecting resilience in 61 patients.Demographic and psychometric data were collected by questionnaires.The ConnoreDavidson Resilience Scale(CD-RISC),Medical Coping Modes Questionnaire(MCMQ),Satisfaction with Life Scale(SWLS),General Self-Efficacy Scale(GSES),Big Five Inventory(BFI)and Perceived Social Support Scale(PSSS)were completed by participants.Data were analyzed using independent t-test and Pearson's correlation analysis and multiple linear regression modeling.The CD-RISC score was relatively low(66.97±15.71),negatively correlated with tinnitus(r=0.276,p<0.001)and associated with age(r=0.270,P<0.001).As protective factors,SWLS(r=0.486,p<0.001),GSES(r=0.555,p<0.001),PSSS(r=0.538,p<0.001)and extraversion were positively correlated with CD-RISC and BFI scores(r=0.287,p<0.001).We also detected a negative correlation with neuroticism(r=0.395,p<0.001),which is a known risk factor for worse CD-RISC scores.Identifying protective and risk factors for psychological resilience can be used to predict treatment outcomes in tinnitus patients,which will help devise personalized solutions and improve patients'quality of life.

Fabrication of a solid superacid with temperature-regulated silica-isolated biochar nanosheets

This paper reports a new strategy for the structural reconstruction of biomass carbon sulfonic acid(BCSA)to its solid superacid counterpart.In this approach,a cheap layered biomass carbon(BC)source is chemically exfoliated by cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide and then converted to silica-isolated carbon nanosheets(CNSs)by a series of conversion steps.The state of the silica-isolated CNSs and the stacking density of their nanoparticles are regulated by the dehydration temperature.Only the highly isolated and non-crosslinked CNSs with loose particle stacking structures obtained upon dehydration at 250℃ can be turned into superacid sites(with stronger acidity than that of 100%H2 SO4)after sulfonation.This is accompanied by the creation of abundant hierarchical slit pores with high external surface area,mainly driven by the strong hydrogen bonding interactions between the introduced sulfonic acid groups.In typical acid-catalyzed esterification,etherification,and hydrolysis reactions,the newly formed superacid exhibits superior catalytic activity and stability compared to those of common BCSA and commercial Amberlyst-15 catalysts,owing to its good structural stability,highly exposed stable superacidic sites,and abundance of mesoporous/macroporous channels with excellent mass transfer rate.This groundbreaking work not only provides a novel strategy for fabricating bio-based solid superacids,but also overcomes the drawbacks of BCSA,i.e.,unsatisfactory structural stability,acidity,and porosity.

INCloud:integrated neuroimaging cloud for data collection,management,analysis and clinical translations

Background Neuroimaging techniques provide rich and accurate measures of brain structure and function,and have become one of the most popular methods in mental health and neuroscience research.Rapidly growing neuroimaging research generates massive amounts of data,bringing new challenges in data collection,large-scale data management,efficient computing requirements and data mining and analyses.Aims To tackle the challenges and promote the application of neuroimaging technology in clinical practice,we developed an integrated neuroimaging cloud(INCloud).INCloud provides a full-stack solution for the entire process of large-scale neuroimaging data collection,management,analysis and clinical applications.Methods INCloud consists of data acquisition systems,a data warehouse,automatic multimodal image quality check and processing systems,a brain feature library,a high-performance computing cluster and computer-aided diagnosis systems(CADS)for mental disorders.A unique design of INCloud is the brain feature library that converts the unit of data management from image to image features such as hippocampal volume.Connecting the CADS to the scientific database,INCloud allows the accumulation of scientific data to continuously improve the accuracy of objective diagnosis of mental disorders.Results Users can manage and analyze neuroimaging data on INCloud,without the need to download them to the local device.INCloud users can query,manage,analyze and share image features based on customized criteria.Several examples of'mega-analyses'based on the brain feature library are shown.Conclusions Compared with traditional neuroimaging acquisition and analysis workflow,INCloud features safe and convenient data management and sharing,reduced technical requirements for researchers,high-efficiency computing and data mining,and straightforward translations to clinical service.The design and implementation of the system are also applicable to imaging research platforms in other fields.

