河套灌区春灌结合秸秆隔层对盐碱土壤温度的调控效果

【目的】对内蒙古河套灌区向日葵生长季土壤温度进行连续监测,从土壤温度变化的角度对春灌结合秸秆隔层措施进行了科学评价。【方法】田间微区定位试验在内蒙古五原县进行,供试作物为食用向日葵(Helianthus annuus L.),品种为JK601 (2016—2017年)和HT361 (2018年)。以无秸秆隔层+常规春灌量2250m^3/hm^2为对照(CK),其他处理均采用秸秆隔层,灌水量为对照的100%(W100)、90%(W90)、80%(W80)。秸秆隔层一次性布置,之后连续3年,用5TE-传感器测定食葵生育期膜内距地表下10、20、30和40 cm处土壤水分、电导率、温度。在食葵收获期,调查产量和产量构成因素。【结果】与CK相比,W100处理0—40cm土层土壤温度在食葵生育时期均表现出增温效果,但增温幅度随着试验年份的增加而降低,其中在2016年食葵蕾期、花期和成熟期显著增温0.7℃~1.8℃,2017年食葵苗期、蕾期和花期生长阶段显著增温0.6℃~1.7℃(P <0.05),而在2018年两处理间土壤温度无显著差异。W100处理0—40 cm土层土壤温度在食葵苗期和蕾期最高,与W90和W80处理相比,3年平均提高了0.3℃~0.4℃和0.2℃~0.5℃;而在食葵花期和成熟期表现为W80处理的土壤温度最高,与W100和W90处理相比,3年平均提高了0.8℃~1.0℃和0.5℃~1.0℃(P <0.05)。相较于CK处理,W100处理和W90处理均能增加食葵产量。其中,W100处理在3年分别增产34.63%、18.83%和6.57%,W90处理分别增产30.42%、15.91%和0.64%。【结论】综合比较土壤温度调控、节约水资源、作物产量,在当地常规春灌基础上减少10%灌水量结合秸秆隔层处理(W90)是较优方案。秸秆隔层处理对土壤温度的调控效果在前两年较为显著,因此,应考虑每两年进行一次隔层处理,以保证该措施对土壤温度调控的有效性。

Maize straw application as an interlayer improves organic carbon and total nitrogen concentrations in the soil profile: A four-year experiment in a saline soil

Soil salinization is a critical environmental issue restricting agricultural production.Deep return of straw to the soil as an interlayer (at 40 cm depth) has been a popular practice to alleviate salt stress.However,the legacy effects of straw added as an interlayer at different rates on soil organic carbon (SOC) and total nitrogen (TN) in saline soils still remain inconclusive.Therefore,a four-year (2015–2018) field experiment was conducted with four levels (i.e.,0,6,12and 18 Mg ha~(–1)) of straw returned as an interlayer.Compared with no straw interlayer (CK),straw addition increased SOC concentration by 14–32 and 11–57%in the 20–40 and 40–60 cm soil layers,respectively.The increases in soil TN concentration (8–22 and 6–34%in the 20–40 and 40–60 cm soil layers,respectively) were lower than that for SOC concentration,which led to increased soil C:N ratio in the 20–60 cm soil depth.Increases in SOC and TN concentrations in the 20–60 cm soil layer with straw addition led to a decrease in stratification ratios (0–20 cm:20–60 cm),which promoted uniform distributions of SOC and TN in the soil profile.Increases in SOC and TN concentrations were associated with soil salinity and moisture regulation and improved sunflower yield.Generally,compared with other treatments,the application of 12 Mg ha~(–1) straw had higher SOC,TN and C:N ratio,and lower soil stratification ratio in the2015–2017 period.The results highlighted that legacy effects of straw application as an interlayer were maintained for at least four years,and demonstrated that deep soil straw application had a great potential for improving subsoil fertility in salt-affected soils.

生物质调理剂对川西北高寒草地沙化土壤养分和微生物群落特征的影响

将农牧废弃物进行资源化处置制成生物质调理剂,用于沙化土壤改良是目前川西北沙化草地生态治理的有效途径之一。为了阐明不同原料调理剂在川西北高寒沙化草地上的实际应用效果,本研究以不施用调理剂为对照(CK),设置施用量均为12 t·hm^(-2)的菌渣(JZ)、秸秆(JG)和生物炭(SWT)3种调理剂,分析了调理剂施用对土壤养分和微生物群落特征及其相互关系的影响。结果表明:与对照相比,各种生物质调理剂均显著增加了土壤速效养分和活性有机碳含量,增幅在23.0%~521.6%,其中施用秸秆调理剂(JG)的效果最佳,增幅为65.1%~521.6%。因生物质调理剂只在第一年施入,第二年的土壤速效养分和活性有机碳含量均较第一年整体下降了4.5%~92.3%,而土壤有机碳含量和微生物生物量碳均较第一年整体上升了5.6%~458.0%。生物质调理剂改变了微生物属水平优势菌属的相对丰度,其中,JG处理对细菌菌群的影响较大,JG和JZ处理对真菌菌群的影响较大。与CK相比,JG处理显著降低了土壤细菌和真菌的多样性,其中,Shannon指数显著降低了2.9%和31.8%,而Simpson指数显著提高了175.0%和320.9%。冗余分析显示,土壤速效养分和活性有机碳含量是影响微生物群落组成的重要因素,其中,土壤硝态氮含量和微生物生物量碳对细菌群落组成的影响较大,共解释了65.9%的群落变化,土壤速效钾含量和微生物生物量碳对真菌群落组成的影响较大,共解释了83.2%的群落变化。综合比较,秸秆调理剂能显著增加土壤速效养分和活性有机碳含量,有利于有益细菌和真菌微生物菌属的生长,可以作为提升川西北地区高寒草地沙化土壤质量的推广措施。

玉米施肥量优化模型与土壤无机氮变化特征

对"3414"田间试验各处理玉米产量和不同氮水平(N0=0、N1=93.75、N2=187.5、N3=281.25 kg/hm^2)下测定土壤无机氮,探究N、P、K不同配比施肥对玉米产量的影响和不同氮水平下土壤无机氮的变化特征。结果表明,施氮对玉米产量的影响达到差异显著水平,施磷、钾肥对玉米产量的影响差异不显著。随着施氮量升高,玉米产量先升高后稳定,通过方差分析确定当地最佳推荐施氮量变化范围为93.75~281.25 kg/hm^2。施氮可以提高1 m土壤中铵态氮和硝态氮的积累量。铵态氮易被固定,拔节期以后,土壤中铵态氮积累较为稳定。硝态氮在土壤中变异较大,尤其在高施氮量(281.25 kg/hm^2)时,1 m土体中硝态氮积累量显著增加。无机氮总量与施氮量显著相关,当施氮量为281.25 kg/hm^2时,大大增加中期(抽雄期)氮素损失风险,确定安全施氮量处于187.5~281.25 kg/hm^2。提高产量、减少氮素损失的生产目标,207.27 kg/hm^2的施氮量为当地经济安全施氮量。