Effect of deformation parameters on the austenite dynamic recrystallization behavior of a eutectoid pearlite rail steel

Understandings of the effect of hot deformation parameters close to the practical production line on grain refinement are crucial for enhancing both the strength and toughness of future rail steels.In this work,the austenite dynamic recrystallization(DRX)behaviors of a eutectoid pearlite rail steel were studied using a thermo-mechanical simulator with hot deformation parameters frequently employed in rail production lines.The single-pass hot deformation results reveal that the prior austenite grain sizes(PAGSs)for samples with different deformation reductions decrease initially with an increase in deformation temperature.However,once the deformation temperature is beyond a certain threshold,the PAGSs start to increase.It can be attributed to the rise in DRX volume fraction and the increase of DRX grain with deformation temperature,respectively.Three-pass hot deformation results show that the accumulated strain generated in the first and second deformation passes can increase the extent of DRX.In the case of complete DRX,PAGS is predominantly determined by the deformation temperature of the final pass.It suggests a strategic approach during industrial production where part of the deformation reduction in low temperature range can be shifted to the medium temperature range to release rolling mill loads.

Grapevine plantlets respond to different monochromatic lights by tuning photosynthesis and carbon allocation

The quality of planting materials is the foundation for productivity,longevity,and berry quality of perennial grapevines with a long lifespan.Manipulating the nursery light spectrum may speed up the production of healthy and high-quality planting vines but the underlying mechanisms remain elusive.Herein,the effects of different monochromatic lights(green,blue,and red)on grapevine growth,leaf photosynthesis,whole-plant carbon allocation,and transcriptome reprograming were investigated with white light as control.Results showed that blue and red lights were favorable for plantlet growth in comparison with white light.Blue light repressed excessive growth,significantly increased the maximum net photosynthetic rate(Pn)of leaves by 39.58%and leaf specific weight by 38.29%.Red light increased the dry weight of the stem by 53.60%,the starch content of the leaf by 53.63%,and the sucrose content of the stem by 230%.Green light reduced all photosynthetic indexes of the grape plantlet.Photosynthetic photon flux density(PPFD)/Ci–Pn curves indicated that blue light affected photosynthetic rate depending on the light intensity and CO2 concentration.RNA-seq analysis of different organs(leaf,stem,and root)revealed a systematic transcriptome remodeling and VvCOP1(CONSTITUTIVELY PHOTOMORPHOGENIC 1),VvHY5(ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL5),VvHYH(HY5 HOMOLOG),VvELIP(early light-induced protein)and VvPIF3(PHYTOCHROME INTERACTING FACTOR 3)may play important roles in this shoot-to-root signaling.Furthermore,the correlation network between differential expression genes and physiological traits indicated that VvpsbS(photosystem II subunit S),Vvpsb28(photosystem II subunit 28),VvHYH,VvSUS4(sucrose synthase 4),and VvALDA(fructose-bisphosphate aldolase)were pertinent candidate genes in responses to different light qualities.Our results provide a foundation for optimizing the light recipe of grape plantlets and strengthen the understanding of light signaling and carbon metabolism under different monochromatic lights.

Integrated Active Suspension and Anti-Lock Braking Control for Four-Wheel-Independent-Drive Electric Vehicles

This paper presents an integrated control scheme for enhancing the ride comfort and handling performance of a four-wheel-independent-drive electric vehicle through the coordination of active suspension system(ASS)and anti-lock braking system(ABS).First,a longitudinal-vertical coupled vehicle dynamics model is established by integrating a road input model.Then the coupling mechanisms between longitudinal and vertical vehicle dynamics are analyzed.An ASS-ABS integrated control system is proposed,utilizing an H∞controller for ASS to optimize load transfer effect and a neural network sliding mode control for ABS implementation.Finally,the effectiveness of the proposed control scheme is evaluated through comprehensive tests conducted on a hardware-in-loop(HIL)test platform.The HIL test results demonstrate that the proposed control scheme can significantly improve the braking performance and ride comfort compared to conventional ABS control methods.

