Phytoene synthases 1 modulates tomato fruit quality through influencing the metabolic flux between carotenoid and flavonoid pathways

The deterioration in fruit quality of commercial tomatoes is a major concern of modern tomato breeding.However,the metabolism and genetics of fruit quality are poorly understood.Here,we performed transgenic and molecular biology experiments to reveal that tomato phytoene synthase 1(SlPSY1)is responsible for the accumulation of an important flavor chemical,6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one(MHO).To dissect the function of SlPSY1 in regulating fruit quality,we generated and analyzed a dataset encompassing over 2000 compounds detected by GC-MS and LC-MS/MS along with transcriptomic data.The combined results illustrated that SlPSY1 deficiency imparts novel flavor to yellow tomatoes with 236 volatiles significantly changed and improves fruit firmness,possibly due to accumulation of seven cutins.Further analysis indicated SlPSY1 is essential for carotenoid-derived metabolite biosynthesis by catalyzing prephytoene-PP(PPPP)to 15-cis-phytoene.Notably,we showed that SlPSY1 can influence the metabolic flux between carotenoid and flavonoid pathways,and this metabolic flux was confirmed by silencing SlCHS1.Our study provided insights into the multiple effects of SlPSY1 on tomato fruit metabolome and highlights the potential to produce high-quality fruit by rational design of SlPSY1 expression.

Risk factors for cognitive impairment in patients with chronic kidney disease

BACKGROUND Chronic kidney disease(CKD)patients have been found to be at risk of concurrent cognitive dysfunction in previous studies,which has now become an important public health issue of widespread concern.AIM To investigate the risk factors for concurrent cognitive dysfunction in patients with CKD.METHODS This is a prospective cohort study conducted among patients with CKD between October 2021 and March 2023.A questionnaire was formulated by literature review and expert consultation and included questions about age,sex,education level,per capita monthly household income,marital status,living condition,payment method,and hypertension.RESULTS Logistic regression analysis showed that patients aged 60-79 years[odds ratio(OR)=1.561,P=0.015]and≥80 years(OR=1.760,P=0.013),participants with middle to high school education(OR=0.820,P=0.027),divorced or widowed individuals(OR=1.37,P=0.032),self-funded patients(OR=2.368,P=0.008),and patients with hypertension(OR=2.011,P=0.041)had a higher risk of cognitive impairment.The risk of cognitive impairment was lower for those with a college degree(OR=0.435,P=0.034)and married individuals.CONCLUSION The risk factors affecting cognitive dysfunction are age,60-79 years and≥80 years;education,primary school education or less;marital status,divorced or widowed;payment method,selffunded;hypertension;and CKD.

Examining the Trends and Influencing Factors of International Trade in the Era of New Economic Globalization

In the context of the new era of economic globalization,the development of international trade holds immense significance in fostering global economic recovery and advancing the process of global economic integration.Against this backdrop,aspects such as trade liberalization,digital trade,trade in services,and the influence of multinational companies are becoming increasingly prominent.Concurrently,factors encompassing economic,political,technological,and environmental considerations,as well as regional economic integration,will exert influence on the trajectory of international trade development.This paper aims to comprehensively explore the development trends of international trade and the myriad influencing factors within the framework of the new economic globalization.

Pure large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma originating from the endometrium: A case report

BACKGROUND Large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma(LCNEC)of the endometrium is an uncommon and highly aggressive tumor that has not been comprehensively characterized.We report a case of pure endometrial LCNEC and review the current literature of similar cases to raise awareness of the histological features,treatment,and prognosis of this tumor.CASE SUMMARY We report the case of a 73-year-old woman who presented with irregular postmenopausal vaginal bleeding.Ultrasonography showed an enlarged uterus and a 5.1 cm×3.3 cm area of medium and low echogenicity in the uterine cavity.Biopsy by dilatation and curettage suggested poorly differentiated carcinoma.Magnetic resonance imaging revealed a heterogeneously enhanced uterine tumor with diffuse infiltration of the posterior wall of the uterine myometrium and enlarged pelvic lymph nodes.The patient underwent a hysterectomy and bilateral adnexal resection.Gross observation revealed an ill-defined white solid mass of the posterior wall of the uterus infiltrating into the serosa with multiple solid nodules on the serous surface.Microscopically,the tumor cells showed neuroendocrine morphology(organoid nesting).Immunohistochemistry revealed the tumor cells were diffusely positive for the neuroendocrine markers CD56,chromogranin A,and synaptophysin.Thus,the tumor was diagnosed as stage IIIC endometrial LCNEC.CONCLUSION Pathologic findings and immunohistochemistry are essential in making a diagnosis of endometrial LCNEC.

