Effects of long-term partial substitution of inorganic fertilizer with pig manure and/or straw on nitrogen fractions and microbiological properties in greenhouse vegetable soils

Partial substitution of inorganic fertilizers with organic amendments is an important agricultural management practice.An 11-year field experiment(22 cropping periods)was carried out to analyze the impacts of different partial substitution treatments on crop yields and the transformation of nitrogen fractions in greenhouse vegetable soil.Four treatments with equal N,P_(2)O_(5),and K_(2)O inputs were selected,including complete inorganic fertilizer N(CN),50%inorganic fertilizer N plus 50%pig manure N(CPN),50%inorganic fertilizer N plus 25%pig manure N and 25%corn straw N(CPSN),and 50%inorganic fertilizer N plus 50%corn straw N(CSN).Organic substitution treatments tended to increase crop yields since the 6th cropping period compared to the CN treatment.From the 8th to the 22nd cropping periods,the highest yields were observed in the CPSN treatment where yields were 7.5-11.1%greater than in CN treatment.After 11-year fertilization,compared to CN,organic substitution treatments significantly increased the concentrations of NO_(3)^(-)-N,NH_(4)^(+)-N,acid hydrolysis ammonium-N(AHAN),amino acid-N(AAN),amino sugar-N(ASN),and acid hydrolysis unknown-N(AHUN)in soil by 45.0-69.4,32.8-58.1,49.3-66.6,62.0-69.5,34.5-100.3,and 109.2-172.9%,respectively.Redundancy analysis indicated that soil C/N and OC concentration significantly affected the distribution of N fractions.The highest concentrations of NO_(3)^(-)-N,AHAN,AAN,AHUN were found in the CPSN treatment.Organic substitution treatments increased the activities ofβ-glucosidase,β-cellobiosidase,N-acetyl-glucosamidase,L-aminopeptidase,and phosphatase in the soil.Organic substitution treatments reduced vector length and increased vector angle,indicating alleviation of constraints of C and N on soil microorganisms.Organic substitution treatments increased the total concentrations of phospholipid fatty acids(PLFAs)in the soil by 109.9-205.3%,and increased the relative abundance of G^(+)bacteria and fungi taxa,but decreased the relative abundance of G-bacteria,total bacteria,and actinomycetes.Overall,long-term organic substitution management increased soil OC concentration,C/N,and the microbial population,the latter in turn positively influenced soil enzyme activity.Enhanced microorganism numbers and enzyme activity enhanced soil N sequestration by transforming inorganic N to acid hydrolysis-N(AHN),and enhanced soil N supply capacity by activating non-acid hydrolysis-N(NAHN)to AHN,thus improving vegetable yield.Application of inorganic fertilizer,manure,and straw was a more effective fertilization model for achieving sustainable greenhouse vegetable production than application of inorganic fertilizer alone.

氯取代近红外双缆共轭高分子材料与低能量损失单组分有机太阳能电池

近红外型双缆共轭高分子材料的光电转换效率(PCE)已经超过了10%,然而较大的能量损失限制了其性能的进一步提升。本工作中,我们合成了两个氯取代的近红外双缆共轭聚合物材料,分别命名为as-DCPIC-Cl和as-DCPIC-2Cl。氯原子的引入使得单组分有机太阳能电池的能量损失低至0.57 eV。其中,基于as-DCPIC-Cl的器件实现了10.14%的PCE,为基于非稠环电子受体的双缆共轭聚合物的最高性能。研究表明,氯原子在实现高性能单组分有机太阳能电池方面具有重要的作用。

Bidirectional rectifier with gate voltage control based on Bi_(2)O_(2)Se/WSe_(2)heterojunction

Two-dimensional(2D)WSe_(2)has received increasing attention due to its unique optical properties and bipolar behavior.Several WSe_(2)-based heterojunctions exhibit bidirectional rectification characteristics,but most devices have a lower rectification ratio.In this work,the Bi_(2)O_(2)Se/WSe_(2)heterojunction prepared by us has a typeⅡband alignment,which can vastly suppress the channel current through the interface barrier so that the Bi_(2)O_(2)Se/WSe_(2)heterojunction device has a large rectification ratio of about 10^(5).Meanwhile,under different gate voltage modulation,the current on/off ratio of the device changes by nearly five orders of magnitude,and the maximum current on/off ratio is expected to be achieved 106.The photocurrent measurement reveals the behavior of recombination and space charge confinement,further verifying the bidirectional rectification behavior of heterojunctions,and it also exhibits excellent performance in light response.In the future,Bi_(2)O_(2)Se/WSe_(2)heterojunction field-effect transistors have great potential to reduce the volume of integrated circuits as a bidirectional controlled switching device.