Braille Character Segmentation Algorithm Based on Gaussian Diffusion

Optical braille recognition methods typically employ existing target detection models or segmentation modelsfor the direct detection and recognition of braille characters in original braille images. However, these methodsneed improvement in accuracy and generalizability, especially in densely dotted braille image environments. Thispaper presents a two-stage braille recognition framework. The first stage is a braille dot detection algorithmbased on Gaussian diffusion, targeting Gaussian heatmaps generated by the convex dots in braille images. Thisis applied to the detection of convex dots in double-sided braille, achieving high accuracy in determining thecentral coordinates of the braille convex dots. The second stage involves constructing a braille grid using traditionalpost-processing algorithms to recognize braille character information. Experimental results demonstrate that thisframework exhibits strong robustness and effectiveness in detecting braille dots and recognizing braille charactersin complex double-sided braille image datasets. The framework achieved an F1 score of 99.89% for Braille dotdetection and 99.78% for Braille character recognition. Compared to the highest accuracy in existing methods,these represent improvements of 0.08% and 0.02%, respectively.

Analysis of the Current Situation and Influencing Factors of Social Isolation Among the Elderly in the Community

Objective: To investigate the current situation of social isolation among the elderly in the community, and to analyze its influencing factors. Methods: A total of 265 elderly people were selected to conduct the survey using the general information questionnaire and the Chinese version of the social isolation scale for the elderly. Results: The social isolation score of the elderly was (20.15 ± 0.23). Factors such as age, education level, economic status, and social participation ability influenced the social isolation score (P < 0.05). Conclusion: The social isolation of the elderly is more serious, and the social isolation can be alleviated by improving the level of education and the economic situation and strengthening social participation.

Analysis of the Current Situation and Influencing Factors of Physical Activity Among the Elderly in the Community

Objective:To explore the current situation of physical activity among elderly individuals in the community,identify influencing factors,and provide a theoretical basis for improving their physical activity levels in the future.Methods:A questionnaire survey was conducted among 265 elderly community residents using the Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly.Results:The median(p50)score on the Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly was 220.425,indicating a high level of physical activity.There was no statistically significant difference in physical activity levels between genders.Conclusion:Elderly individuals should be supported in actively and scientifically participating in physical activities to mitigate physical function decline and achieve successful aging.

Influence of vehicle-road coupled vibration on tire adhesion based on nonlinear foundation

The influence of pavement vibration on tire adhesion is of great significance to the structure design of vehicle and pavement.The adhesion between tire and road is the key to studying vehicle dynamics,and the precise description of tire adhesion affects the accuracy of dynamic vehicle responses.However,in most models,only road roughness is considered,and the pavement vibration caused by vehicle-road interaction is ignored.In this paper,a vehicle is simplified as a spring-mass-damper oscillator,and the vehicle-pavement system is modeled as a vehicle moving along an Euler-Bernoulli beam with finite length on a nonlinear foundation.The road roughness is considered as a sine wave,and the shear stress is ignored on the pavement.According to the contact form between tire and road,the LuGre tire model is established to calculate the tire adhesion force.The Galerkin method is used to simplify the partial differential equations of beam vibration into finite ordinary differential equations.A product-to-sum formula and a Dirac delt function are used to deal with the nonlinear term caused by the nonlinear foundation,which realizes the fast and accurate calculation of super-high dimensional nonlinear ordinary differential equations.In addition,the dynamic responses between the coupled system and the traditional uncoupled system are compared with each other.The obtained results provide an important theoretical basis for research on the influence of vehicle-road coupled vibration on tire adhesion.

Comparative metabolic profiling of Vitis amurensis and Vitis vinifera during cold acclimation

