The Chinese guideline for management of snakebites

In 2009,the World Health Organization included snakebite on the list of neglected tropical diseases,acknowledging it as a common occupational hazard for farmers,plantation workers,and others,causing tens of thousands of deaths and chronic physical disabilities every year.This guideline aims to provide practical information to help clinical professionals evaluate and treat snakebite victims.These recommendations are based on clinical experience and clinical research evidence.This guideline focuses on the following topics:snake venom,clinical manifestations,auxiliary examination,diagnosis,treatments,and prevention.

Neural stem cell transplantation in the hippocampus of rats with cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury Activation of the phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase/Akt pathway and increased brain-derived neurotrophic factor expression

The phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase （PI3K）/Akt pathway and brain-derived neurotrophic factor （BDNF） are involved in neurological functional recovery following cerebral ischemia. Therefore, we hypothesized that mechanisms of neuroprotection by transplantation of neural stem cells （NSCs） on cerebral ischemia contributed to activation of the PI3K/Akt pathway and enhanced BDNF expression. In the present study, Wortmannin （a specific, covalent inhibitor of PI3K） was administered adjacent to ischemic hippocampus by stereotactic transplantation to further confirm the neuroprotective mechanisms of NSC transplantation following cerebral ischemia. Results showed that focal infarct volume was significantly smaller in the NSCs group, but the neurological behavior score in the NSC group was significantly greater than the middle cerebral artery occlusion model group, Wortmannin treatment group, and NSCs ＋ Wortmannin treatment group. Protein expression of BDNF was significantly greater in the NSC group compared with the Wortmannin treatment group and NSCs ＋ Wortmannin treatment group. These results suggest that the neuroprotective role of NSC transplantation in the cerebral ischemia activated the PI3K/Akt pathway and upregulated BDNF expression in lesioned brains.

Problems and countermeasures in construction of transmission line projects in permafrost regions

Construction of power transmission lines is becoming an important part of permafrost engineering in China.This paper reviews the construction status and problems of transmission lines in different countries,as well as corresponding solutions that would be of practical significance for sustainable engineering practices.Russia has the longest history of transmission line construction in permafrost areas,with transmission lines（mainly 220 kV and 500 kV） spanning approximately 100,000 km.However,all countries suffer from permafrost-related tower foundation stability problems caused by freezing-thawing hazards such as frost heave and thaw settlement,frost lifting,and harmful cryogenic phenomena.As point-line transmission line constructions,the lines,poles and towers should be reasonably selected and installed with a comprehensive consideration of frozen soil characteristics to effectively reduce the occurrence of freezing-thawing disasters.Reinforced concrete pile foundations are widely used in the permafrost regions,and construction in winter is also a universal practice.Moreover,facilitating engineering measures like thermosyphons are an effective way to reduce freezing-thawing hazards and to maintain the stability of tower foundations.

Modeling and Simulation of an Invasive Mild Hypothermic Blood Cooling System

Nowadays,mild hypothermia is widely used in the fields of post-cardiac arrest resuscitation,stroke,cerebral hemorrhage,large-scale cerebral infarction,and craniocerebral injury.In this paper,a locally mixed sub-low temperature device is designed,and the cold and hot water mixing experiment is used to simulate the human blood transfer process.To set a foundation for the optimization of the heat transfer system,the static characteristics are analyzed by building the mathematic model and setting up the experimental station.In addition,the affection of several key structure parameters is researched.Through experimental and simulation studies,it can be concluded that,firstly,the mathematical model proved to be effective.Secondly,the results of simulation experiments show that 14.52℃ refrigeration can reduce the original temperature of 33.42℃ to 32.02℃,and the temperature of refrigerated blood rises to 18.64℃,and the average error is about 0.3℃.Thirdly,as the thermal conductivity of the vascular sheath increases,the efficiency of the heat exchange system also increases significantly.Finally,as the input cold blood flow rate increases,the mass increases and the temperature of the mixed blood temperature decreases.It provides a research basis for subsequent research on local fixed-point sub-low temperature control technology.