The Jasmine(Jasminum sambac)Genome Provides Insight into the Biosynthesis of Flower Fragrances and Jasmonates

Jasminum sambac(jasmine flower),a world-renowned plant appreciated for its exceptional flower fragrance,is of cultural and economic importance.However,the genetic basis of its fragrance is largely unknown.Here,we present the first de novo genome assembly of J.sambac with 550.12 Mb(scaffold N50=40.10 Mb)assembled into 13 pseudochromosomes.Terpene synthase(TPS)genes associated with flower fragrance are considerably amplified in the form of gene clusters through tandem duplications in the genome.Gene clusters within the salicylic acid/benzoic acid/theobromine(SABATH)and benzylalcohol O-acetyltransferase/anthocyanin O-hydroxycinnamoyltransferases/anthranilate N-hydroxycinnamoyl/benzoyltransferase/deacetylvindoline 4-O-acetyltransferase(BAHD)superfamilies were identified to be related to the biosynthesis of phenylpropanoid/benzenoid compounds.Several key genes involved in jasmonate biosynthesis were duplicated,causing an increase in copy numbers.In addition,multi-omics analyses identified various aromatic compounds and many genes involved in fragrance biosynthesis pathways.Furthermore,the roles of JsTPS3 in b-ocimene biosynthesis,as well as JsAOC1 and JsAOS in jasmonic acid biosynthesis,were functionally validated.The genome assembled in this study for J.sambac offers a basic genetic resource for studying floral scent and jasmonate biosynthesis,and provides a foundation for functional genomic research and variety improvements in Jasminum.

Bronchiolar adenoma with unusual presentation:Two case reports

BACKGROUND The clinicopathological features,immunohistochemical characteristics,and genetic mutation profile of two unusual cases of distal bronchiolar adenoma are retrospectively analyzed and the relevant literature is reviewed.CASE SUMMARY Case 1 was a 63-year-old female patient who had a mixed ground-glass nodule,with mild cells in morphology,visible cilia,and bilayer structures in focal areas.Immunohistochemical staining for P63 and cytokeratin(CK)5/6 revealed the lack of a continuous bilayer structure in most areas,and no mutations were found in epidermal growth factor receptor,anaplastic lymphoma kinase,ROS1,Kirsten rat sarcoma,PIK3CA,BRAF,human epidermal growth factor receptor-2(HER2),RET,and neuroblastoma RAS genes.Case 2 was a 58-year-old female patient who presented with a solid nodule,in which most cells were observed to be medium sized,the nuclear chromatin was pale and homogeneous,local cells had atypia,and cilia were found locally.Immunohistochemical staining for P63 and CK5/6 showed no expression of these proteins in mild cell morphology whereas the heteromorphic cells showed a bilayer structure.The same nine genes as above were analyzed,and HER2 gene mutation was identified.CONCLUSION Some unresolved questions remain to be answered to determine whether the lesion is a benign adenoma or a part of the process of malignant transformation from benign adenoma of the bronchial epithelium.Furthermore,whether lesions with atypical bilayer structures are similar to atypical hyperplastic lesions of the breast remains to be elucidated.Moreover,clarity on whether these lesions can be called atypical bronchiolar adenoma and whether they are invasive precursor lesions is needed.Future studies should examine the diagnostic significance of HER2 gene mutation as a prognostic indicator.

Biomembrane-inspired design of medical micro/nanorobots:From cytomembrane stealth cloaks to cellularized Trojan horses

Micro/nanorobots are promising for a wide range of biomedical applications(such as targeted tumor,thrombus,and infection therapies in hard-to-reach body sites)because of their tiny size and high maneuverability through the actuation of external fields(e.g.,magnetic field,light,ultrasound,electric field,and/or heat).However,fully synthetic micro/nanorobots as foreign objects are susceptible to phagocytosis and clearance by diverse phagocytes.To address this issue,researchers have attempted to develop various cytomembrane-camouflaged micro/nanorobots by two means:(1)direct coating of micro/nanorobots with cytomembranes derived from living cells and(2)the swallowing of micro/nanorobots by living immunocytes via phagocytosis.The camouflaging with cytomembranes or living immunocytes not only protects micro/nanorobots from phagocytosis,but also endows them with new characteristics or functionalities,such as prolonging propulsion in biofluids,targeting diseased areas,or neutralizing bacterial toxins.In this review,we comprehensively summarize the recent advances and developments of cytomembrane-camouflaged medical micro/nanorobots.We first discuss how cytomembrane coating nanotechnology has been employed to engineer synthetic nanomaterials,and then we review in detail how cytomembrane camouflage tactic can be exploited to functionalize micro/nanorobots.We aim to bridge the gap between cytomembrane-cloaked micro/nanorobots and nanomaterials and to provide design guidance for developing cytomembrane-camouflaged micro/nanorobots.