Vitis amurensis is a wild Vitis plant that can withstand extreme cold temperatures.However,the accumulation of metabolites during cold acclimation(CA)in V.amurensis remains largely unknown.In this study,plantlets of V.amurensis and V.vinifera cv.Muscat of Hamburg were treated at 4℃ for 24 and 72 h,and changes of metabolites in leaves were detected by gas chromatography coupled with time-of-flight mass spectrometry.Most of the identified metabolites,including carbohydrates,amino acids,and organic acids,accumulated in the two types of grape after CA.Galactinol,raffinose,fructose,mannose,glycine,and ascorbate were continuously induced by cold in V.amurensis,but not in Muscat of Hamburg.Twelve metabolites,including isoleucine,valine,proline,2-oxoglutarate,and putrescine,increased in V.amurensis during CA.More galactinol,ascorbate,2-oxoglutarate,and putrescine,accumulated in V.amurensis,but not in Muscat of Hamburg,during CA,which may be responsible for the excellent cold tolerance in V.amurensis.The expression levels of the genes encodingβ-amylase(BAMY),galactinol synthase(GolS),and raffinose synthase(RafS)were evaluated by quantitative reverse transcription-PCR.The expression BAMY(VIT_02s0012 g00170)and RafS(VIT_05s0077 g00840)were primarily responsible for the accumulation of maltose and raffinose,respectively.The accumulation of galactinol was attributed to different members of GolS in the two grapes.In conclusion,these results show the inherent differences in metabolites between V.amurensis and V.vinifera under CA.

Influences of Tibetan Plateau uplift on provenance evolution of the paleo-Pearl River

A comparative analysis of the geochemical characteristics of sediments from the Oligocene Zhuhai Formation(32-23.8 Ma),the Miocene Zhujiang Formation(23.8-16.5 Ma),and the Hanjiang Formation(16.5—10.5 Ma) and a comprehensive analysis of the geochemical characteristics of rocks surrounding the paleo-Pearl River drainage contribute to understanding the influences of the Tibetan Plateau uplift on provenance evolution of the paleo-Pearl River.The results show that the geochemical characteristics of sediments from the Oligocene Zhuhai Formation are very different from the geochemical characteristics of sediments from the Miocene Zhujiang and Hanjiang Formations.The ∑ rare earth elements(REE) of mudstone is relatively high in the Zhuhai Formation,204.07-293.88 ppm(average 240.46 ppm),and low in the Zhujiang and Hanjiang Formations,181.32-236.73 ppm(average 203.83 ppm) and 166.84-236.65 ppm(average199.04 ppm),respectively.The chemical index of alteration(CIA) for these samples has a similar trend to the∑ REE:the CIA of the Zhuhai Formation is relatively high and the CIA of the Zhujiang and Hanjiang Formations is relatively low.The uplift of the Tibetan Plateau is crucial to the westward expansion of the paleo-Pearl River drainage.

Gene body demethylation increases expression and is associated with self-pruning during grape genome duplication

A colchicine-induced autotetraploid grapevine exhibiting potentially valuable agronomic traits for grape production and breeding,including self-pruning,was identified.This study investigated DNA methylation variation and its role in gene expression during self-pruning in the autotetraploid grapevine.We used RNA-Seq to estimate differentially expressed genes between diploid and autotetraploid grapevine shoot tips.The genes showing increases in the autotetraploid were mainly related to stress response pathways,whereas those showing decreases in the autotetraploid were related to biological metabolism and biosynthesis.Whole-genome bisulfite sequencing was performed to produce single-base methylomes for the diploid and autotetraploid grapevines.Comparison between the methylomes revealed that they were conserved in CG and CHG contexts.In the autotetraploid grapevine,hypodifferentially methylated regions(DMRs)and hyper-DMRs in the gene body increased or decreased gene expression,respectively.Our results indicated that a hypo-DMR in the ACO1 gene body increased its expression and might promote self-pruning.This study reports that hypo-DMRs in the gene body increase gene expression in plants and reveals the mechanism underlying the changes in the modifications affecting gene expression during genome duplication.Overall,our results provide valuable information for understanding the relationships between DNA methylation,gene expression,and autotetraploid breeding in grape.