Second Language Development in an English-speaking Country

This study aims to report a learner＇s language exposure and language use, early experience in mainstream classroom, difficulties at different stages of learning, and attitudes towards bilingualism in an English speaking country. It is concluded that when a student studies a second language, he/she should develop both interpersonal communicative skills and cognitive/academic language proficiency.

PD-L1 Expression and Tumor Infiltrating Lymphocytes in Neurofibromatosis Type 1-Related Benign Tumors and Malignant Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumors:An Implication for Immune Checkpoint Inhibition Therapy

Background Neurofibromatosis type 1(NF1)is an autosomal dominant inherited disorder.It can affect multiple systems of the body and cause severe disfigurement and discomfort in these patients.There are two types of neurofibromas,named cutaneous and plexiform neurofibromas.The latter type may transform into malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors(MPNSTs).Surgical resection is difficult to perform owing to the complex tissue structure of neurofibromas;therefore,it is necessary to develop novel and effective therapies for the treatment of these tumors.Programmed cell death protein 1(PD-1)/programmed cell death-ligand 1(PD-L1)-related immune checkpoint inhibitors have been proven effective for various cancers,and the positive expression of PD-L1 and tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes(TILs)has been recognized as a biomarker for the response to immune checkpoint therapy.Methods We conducted immunohistochemistry(IHC)staining to detect PD-L1 expression in plexiform neurofibroma and MPNST tissue samples.Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR)and western blotting were performed to detect PD-L1 and PD-1 expression in MPNST cell lines.IHC staining was used to show immune cell infiltration in NF1 and MPNST tissues.Results IHC staining showed PD-L1 positive expression in neurofibromas and MPNST tumor tissues.In addition,qPCR and western blotting showed high expression of PD-L1 in MPNST tumor cells.IHC staining revealed that aberrant T lymphocytes infiltrated the plexiform neurofibroma and MPNST tumor tissues.Conclusion These results indicate that immune checkpoint mechanisms may play a pivotal role in the development of NF1-related tumors,and immune checkpoint inhibitors may be effective for managing neurofibromas and MPNSTs.Combined therapy with other molecular agents may be explored in the future.

Analysis of the current Covid-19 infection and vaccination status in patients with neurofibromatosis type 1

Background:To investigate the common symptoms after Covid-19 infection,characteristics of adverse events after vaccination,changes in clinical manifestations related to Neurofibromatosis type 1(NF1),as well as the current vaccination status and factors related to vaccine hesitation among NF1 patients,in order to provide a basis for scientific protection and vaccine acceptance in NF1 individuals in the new phase of pandemic management.Methods:From December 29,2022,to January 10,2023,we conducted a self-assessment questionnaire survey among diagnosed NF1 patients.General data were provided including sex,age,main clinical presentations,and current treatment.This study mainly focused on the infection and vaccination status of Covid-19 among these patients with NF1.The data were statistically analyzed using SPSS26.0 software.Results:Of the 250 questionnaires distributed,226 were valid.Among the 164 patients(72.6%)with Covid-19 infection,the most common infection symptoms and incidence of patients were not significantly different from those in the normal population(P>0.05),but the incidence of symptoms such as nasal congestion,headache,myalgia,sore throat,abdominal pain,diarrhea,and eye discomfort was higher than that in the normal population(P<0.05),and no severe infection was observed;186 patients(82.3%)had completed the Covid-19 vaccination,and more than half of those who were not vaccinated had no plans for vaccination.Among the vaccinated patients,there was no significant difference in the incidence of adverse events,such as fever,pain,redness,and swelling at the injection site after vaccination,compared to the normal population(P>0.05),but the incidence of fatigue and headache was higher in NF1 patients(P<0.001).Most patients with NF1 believe that there is no significant progressive change in NF1-related clinical manifestations after Covid-19 infection and vaccination.Conclusion:Currently,some NF1 patients appear to be worried about the evolution of their disease after Covid-19 infection in the face of large fluctuations in the pandemic situation,and some patients hesitate to receive the vaccine due to their special disease condition.Thus,clinical trials should be conducted to develop a refined pandemic response and vaccination program for this special group.