Application Status and Prospects of Biogas Fertilizer in Modern Agricultural Production

On the basis of introducing the nutrient composition and biogas fertilizer,the effects of biogas fertilizer on soil,crops and environment are summarized. Biogas fertilizer can improve soil structure,increase soil organic matter,available nutrient contents and enzyme activity,increase crop yield,quality and resistance,and relieve the non-point source pollution effectively. The harmlessness,application technology and risk are analyzed. Some suggestions are put forward to control the source pollution,strengthen the research of fermentation technology,define the standard of biogas fertilizer,and carry out large and medium-sized biogas engineering.

自上而下和自下而上相结合提高大规模生态修复规划的实用性和效率——来自社会生态系统的启示

Ecological restoration policies and their implementation are influenced by ecological and socioeconomic drivers.Top-down approach-based spatial planning,emphasizing hierarchical control within government structures,and without a comprehensive consideration of social–ecological interactions may result in implementation failure and low efficiency.Although many researchers have indicated the necessity to engage social–ecological interactions between stakeholders in effective planning processes,socioeconomic drivers of ecological restoration on a large scale are difficult to quantify because of data scarcity and knowledge limitations.Here,we established a new ecological restoration planning approach linking a social–ecological system framework to large-scale ecological restoration planning.The new spatial planning approach integrates bottom-up approaches targeting stakeholder interests and provides social considerations for stakeholder behavior analysis.Based on this approach,a meta-analysis is introduced to recognize key socioeconomic and social–ecological factors influencing large-scale ecological restoration implementation,and a stochastic model is constructed to analyze the impact of socioeconomic drivers on the behavior of authorities and participants on a large scale.We used the Yangtze River Basin-based Conversion of Cropland to Forest Program(CCFP),one of the largest payments for ecosystem service programs worldwide,to quantify the socioeconomic impacts of large-scale ecological restoration programs.Current CCFP planning without socioeconomic considerations failed to achieve large-scale program goals and showed low investment efficiency,with 19.71% of the implemented area reconverting to cropland after contract expiry.In contrast,spatial matching between planned and actual restoration increased from 61.55% to 81.86% when socioeconomic drivers were included.In addition,compared to that with the current CCFP implementation,the cost effectiveness of spatial planning with social considerations improved by 46.94%.Thus,spatial optimization planning that integrates both top-down and bottom-up approaches can result in more practical and effective ecological restoration than top-down approaches alone.Our new approach incorporates socioeconomic factors into large-scale ecological restoration planning with high practicality and efficiency.

iBP-seq:An efficient and low-cost multiplex targeted genotyping and epigenotyping system

Inter-and intra-specific variations in phenotype are common and can be associated with genomic mutations as well as epigenomic variation.Profiling both genomic and epigenomic variants is at the core of dissecting phenotypic variation.However,an efficient targeted genotyping and epigenotyping system is lacking.We describe a new multiplex targeted genotyping and epigenotyping system called improved bulked-PCR sequencing(iBP-seq).We employed iBP-seq for the detection of genotypes and methylation levels of dozens of target regions in mixed DNA samples.iBP-seq can be adapted for the construction of linkage maps,fine mapping of quantitative-trait loci,and detection of genome editing mutations at a cost as low as$0.016 per site per sample.We developed an automated bioinformatics pipeline,including primer design,a series of bioinformatic analyses for genotyping and epigenotyping,and visualization of results.iBP-seq and its bioinformatics pipeline,available at http://zeasystemsbio.hzau.edu.cn/tools/ibp/,can be adapted to a wide variety of species.