A Data Treatment Method of Carbon Saturated Solubility in Fe-C-Cr Melt

Based on the current situation of studying the thermodynamic property of Fe-C-Cr melt using the carbon saturated solubility, an experimental data treatment method of the carbon saturated solubility was put forward. With this method a linear relationship ex- pression of the carbon saturated solubility in Fe-C-Cr melt was obtained, which intercept is dependent on temperature and independent of third component [Cr], but which slope is dependent on third component [Cr] and independent of temperature. Through this expression activity interaction coefficients at different temperatures were calculated and the relationship between activity interaction coefficients and temperature is also obtained.

Ischemia-reperfusion injury:molecular mechanisms and therapeutic targets

Ischemia-reperfusion(I/R)injury paradoxically occurs during reperfusion following ischemia,exacerbating the initial tissue damage.The limited understanding of the intricate mechanisms underlying I/R injury hinders the development of effective therapeutic interventions.The Wnt signaling pathway exhibits extensive crosstalk with various other pathways,forming a network system of signaling pathways involved in I/R injury.This review article elucidates the underlying mechanisms involved in Wnt signaling,as well as the complex interplay between Wnt and other pathways,including Notch,phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B,transforming growth factor-β,nuclear factor kappa,bone morphogenetic protein,N-methyl-D-aspartic acid receptor-Ca2+-Activin A,Hippo-Yes-associated protein,toll-like receptor 4/toll-interleukine-1 receptor domain-containing adapter-inducing interferon-β,and hepatocyte growth factor/mesenchymal-epithelial transition factor.In particular,we delve into their respective contributions to key pathological processes,including apoptosis,the inflammatory response,oxidative stress,extracellular matrix remodeling,angiogenesis,cell hypertrophy,fibrosis,ferroptosis,neurogenesis,and blood-brain barrier damage during I/R injury.Our comprehensive analysis of the mechanisms involved in Wnt signaling during I/R reveals that activation of the canonical Wnt pathway promotes organ recovery,while activation of the non-canonical Wnt pathways exacerbates injury.Moreover,we explore novel therapeutic approaches based on these mechanistic findings,incorporating evidence from animal experiments,current standards,and clinical trials.The objective of this review is to provide deeper insights into the roles of Wnt and its crosstalk signaling pathways in I/R-mediated processes and organ dysfunction,to facilitate the development of innovative therapeutic agents for I/R injury.

Reoxidation of liquid steel and evolution of inclusions during protective atmosphere electroslag remelting of Ce-containing heat-resistant stainless steel

The evolution of Ce-containing inclusions and its correlation with the reoxidation of liquid steel during protective atmosphere electroslag remelting(ESR)of heat-resistant steel were studied.The reoxidation of liquid steel took place during the ESR,resulting in the oxygen pickup from 0.0014 to 0.0053 wt.%.The inclusions in the consumable electrode,liquid metal pool and remelted ingot are Ce_(2)O_(2)S and Ce_(2)O,inclusions invariably.The inclusions in the remelted ingot are originated from three ways:(I)the original inclusions from the electrode;(Il)the newly formed Ce_(2)O_(2)S and Ce_(2)O_(3) inclusions in the liquid metal pool by reoxidation remaining still in remelted ingot;(IlI)the newly generated Ce2O2S and Ce_(2)O_(3) inclusions during cooling and solidification of liquid steel.The relative proportions of Ce_(2)O_(3) inclusions in liquid metal pool and remelted ingot are 41% and 76.5%,respectively.The inclusions ranging from 2 to 5μm in the remelted ingot take up 55%,followed by the inclusions smaller than 2μm(43%of total inclusions).The number proportion of the Ce_(2)0,inclusions in the liquid metal pool which were removed by floating up into slag is 1.96×10-5%.

Carbon nanotube films with ultrahigh thermal-shock and thermalshock-fatigue resistance characterized by ultra-fast ascending shock testing

The exploration of material failure behavior not only involves defining its limits and underlying mechanisms but also entails devising strategies for improvement and protection in extreme conditions.We've pioneered an advanced multi-scale,high-speed ascending thermal shock testing platform capable of inducing unprecedented heat shocks at rates surpassing 105℃/s.Through meticulous examination of the thermal shock responses of carbon nanotube(CNT)films,we've achieved remarkable breakthroughs.By employing an innovative macro-scale synchronous tightening and relaxing approach,we've attained a critical temperature differential in CNT films that exceeds an exceptional 2500℃—surpassing any previously reported metric for highperformance,thermal-shock-resistant materials.Notably,these samples have demonstrated exceptional resilience,retaining virtually unchanged strength even after enduring 10,000 thermal shock cycles at temperatures exceeding 1000℃.Furthermore,our research has revealed a novel thermal shock/fatigue failure mechanism that fundamentally diverges from conventional theories centered on thermal stress.