Study of brain morphology change in Alzheimer’s disease and amnestic mild cognitive impairment compared with normal controls

Background With an aggravated social ageing level, the number of patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) is gradually increasing, and mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is considered to be an early form of Alzheimer's disease. How to distinguish diseases in the early stage for the purposes of early diagnosis and treatment is an important topic. Aims The purpose of our study was to investigate the differences in brain cortical thickness and surface area among elderly patients with AD, elderly patients with amnestic MCI (aMCI) and normal controls (NC). Methods 20 AD patients, 21 aMCIs and 25 NC were recruited in the study. FreeSurfer software was used to calculate cortical thickness and surface area among groups. Results The patients with AD had less cortical thickness both in the left and right hemisphere in 17 of the 36 brain regions examined than the patients with aMCI or NC. The patients with AD also had smaller cerebral surface area both in the left and right hemisphere in 3 of the 36 brain regions examined than the patients with aMCI or NC. Compared with the NC, the patients with aMCI only had slight atrophy in the inferior parietal lobe of the left hemisphere, and no significant difference was found. Conclusion AD, as well as aMCI (to a lesser extent), is associated with reduced cortical thickness and surface area in a few brain regions associated with cognitive impairment. These results suggest that cortical thickness and surface area could be used for early detection of AD.

Effects of a phase transition on two-pion interferometry in heavy ion collisions at √SNN=2.4-7.7 GeV

Hanbury-Brown-Twiss(HBT) correlations for charged pions in central Au+Au collisions at √SNN=2.4-7.7 GeV(corresponding to beam kinetic energies in the fixed target frame from Elab=1.23 to 30 GeV/nucleon) are calculated using the ultra-relativistic quantum molecular dynamics model with different equations of state(EoSs).The effects of a phase transition at high baryon densities are clearly observed in the explored HBT parameters.The results show that the available data on the HBT radii,RO/RSand R^(2)_(O)-R^(2)_(S),in the investigated energy region favor a relatively stiff EoS at low beam energies,which then turns into a soft EoS at high collision energies consistent with astrophysical constraints on the high-density EoS of quantum chromodynamics(QCD).The specific effects of two different phase transition scenarios on RO/RSand R^(2)_(O)-R^(2)_(S)are investigated.A phase transition with a significant softening of the EoS below four times the nuclear saturation density can be excluded using HBT data.Our results highlight that the pion’s RO/RSand R^(2)_(O)-R^(2)_(S)are sensitive to the stiffness of the EoS and can be used to constrain and understand the QCD EoS in a high baryon density region.

Transport model analysis of the pion interferometry in Au+Au collisions at Ebeam=1.23 GeV/nucleon

Within the framework of the Ultra-relativistic Quantum Molecular Dynamics model,the effects of resonance decay widths,inmedium nucleon-nucleon(in)elastic cross sections,and potentials on the pion Hanbury-Brown-Twiss(HBT)intensity interferometry in central Au+Au collisions at Ebeam=1.23 GeV/nucleon are investigated.The results show that the pion emission source is visibly influenced by theΔparticles with small invariant masses,i.e.,with long resonance lifetimes.Furthermore,the pion HBT radii are found to be insensitive to the nucleon-nucleon(in)elastic cross sections,while the measured rapidity distributions of the charged pions are sensitive to the nucleon-nucleon(in)elastic cross sections and can be much better reproduced by considering a reduction factor on the nucleon-nucleon inelastic cross sections.The observed charge-sign difference of the source radii,especially in outward and sideward directions,can be qualitatively explained by simulations with the potential contributions,especially including the Coulomb potential of mesons.The present work demonstrates that the potential updates play important roles in describing the measured HBT radii and duration-time-related radii ratios when understanding the dynamics in relativistic heavy-ion collisions at~GeV beam energies.