CLAIR: An integrated lipid database across multiple crop species

Lipids are an important global commodity and industrial raw material.Most of the lipids consumed worldwide are derived from plants.In 2017,the total production of vegetable oils and animal fats was estimated at 206.1 million tons per year,with vegetable oils accounting for∼87%of this total(Mielke,2017).Oilseed crops,a major source of vegetable oils,store triglycerides primarily in seeds and fruits,with variation in the specific types of oils produced(Zanetti et al.,2013).A comprehensive understanding of the genes and mechanisms associated with lipid biosynthesis in various oilseed crops is essential for improving oil content traits in these crops through molecular biology and breeding(Xu and Shanklin,2016).

Numerical Simulation and Optimization of a Mid-Temperature Heat Pipe Exchanger

In this paper,we take the mid-temperature gravity heat pipe exchanger as the research object,simulate the fluid flow field,temperature field and the working state of heat pipe in the heat exchanger by Fluent software.The effects of different operating parameters and fin parameters on the heat transfer performance of heat exchangers are studied.The results show that the heat transfer performance of the mid-temperature gravity heat pipe exchanger is the best when the fin spacing is between 5 mm and 6 mm,the height of the heat pipe is between 12 mm and 13 mm,and the inlet velocity of the fluid is between 2.5 m/s to 3 m/s.

Growth and physiological effects of chitosan on heat tolerance in creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera)

High temperature is one of the major abiotic stresses limiting growth and development of cool-season grass species,but chitosan could effectively enhance heat tolerance and improve plant growth.The objective of this study was to determine the optimal concentration of chitosan that could alleviate heat stress in creeping bentgrass(Agrostis stolonifera)and investigate the effects of exogenous chitosan on photosynthesis and cell membrane stability under heat stress.Under heat stress(38/28°C,day/night),different chitosan concentrations of 0,50,100 and 500 mg·L−1 were applied on the leaves of creeping bentgrass(cv.'Penn-A4').Foliar application of chitosan exhibited the positive effects on plant growth and the optimal concentration was 100 mg·L−1 which significantly improved turf quality,root length,root-shoot ratio as well as shoot and root biomass.Chitosan-treated plants subjected to high temperature stress had a lower decline in photosynthetic rate and photochemical efficiency as well as less increase in electrolyte leakage and malondialdehyde content.The results demonstrate that chitosan-improved heat tolerance as reflected by the superior growth performance of both shoot and root,photosynthesis and cell membrane stability in creeping bentgrass under heat stress.

Linking a Storm Water Management Model to a Novel Two-Dimensional Model for Urban Pluvial Flood Modeling

This article describes a new method of urban pluvial flood modeling by coupling the 1D storm water management model(SWMM)and the 2D flood inundation model(ECNU Flood-Urban).The SWMM modeling results(the overflow of the manholes)are used as the input boundary condition of the ECNU Flood-Urban model to simulate the rainfall–runoff processes in an urban environment.The analysis is applied to the central business district of East Nanjing Road in downtown Shanghai,considering 5-,10-,20-,50-,and 100-year return period rainfall scenarios.The results show that node overflow,water depth,and inundation area increase proportionately with the growing return periods.Water depths are mostly predicted to be shallow and surface flows generally occur in the urban road network due to its low-lying nature.The simulation result of the coupled model proves to be reliable and suggests that urban surface water flooding could be accurately simulated by using this methodology.Adaptation measures(upgrading of the urban drainage system)can then be targeted at specific locations with significant overflow and flooding.

Intelligent self-powered sensor based on triboelectric nanogenerator for take-off status monitoring in the sport of triplejumping

In the era of big data and the Internet of Things,the digital information of athletes is particularly significant in sports competitions.Here,an intelligent self-powered take-off board sensor(TBS)based on triboelectric nanogenerator(TENG)with a solid-wooden substrate is provided for precise detection of athletes’take-off status in the sport of triple-jumping,which is sufficient for triplejumping training judgment with a high accuracy of 1 mm.Meanwhile,a foul alarm system and a distance between the athlete’s foot and take-off line(GAP)measurement system are further developed to provide take-off data for athletes and referees.The induced charges are formed by the TBS during taking-off,and then the real-time exercise data is acquired and processed via the test program.This work presents a self-powered sports sensor for intelligent sports monitoring and promotes the application of TENG-based sensors in intelligent sports.