Fabricating bio-inspired high impact resistance carbon nanotube network films for multi-protection under an extreme environment

The fabrication of light-weight,highly impact-resistant,and energy-absorbent materials is urgently demanded in many facets of the society from body armor to aerospace engineering,especially under an extreme environment.Carbon nanotubes(CNTs),one of the strongest and toughest materials ever found,also have good conductivity,chemical stability,and thermal stability,etc,making them a competitive candidate as building blocks to help achieve the above goal.In this work,a kind of CNT network was prepared by using chlorosulfonic acid(CSA)to release the internal stress of super-aligned carbon nanotube films(SA-CNTF)and dendritic polyamide amine(PAMAM)to further introduce multiple hydrogen bonds and interlocking structures.The fabricated bioinspired carbon nanotube network films(PAMAM@C-CNTF)have a high toughness of 45.97 MJ/m3,showing an increase of 420%compared to neat SA-CNTF.More importantly,the anti-impact performance of the films(e.g.,with a maximum specific energy absorption of 1.40 MJ/kg under 80-100 m/s projectile impact)is superior to that of conventional protective materials from steel and Kevlar fiber,and also exceeds that of any other reported carbon-based materials.The hierarchical energy dissipation mechanism was further revealed through experiment and simulation.Additional functions including intelligent heating/anti-icing,ultraviolet protection,as well as electromagnetic interference shielding properties make these network films have great potential in practical multi-protection applications,especially under an extreme environment.

Modulating effects of Astragalus polysaccharide on immune disorders via gut microbiota and the TLR4/NF-κB pathway in rats with syndrome of dampness stagnancy due to spleen deficiency

The syndrome of dampness stagnancy due to spleen deficiency(DSSD)is relatively common globally.Although the pathogenesis of DSSD remains unclear,evidence has suggested that the gut microbiota might play a significant role.Radix Astragali,used as both medicine and food,exerts the effects of tonifying spleen and qi.Astragalus polysaccharide(APS)comprises a macromolecule substance extracted from the dried root of Radix Astragali,which has many pharmacological functions.However,whether APS mitigates the immune disorders underlying the DSSD syndrome via regulating gut microbiota and the relevant mechanism remains unknown.Here,we used DSSD rats induced by high-fat and low-protein(HFLP)diet plus exhaustive swimming,and found that APS of moderate molecular weight increased the body weight gain and immune organ indexes,decreased the levels of interleukin-1β(IL-1β),IL-6,and endotoxin,and suppressed the Toll-like receptor 4/nuclear factor-κB(TLR4/NF-κB)pathway.Moreover,a total of 27 critical genera were significantly enriched according to the linear discriminant analysis effect size(LEfSe).APS increased the diversity of the gut microbiota and changed its composition,such as reducing the relative abundance of Pseudoflavonifractor and Paraprevotella,and increasing that of Parasutterella,Parabacteroides,Clostridium XIVb,Oscillibacter,Butyricicoccus,and Dorea.APS also elevated the contents of short-chain fatty acids(SCFAs).Furthermore,the correlation analysis indicated that 12 critical bacteria were related to the body weight gain and immune organ indexes.In general,our study demonstrated that APS ameliorated the immune disorders in DSSD rats via modulating their gut microbiota,especially for some bacteria involving immune and inflammatory response and SCFA production,as well as the TLR4/NF-κB pathway.This study provides an insight into the function of APS as a unique potential prebiotic through exerting systemic activities in treating DSSD.