Discrimination of Handlebar Grip Samples by Fourier Transform Infrared Microspectroscopy Analysis and Statistics

In this paper,the authors presented a study on the discrimination of handlebar grip samples,to provide effective forensic science service for hit and run traffic cases.50 bicycle handlebar grip samples,49 electric bike handlebar grip samples,and 96 motorcycle handlebar grip samples have been randomly collected by the local police in Beijing(China).Fourier transform infrared microspectroscopy(FTIR)was utilized as analytical technology.Then,target absorption selection,data pretreatment,and discrimination of linked samples and unlinked samples were chosen as three steps to improve the discrimination of FTIR spectrums collected from different handlebar grip samples.Principal component analysis and receiver operating characteristic curve were utilized to evaluate different data selection methods and different data pretreatment methods,respectively.It is possible to explore the evidential value of handlebar grip residue evidence through instrumental analysis and statistical treatments.It will provide a universal discrimination method for other forensic science samples as well.

JUNO sensitivity on proton decay p→νK^(+)searches

The Jiangmen Underground Neutrino Observatory(JUNO)is a large liquid scintillator detector designed to explore many topics in fundamental physics.In this study,the potential of searching for proton decay in the p→νK^(+)mode with JUNO is investigated.The kaon and its decay particles feature a clear three-fold coincidence signature that results in a high efficiency for identification.Moreover,the excellent energy resolution of JUNO permits suppression of the sizable background caused by other delayed signals.Based on these advantages,the detection efficiency for the proton decay via p→νK^(+)is 36.9%±4.9%with a background level of 0.2±0.05(syst)±0.2(stat)events after 10 years of data collection.The estimated sensitivity based on 200 kton-years of exposure is 9.6×1033 years,which is competitive with the current best limits on the proton lifetime in this channel and complements the use of different detection technologies.

The phase separation of SGS3 regulates antiviral immunity and fertility in Arabidopsis

Dear Editor,As a conserved mechanism among eukaryotic organisms,RNA silencing is vital for suppressing gene expression at the transcriptional or posttranscriptional level to regulate multiple biological processes.Small interfering RNAs(si RNAs)generated by Dicer proteins integrate with Argonaute(AGO)to form an RNA-induced silencing complex(RISC),in which RNA/DNA could be degraded/methylated through a sequence-specific manner(Ding et al.,2004).

Sub-percent precision measurement of neutrino oscillation parameters with JUNO

JUNO is a multi-purpose neutrino observatory under construction in the south of China.This publication presents new sensitivity estimates for the measurement of the △m_(31)^(2),△m_(21)^(2),sin^(2)θ_(12),and sin^(2)θ_(13) oscillation parameters using reactor antineutrinos,which is one of the primary physics goals of the experiment.The sensitivities are obtained using the best knowledge available to date on the location and overburden of the experimental site,the nuclear reactors in the surrounding area and beyond,the detector response uncertainties,and the reactor antineutrino spectral shape constraints expected from the TAO satellite detector.It is found that the △m_(21)^(2) and sin^(2)θ_(12) oscillation parameters will be determined to 0.5%precision or better in six years of data collection.In the same period,the △m_(31)^(2) parameter will be determined to about 0.2%precision for each mass ordering hypothesis.The new precision represents approximately an order of magnitude improvement over existing constraints for these three parameters.

Hydrogel-Based Stimuli-Responsive Micromotors for Biomedicine

The rapid development of medical micromotors draws a beautiful blueprint for the noninvasive or minimally invasive diagnosis and therapy.By combining stimuli-sensitive hydrogel materials,micromotors are bestowed with new characteristics such as stimuli-responsive shape transformation/morphing.excellent biocompatibility and biodegradability,and drug loading ability.Actuated by chemical fuels or external fields(eg,magnetic field,ultrasound,light,and electric field),hydrogel-based stimuli-responsive(HBSR)micromotors can be utilized to load therapeutic agents into the hydrogel networks or directly grip the target cargos(eg.,drug-loaded partides,cells,and thrombus),transport them to sites of interest(e.g.,tumor area and diseased tissues),and unload the cargos or execute a specific task(e.g.,cell capture,targeted sampling,and removal of blood dots)in response to a stimulus(eg.,change of temperature,pH,ion strength,and chemicals)in the physiological environment.The high flexibility,adaptive capacity,and shape morphing property enable the H BSR micromotors to complete specific medical tasks in complex physiological scenarios,especially in confined,hard to-reach tissues,and vessels of the body.Herein,this review summarizes the current progress in hydrogel-based medical micromotors with stimuli responsiveness.The thermo-responsive,photothermal-responsive,magnetocaloric-responsive,pH-responsive,ionic strength-responsive,and chemoresponsive micromotors are discussed in detail.Finally,curent challenges and future perspectives for the development of HBSR micromotors in the biomedical field are discussed.