Optimizing the operation of the Qingshitan Reservoir in the Lijiang River for multiple human interests and quasi-natural flow maintenance

For reservoir operation, maintaining a quasi-natural flow regime can benefit river ecosystems, but may sacrifice human interests. This study took the Qingshitan Reservoir in the Lijiang River as a case, and developed an optimization model to explore a trade-off solution between social-economic interests and nature flow maintenance on a monthly base. The objective function considered irrigation, cruise navigation and water supply aspects. An index of flow alteration degree was proposed to measure the difference between the regulated discharge and the natural flow. The index was then used as an additional constraint in the model besides the conventional constraints on reservoir safety. During model solving, different criteria were applied to the index, representing various degrees of alteration of the natural flow regime in the river. Through the model, a relationship between social-economic interests and flow alteration degree was established. Finally, a trade-off solution of the reservoir operation was defined that led to a favorable social-economic benefit at an acceptable alteration of the natural flow.

Uncertainty analyses on the calculation of water environmental capacity by an innovative holistic method and its application to the Dongjiang River

The estimation and allocation of water environmental capacity （WEC） are essential to water quality management and social-economic interests. However, there is inevitable uncertainty in the capacity estimation due to model conceptualization, data collection and parameter calibration. An innovative holistic approach was developed, which took both independence and relevance between parameters into account to analyze the uncertainties in WEC calculation and estimate the margin of safety. The Doniang River was taken as the case to demonstrate the method, focusing on the chemical oxygen demand and NH-N that were the two major water quality problems in the river. The results showed that the proposed holistic approach is very promising and applicable compared to traditional methods of uncertainty analysis.

A cost-effective ts CUT&Tag method for profiling transcription factor binding landscape

Knowledge of the transcription factor binding landscape(TFBL)is necessary to analyze gene regulatory networks for important agronomic traits.However,a low-cost and high-throughput in vivo chromatin profiling method is still lacking in plants.Here,we developed a transient and simplified cleavage under targets and tagmentation(tsCUT&Tag)that combines transient expression of transcription factor proteins in protoplasts with a simplified CUT&Tag without nucleus extraction.Our tsCUT&Tag method provided higher data quality and signal resolution with lower sequencing depth compared with traditional ChIP-seq.Furthermore,we developed a strategy combining tsCUT&Tag with machine learning,which has great potential for profiling the TFBL across plant development.

A self-powered and concealed sensor based on triboelectric nanogenerators for cultural-relic anti-theft systems

The theft prevention for cultural relics in museums,field excavation sites,and temporary exhibition events is of extreme importance.However,traditional anti-theft technologies such as infrared monitoring and radio frequency identification are highly costly,power-consuming,and easy to break.Here,a transparent,ultrathin,and flexible triboelectric sensor(TUFS)with a simple and low-cost method is proposed.With a thickness,weight,and transmittance of 92μm,0.12 g,and 89.4%,the TUFS manifests superb concealment.Benefiting from the characteristic of triboelectric nanogenerators,the TUFS responds effectively to common cultural-relic materials.Moreover,distinguished electrical responses can be obtained even for very small weights(10 g)and areas(1 cm^(2)),proving the sensitivity and wide range of use of the TUFS.Finally,we construct a concealed cultural-relic anti-theft system that enables real-time alarming and accurate positioning of cultural relics,which is expected to strengthen the security level of the existing museum anti-theft systems.

Consideration of climate change impacts will improve the efficiency of protected areas on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

The protection of migratory birds and their habitats is important to the ecological stability of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau(QTP).Currently protected areas(PAs)were designed in accordance with species distribution patterns under current climatic conditions,thus ignoring climate change will lead to a decrease in the protection efficiency of PAs.In this study,using the flagship species Grus nigricollis,as an example,we used the maximum entropy(MaxEnt)model to simulate the distributions and conservation status of G.nigricollis and optimized the existing PA boundaries.The results showed that(1)suitable habitat-for G.nigricollis accounts for 12.48%of the QTP area,and the PAs established under current climatic conditions cover 17.84%of this suitable habitat area;(2)future climate changes will influence the distribution and quality of G.nigricollis habitats,and the average protection efficiency of the current PAs in four climatic scenarios will decrease from 17.84%to 15.31%;and(3)through optimization,the efficiency of existing PAs can be increased by 0.75 times and reach 28.37%,indicating PA planning must consider not only current climate conditions but also the effects of climate changes.Our results aim to address shortcomings in the conservation efficiency of PAs and provide an example for resolving mismatched PA boundaries and habitat changes for species.