VvBBX44 and VvMYBA1 form a regulatory feedback loop to balance anthocyanin biosynthesis in grape

Anthocyanins are essential for the quality of perennial horticultural crops,such as grapes.In grapes,ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL 5(HY5)and MYBA1 are two critical transcription factors that regulate anthocyanin biosynthesis.Our previous work has shown that Vitis vinifera B-box protein 44(VvBBX44)inhibits anthocyanin synthesis and represses VvHY5 expression in grape calli.However,the regulatory mechanism underlying this regulation was unclear.In this study,we found that loss of VvBBX44 function resulted in increased anthocyanin accumulation in grapevine callus.VvBBX44 directly represses VvMYBA1,which activates VvBBX44.VvMYBA1,but not VvBBX44,directly modulates the expression of grape UDP flavonoid 3-O-glucosyltransferase(VvUFGT).We demonstrated that VvBBX44 represses the transcriptional activation of VvUFGT and VvBBX44 induced by VvMYBA1.However,VvBBX44 and VvMYBA1 did not physically interact in yeast.The application of exogenous anthocyanin stimulated VvBBX44 expression in grapevine suspension cells and tobacco leaves.These findings suggest that VvBBX44 and VvMYBA1 form a transcriptional feedback loop to prevent overaccumulation of anthocyanin and reduce metabolic costs.Our work sheds light on the complex regulatory network that controls anthocyanin biosynthesis in grapevine.

Basic leucine zipper gene VvbZIP61 is expressed at a quantitative trait locus for high monoterpene content in grape berries

The widely appreciated muscat flavor of grapes and wine is mainly attributable to the monoterpenes that accumulate in ripe grape berries.To identify quantitative trait loci(QTL)for grape berry monoterpene content,an F1 mapping population was constructed by a cross between two grapevine genotypes,one with neutral aroma berries(cv.‘Beifeng’)and the other with a pronounced muscat aroma(elite Vitis vinifera line‘3–34’).A high-density genetic linkage map spanning 1563.7 cM was constructed using 3332 SNP markers that were assigned to 19 linkage groups.Monoterpenes were extracted from the berry of the F1 progeny,then identified and quantified by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry.Twelve stable QTLs associated with the amounts of 11 monoterpenes in berries were thus identified.In parallel,the levels of RNA in berries from 34 diverse cultivars were estimated by RNA sequencing and compared to the monoterpene content of the berries.The expression of five genes mapping to stable QTLs correlated well with the monoterpene content of berries.These genes,including the basic leucine zipper VvbZIP61 gene on chromosome 12,are therefore considered as potentially being involved in monoterpene metabolism.Overexpression of VvbZIP61 in Vitis amurensis callus through Agrobacterium-mediated transformation significantly increased the accumulation of several monoterpenes in the callus,including nerol,linalool,geranial,geraniol,β-myrcene,and D-limonene.It is hypothesized that VvbZIP61 expression acts to increase muscat flavor in grapes.These results advance our understanding of the genetic control of monoterpene biosynthesis in grapes and provide important information for the marker-assisted selection of aroma compounds in grape breeding.

Full Scale-Aware Balanced High-Resolution Network for Multi-Person Pose Estimation

Scale variation is amajor challenge inmulti-person pose estimation.In scenes where persons are present at various distances,models tend to perform better on larger-scale persons,while the performance for smaller-scale persons often falls short of expectations.Therefore,effectively balancing the persons of different scales poses a significant challenge.So this paper proposes a newmulti-person pose estimation model called FSANet to improve themodel’s performance in complex scenes.Our model utilizes High-Resolution Network(HRNet)as the backbone and feeds the outputs of the last stage’s four branches into the DCB module.The dilated convolution-based(DCB)module employs a parallel structure that incorporates dilated convolutions with different rates to expand the receptive field of each branch.Subsequently,the attention operation-based(AOB)module performs attention operations at both branch and channel levels to enhance high-frequency features and reduce the influence of noise.Finally,predictions are made using the heatmap representation.The model can recognize images with diverse scales and more complex semantic information.Experimental results demonstrate that FSA Net achieves competitive results on the MSCOCO and MPII datasets,validating the effectiveness of our proposed approach.

Privacy-Preserving Prepayment Based Power Request and Trading in Smart Grid

Demand response has been intensively studied in recent years. It can motivate customers to change their consumption patterns according to the dynamic(time-varying) electricity price, which is considered to be the most cost-effective and reliable solution for smoothing the demand curve. However, many existing schemes, based on users' demand request in each period, require users to consume their requested electricity exactly, which sometimes causes inconvenience and losses to the utility, because customers cannot always be able to consume the accurate electricity demand due to various personal reasons. In this paper, we tackle this problem in a novel approach. Instead of charging after consumption, we adopt the prepayment mechanism to implement power request. Furthermore, we propose a trading market running by the control center to cope with the users' dynamic demand. It is noteworthy that both users' original demand and trading records are protected against potential adversaries including the curious control center. Through the numerical simulation, we demonstrate that our scheme is highly efficient in both computation and communication.