Analysis of a two-grid method for semiconductor device problem

The mathematical model of a semiconductor device is governed by a system of quasi-linear partial differential equations.The electric potential equation is approximated by a mixed finite element method,and the concentration equations are approximated by a standard Galerkin method.We estimate the error of the numerical solutions in the sense of the Lqnorm.To linearize the full discrete scheme of the problem,we present an efficient two-grid method based on the idea of Newton iteration.The main procedures are to solve the small scaled nonlinear equations on the coarse grid and then deal with the linear equations on the fine grid.Error estimation for the two-grid solutions is analyzed in detail.It is shown that this method still achieves asymptotically optimal approximations as long as a mesh size satisfies H=O(h^1/2).Numerical experiments are given to illustrate the efficiency of the two-grid method.

Concentrated Growth Factor from Autologous Platelet Promotes Hair Growth in Androgenetic Alopecia

Studies have shown that platelet concentrates can induce the proliferation of the dermal papilla and the vascularization of the perifollicular tissue, as well as accelerate the telogen-to-anagen transition, thereby promoting the regrowth of hair improving the appearance of hair loss. Herein, we report on the application of a new, modified form of platelet concentrates, namely, concentrated growth factors (CGFs), in 15 cases of androgenetic alopecia (AGA). 15 cases of androgenetic alopecia were treated with the use of monthly, subcutaneous injections of autologous CGF in the scalp. A total of 3 injections were administered 4 weeks apart, and the patients were followed up for 6 months. Assessments were performed before the treatments and at 4, 8, 12 and 24 weeks after the first treatment. The treatment outcomes were assessed by taking macroscopic photographs and trichoscopic photomicrographs, as well as by using the Global Aesthetic Improvement Scale (GAIS) and the patient satisfaction survey. In order to determine the safety of the treatment, the injection area was observed for signs of infection or mass evaluation. The photographs showed significant improvement in hair appearance after injections of CGF. The hair photomicrographs showed that CGF promoted the regrowth of hair in balding areas, with an increased hair density and an increased ratio of terminal to vellus hair. The GAIS suggested that CGF treatments were effective in treating AGA, and the majority of patients were satisfied with their improvement. In addition, treatments resulted in a faster rate of hair growth and a decrease in the greasy and unpleasant sensation of the hair of the patients. At the last visit, none of the 15 patients reported experiencing side-effects during the follow-up period. To conclude, the application of CGF can be an effective method in the treatment of androgenetic alopecia.

Rhinoplasty in China: A review of the most important events in its history of development

A review of the literature in commonly used retrieval systems generally yields minimal or no pertinent information on the early works of Chinese doctors.Herein,the early works in rhinoplasty by pioneers Dr.Maolian Hu(胡懋廉)and Dr.PC Nyi(倪葆春)were retrieved from the database of Chinese Medical Journal published before1949 that overseas doctors could not gain access to online possibly due to the language barrier in collecting and processing those old professional data by main retrieval systyems.They published original articles on costal cartilage applications for correction of saddle noses in as early as 1939 and 1949,respectively,which represent the earliest attempts of treating nasal deformities with costal cartilages in China as well as in Asia.The private cosmetic surgical practices in rhinoplasty from the 1930s to the 1940s were recovered and briefly reviewed,and some of the most important clinical cases were presented.Other important events related to rhinoplasty,such as the establishment of the first national society of rhinoplasty in Chengdu,China in 2011 and the successful performance of the first national congress on rhinoplasty in Shanghai,China in 2012,were included.

Analyzing the correlation among the five indications of the regenerative effectiveness of expanded skin:A retrospective study of 277 expansion cases

Background:Skin expansion is a useful method for harvesting extra tissue.However,the outcome is hardly predictable.Methods:A total of 158 patients with 277 expanded skin cases were reviewed and evaluated via photographs.The review and evaluation were conducted to determine the skin’s regenerative condition.The overall texture of the expanded skin,which was deemed good,fair,or poor,was evaluated.The occurrence of five indications of the limitation of skin regeneration(thinning,color change,stretch marks,varicose vessels,and skin lesions)during expansion was recorded.The correlation between the five indications and the overall texture was statistically analyzed.Results:Among the 277 retrospectively reviewed expansion cases,the occurrence rate of skin deterioration showed significant differences between the expansion sites(P<0.01).Skin deterioration was most commonly seen on the neck and at the back.The occurrence of each indication varied among locations.The odds ratios of color change,stretch marks,varicose vessels,thinning,and skin lesions between good and poor skin conditions were 44.97,5.09,22.26,89.79,and 4.61,respectively(all P<0.001).Conclusion:Skin color,stretch marks,varicose vessels,thickness,and skin lesions are closely correlated with the skin regenerative capacity.An integrated evaluation can help predict the regenerative capacity of expanded skin.