Thermal-mechanical-electrical energy conversion system based on Curie effect and soft-contact rotary triboelectric nanogenerator

Untapped thermal energy,especially low-grade heat below 373 K from various sources,namely ambient,industries residual,and non-concentrated solar energy,is abundant and widely accessible.Despite that,there are huge constraints to recycle this valuable low-grade heat using the existing technologies due to the variability of thermal energy output and the small temperature difference between the heat source and environment.Here,a thermal-mechanical-electrical energy conversion(TMEc)system based on the Curie effect and the soft-contact rotary triboelectric nanogenerator(TENG)is developed to recycle thermal energy in the mid-low temperature range.According to the phase transition mechanism between ferromagnetic and paramagnetic,disk-shaped ferromagnetic materials can realize stable rotation under external magnetic and thermal fields,thus activating the operation of TENGs and realizing the conversion of thermal energy and electrical energy.During the steady rotation process,an open-circuit voltage(VOC)of 173 V and a short-circuit current(ISC)of 1.32μA are measured.We finally obtained a maximum power of 4.45 mW in the actual working conditions,and it successfully charged different capacitors.This work provides a new method for mid-low temperature energy harvesting and thermal energy transformation and broadens the application of TENG in the field of thermal energy recovery.

Synthesis and characterization of a novel binuclear iron phthalocyanine/reduced graphene oxide nanocomposite for non-precious electrocatalyst for oxygen reduction

Binuclear iron phthalocyanine/reduced graphene oxide(bi-Fe Pc/RGO) nanocomposite with good electrocatalytic activity for ORR in alkaline medium was prepared in one step. High angle annular dark field image scanning transmission electron microscopy(HAADF-STEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy element mapping results show bi-Fe Pc was uniformly distributed on RGO. An obvious cathodic peak located at about-0.23 V(vs. SCE) in CV and an onset potential of-0.004 V(vs. SCE) in LSV indicate the as-prepared bi-Fe Pc/RGO nanocomposite possesses high activity which is closed to Pt/C for ORR. The ORR on bi-Fe Pc/RGO nanocomposite follows four-electron transfer pathway in alkaline medium. Compared with Pt/C, there is only a slight decrease(about 0.02 V vs. SCE) for bi-Fe Pc/RGO nanocomposite when the methanol exists. The excellent activity and methanol tolerance in alkaline solutions proves that bi-Fe Pc/RGO nanocomposite could be considered as a promising cathode catalyst for alkaline fuel cells.

Near-infrared lasing and tunable upconversion from femtosecond laser inscribed Nd,Gd:CaF_(2)waveguides

Optical channel waveguides with depressed cladding configurations have been produced in Nd,Gd∶CaF_(2)laser crystals by using ultrafast laser inscription.Waveguide properties are investigated in terms of guiding behaviors and localized laserinduced lattice damages.Under an optical pump of 808 nm light,continuous-wave waveguide lasing at 1.06μm is achieved,with a single-mode operation and a minimum lasing threshold of 98.8 m W.Furthermore,the visible emissions of Nd^(3+)with short wavelengths ranging from 415 nm to 550 nm and long wavelengths from 550 nm to 625 nm are observed upon 808 nm laser excitation via the up-converted process.The intensity ratios of two wavelength ranges are proved to be tunable through changing the pumping polarizations.

Review on water leakage control in distribution networks and the associated environmental benefits

Water supply is the primary element of an urban system. Due to rapid urbanization and water scarcity, maintaining a stable and safe water supply has become a challenge to many cities, whereas a large amount of water is lost from the pipes of distribution systems. Water leakage is not only a waste of water resources, but also incurs great socio-economic costs. This article presents a comprehensive review on the potential water leakage control approaches and specifically discusses the benefits of each to environmental conservation. It is concluded that water leakage could be further reduced by improving leakage detection capability through a combination of predictive modeling and monitoring instruments, optimizing pipe maintenance strategy, and developing an instant pressure regulation system. The environment could benefit from these actions because of water savings and the reduction of energy consumption as well as greenhouse gas emissions.