Optimizing the CRISPR/Cas9 system for genome editing in grape by using grape promoters

The efficacy of the CRISPR/Cas9 system in grapevine(Vitis vinifera L.)has been documented,but the optimization of this system,as well as CRISPR/Cas9-mediated multiplex genome editing,has not been explored in this species.Herein,we identified four VvU3 and VvU6 promoters and two ubiquitin(UBQ)promoters in grapevine and demonstrated that the use of the identified VvU3/U6 and UBQ2 promoters could significantly increase the editing efficiency in grape by improving the expression of sgRNA and Cas9,respectively.Furthermore,we conducted multiplex genome editing using the optimized CRISPR/Cas9 vector that contained the conventional multiple sgRNA expression cassettes or the polycistronic tRNA-sgRNA cassette(PTG)by targeting the sugar-related tonoplastic monosaccharide transporter(TMT)family members TMT1 and TMT2,and the overall editing efficiencies were higher than 10%.The simultaneous editing of TMT1 and TMT2 resulted in reduced sugar levels,which indicated the role of these two genes in sugar accumulation in grapes.Moreover,the activities of the VvU3,VvU6,and UBQ2 promoters in tobacco genome editing were demonstrated by editing the phytoene desaturase(PDS)gene in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves.Our study provides materials for the optimization of the CRISPR/Cas9 system.To our knowledge,our simultaneous editing of the grape TMT family genes TMT1 and TMT2 constitutes the first example of multiplex genome editing in grape.The multiplex editing systems described in this manuscript expand the toolbox of grape genome editing,which would facilitate basic research and molecular breeding in grapevine.

A key‘foxy’aroma gene is regulated by homologyinduced promoter indels in the iconic juice grape‘Concord’

‘Concord’,the most well-known juice grape with a parentage of the North American grape species Vitis labrusca L.,possesses a special‘foxy’aroma predominantly resulted from the accumulation of methyl anthranilate(MA)in berries.This aroma,however,is often perceived as an undesirable attribute by wine consumers and rarely noticeable in the common table and wine grape species V.vinifera.Here we discovered homology-induced promoter indels as a major genetic mechanism for species-specific regulation of a key‘foxy’aroma gene,anthraniloyl-CoA:methanol acyltransferase(AMAT),that is responsible for MA biosynthesis.We found the absence of a 426-bp and/or a 42-bp sequence in AMAT promoters highly associated with high levels of AMAT expression and MA accumulation in‘Concord’and other V.labrusca-derived grapes.These promoter variants,all with direct and inverted repeats,were further confirmed in more than 1,300 Vitis germplasm.Moreover,functional impact of these indels was validated in transgenic Arabidopsis.Superimposed on the promoter regulation,large structural changes including exonic insertion of a retrotransposon were present at the AMAT locus in some V.vinifera grapes.Elucidation of the AMAT genetic regulation advances our understanding of the‘foxy’aroma trait and makes it genetically trackable and amenable in grapevine breeding.

Defect Analysis and Innovation Design of Synchronizer for Clutchless Automatic Mechanical Transmission

The synchronizer is a key component of automatic mechanical transmission(AMT)equipped in electric vehicles,but the inertial lock-ring synchronizer(ILRS)commonly used there is not suitable especially for pure electric vehicles without a clutch because of big shift impact.To make the shifting process rapid and smooth,a new synchronizer named pressure-controllable friction ring synchronizer(PCFRS)was designed.Initially,the inevitable shortcoming of ILRS was verified by simulation and test.Furthermore,the mechanical characteristics and advantages of the new synchronizer over ILRS were analyzed.Then,the formulations describing the dynamic transmission based on the working mechanism of the PCFRS were established.Finally,the shifting simulation results with PCFRS and ILRS based on the same operating conditions were compared and analyzed.The research shows that the PCFRS can meet the main shifting evaluation index of an AMT without complex control methods,as well as it takes only 0.2406 s to finish the comfortable and zero-speed-difference shifting.The shifting quality of PCFRS is better than that of the ILRS.It lays a foundation for using the new synchronizer as a part of clutchless AMTs equipped in pure electric vehicles.