Current state and exploration of fat grafting

Fat grafting has become one of the most frequently used techniques in plastic and reconstructive surgery.Many studies have focused on optimizing procedures,such as donor site selection,harvesting,processing,and grafting.Representative basic techniques include Coleman’s and“3L3M”techniques.A new technique called compartment-based targeted fat grafting(CTFG)has gradually been established based on anatomical findings of the facial and hand compartments.CTFG achieved precise restoration of the fat volume in the anatomical state.Cell-based fat grafting has introduced new fields involving tissue repair and regeneration,including facial rejuvenation and scar improvement,among others.In this review,we summarize the timeline for the development of fat grafting.

The Practice of China’s Cosmetic Medicine Dated Back to 3800-4800 Years Ago

Objective To investigate the developmental history of cosmetic surgery and cosmetic medicine in China.Methods The history of cosmetic surgery and cosmetology in China was explored via a review of the literature reported across the globe and the archeological discoveries recorded in China.Results The ancient underground city of“Sanxingdui”,discovered in Guanghan,Sichuan,China,was built between 1800 and 2800 BC.Many bronze figure sculptures with decorative perforations in the earlobe area were unearthed there,making it perhaps the earliest record of cosmetic surgery practice in the world.The practice of decorative perforations in the earlobe predates the practice of nose jobs found in ancient India.The Prescriptions for Fifty-two Diseases from the Western Han Dynasty,unearthed in Mawangdui,Changsha,Hunan Province,recorded the treatment of vitiligo in traditional Chinese medicine.This might be one of the earliest records of aesthetic medicine in the world.Conclusion China is one of the earliest birthplaces of cosmetic surgery and cosmetology in the world.The practice of cosmetic medicine in China predates the practice of nasal reconstruction found in ancient India.

Fine-needle aspiration for periprosthetic fluid removal after implantation of a remote internal-port tissue expander

Background:Use of internal filling ports in tissue expander–based reconstructions are advantageous because of easier self-care,lower infection rates,and fewer instances of capsule formation.The appearance of periprosthetic fluid accumulation after internal-port tissue expander implantation is a common complication that warrants treatment.In this study,we introduced a noninvasive method using fine-needle aspiration(FNA)to remove fluids accumulated after implantation of a remote internal-port tissue expander.Methods:In this study,245 patients who underwent implantation of remote internal-port tissue expanders in our hospital from July 1,2012,to July 1,2019,were included and divided into two groups.In the control group,patients underwent tissue expander implantation before July 1,2016,and large quantities of fluids were removed with surgical aspiration procedures in most cases.In the FNA group,the patients underwent implantation after July 1,2016,and large quantities of fluids were removed first with the FNA procedure.Patients’demographic data,indications for FNA application,and related complications were collected and analyzed.Results:Overall,395 expanders were placed in 245 patients.Postoperative management was similar in both groups.Fluids were managed with 23 expanders in the control group and with 31 expanders in the FNA group.There was no difference in the fluid aspiration rate between the two groups.The surgical aspiration rate was 11.1%(23/208)in the control group.The success rate of FNA was 90.3%(28/31).In the FNA group,the surgical aspiration rate was 1.6%(3/187),which was significantly lower than that in the control group.There were no significant differences in complications between the two groups.Conclusion:FNA can be used for periprosthetic fluid removal after the implantation of a remote internal-port tissue expander in most cases.This method is more convenient and safer than surgical aspiration for the postoperative management of internal-port tissue expander implantation.