Construction of Ad-EGFP-BDNF vector and its expression in neural stem cells

BACKGROUND： Brain-derived neurotrophic factor （BDNF） provides nourishment to injured neurons. Neural stem cells can differentiate into neurons to repair neuronal injury in vivo. It has been hypothesized that continuous secretion of BDNF from neural stem cells could benefit brain injury repair. OBJECTIVE： To transfect BDNF and enhanced green fluorescent protein （EGFP） into neural stem cells with adenovirus vector and to observe expression of BDNF and EGFP in transfected neural stem cells. DESIGN, TIME AND SETTING： Observational, cellular, molecular study was performed at the Biochemistry Laboratory, Tongji University School of Medicine, China from July 2004 to September 2006. MATERIALS： Neural stem cells were provided by the Anatomy and Histoembryology Laboratory of Fudan University Medical School, China. METHODS： BDNF cDNA was extracted by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction from the rat hippocampus. Following gene cloning and packaging by HEK293.BDNF, the EGFP gene was transfected into cultured neural stem cells with the Ad-EGFP-BDNF vector. BDNF-expressing neural stem cell clones were selected by G418 selection. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES： EGFP expression and cell morphology were observed by fluorescent microscopy; neural stem cell expressing BDNF mRNA was examined by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction; BDNF expression was detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay from supematant of infected neural stem cells. RESULTS： High transfection efficiency was obtained using 5×10^8 virus titers to transfect neural stem cells. G418-resistant neural stem cell clones integrated BDNF mRNA fragments. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay results showed that BDNF expression in the supernatant increased with increasing culture time and peaked at 72 hours. CONCLUSION： Adenovirus-mediated BDNF and EGFP genes were successfully transfected into neural stem cells and were expressed in neural stem cells for a long period of time.

砂质辫状河中河边滩和河心滩沉积构型:基于沉积演化过程的精细解析

心滩是构成砂质辫状河储层的主要沉积单元,受发育位置的影响,存在河心滩和河边滩。由于受到多次侵蚀切割和再沉积作用导致其最终保存的内部构型样式复杂,且二者之间差异不明确。因此,采用沉积数值模拟的方式通过再现河心滩生长与演化过程,解析演化过程中反复的沉积和侵蚀切割的关系,建立二者的内部构型模式,对于指导地下油气精细勘探开发有着重要的实际意义。研究表明:(1)受两侧水流的影响,河心滩的沉积演化是先向下迁移后侧向迁移;而河边滩受单侧水流的影响,沉积演化是先侧向迁移后向下迁移。(2)河心滩自下而上发育顺流加积体、侧积体和垂向加积体,河边滩自下而上由侧积体、垂向加积体或向心充填的河道沉积构成。(3)河边滩比河心滩内部的侧积体期次多,叠切关系复杂。

面内周期性结构多分辨率拓扑优化设计

复合材料在微观尺度上具有复杂的结构形式,对其进行结构分析设计需要精细化有限元网格剖分,导致计算规模庞大.面内周期性结构作为一种常见的复合材料结构形式,在宏观尺度上可以承受任意方向载荷,但是其性能表征困难,设计分析难度较大.本文基于厚板假设和多分辨率网格策略,建立了面内周期性结构的高效拓扑优化方法.首先,利用粗糙网格对宏微观结构进行解耦分析,求解微观边值条件,进行非均质单胞的力学性能等效表征;其次,根据均匀化等效性能求解宏观边值条件,利用精细网格进行设计变量更新和密度变量映射.一方面,考虑面外剪切变形的厚板假设使双尺度拓扑优化设计更符合实际承载场景;另一方面,利用多分辨率建模策略,在不牺牲优化构型分辨率的前提下,避免有限元计算量过大导致可求解问题规模受限的问题.