Particle Size-Controlled Oxygen Reduction and Evolution Reaction Nanocatalysts Regulate Ru(bpy)_(3)^(2+)’s Dual-potential Electrochemiluminescence for Sandwich Immunoassay

Multiple signal strategies remarkably improve the accuracy and efficiency of electrochemiluminescence(ECL)immunoassays,but the lack of potential-resolved luminophore pairs and chemical cross talk hinders their development.In this study,we synthesized a series of gold nanoparticles(AuNPs)/reduced graphene oxide(Au/rGO)composites as adjustable oxygen reduction reaction and oxygen evolution reaction catalysts to promote and modulate tris(2,2′-bipyridine)ruthenium(II)(Ru(bpy)_(3)^(2+))’s multisignal luminescence.With the increase in the diameter of AuNPs(3 to 30 nm),their ability to promote Ru(bpy)_(3)^(2+)’s anodic ECL was first impaired and then strengthened,and cathodic ECL was first enhanced and then weakened.Au/rGOs with medium-small and medium-large AuNP diameters remarkably increased Ru(bpy)_(3)^(2+)’s cathodic and anodic luminescence,respectively.Notably,the stimulation effects of Au/rGOs were superior to those of most existing Ru(bpy)_(3)^(2+)co-reactants.Moreover,we proposed a novel ratiometric immunosensor construction strategy using Ru(bpy)_(3)^(2+)’s luminescence promoter rather than luminophores as tags of antibodies to achieve signal resolution.This method avoids signal cross talk between luminophores and their respective co-reactants,which achieved a good linear range of 10−7 to 10−1 ng/ml and a limit of detection of 0.33 fg/ml for detecting carcinoembryonic antigen.This study addresses the previous scarcity of the macromolecular co-reactants of Ru(bpy)_(3)^(2+),broadening its application in biomaterial detection.Furthermore,the systematic clarification of the detailed mechanisms for converting the potential-resolved luminescence of Ru(bpy)_(3)^(2+)could facilitate an in-depth understanding of the ECL process and should inspire new designs of Ru(bpy)_(3)^(2+)luminescence enhancers or applications of Au/rGOs to other luminophores.This work removes some impediments to the development of multisignal ECL biodetection systems and provides vitality into their widespread applications.

鼻腔鼻窦NUT基因相关性癌临床和影像学特征分析

目的分析5例鼻腔鼻窦NUT基因相关性癌(NUT中线癌)临床及影像学表现。方法回顾性分析2016年1月至2020年12月间首都医科大学附属北京同仁医院经免疫组化病理证实的5例鼻腔鼻窦NUT中线癌患者。男1例、女4例,年龄15~48岁,中位年龄19岁。术前均接受CT和MR检查,收集患者临床资料。观察肿瘤位置、CT密度、骨质改变、钙化、肿瘤大小、T1WI及T2WI信号、扩散加权成像(DWI)信号及表观扩散系数(ADC)、动态增强扫描时间-信号强度曲线(TIC)类型。随访患者治疗和预后情况。结果 5例NUT中线癌均为T4期,发生于鼻腔、筛窦、蝶窦、上颌窦1例,鼻腔、上颌窦1例,鼻腔、筛窦3例。CT呈等密度3例,密度不均匀伴局部坏死2例;钙化3例;骨质侵蚀4例,骨质侵蚀伴骨质破坏1例。MRI横断面最大径4.2~4.9 cm,中位数4.5 cm。与邻近颞肌相比,T1WI呈等信号5例,2例局部可见低信号;T2WI呈等信号3例,2例呈稍高信号。增强后强化不均匀,轻度强化3例,中等强化2例。TIC Ⅲ型(速升流出型)3例,Ⅱ型(速升平台型)2例。DWI信号均不同程度增高,ADC值为0.63×10-3~1.17×10-3 mm2/s,中位数0.84×10-3 mm2/s。病理Ki-67增殖指数为30%~80%,免疫组化均为NUT阳性、INI-1阳性。5例NUT中线癌1例行活检后化疗,其余4例均行手术加放疗,1例合并化疗。随访时间7~16个月,均带病存活。结论 NUT中线癌是一种鼻腔鼻窦少见的基因相关恶性实体肿瘤,多见于年轻患者,以鼻腔及筛窦多见,侵袭性生长,CT钙化多见,MRI增强后不均匀轻度强化为其特点。

Inhibition of ASCT2 induces hepatic stellate cell senescence with modified proinflammatory secretome through an IL-1α/NF-κB feedback pathway to inhibit liver fibrosis

Senescence of activated hepatic stellate cells(aHSCs) is a stable growth arrest that is implicated in liver fibrosis regression.Senescent cells often accompanied by a multi-faceted senescence-associated secretory phenotype(SASP).But little is known about how alanine-serine-cysteine transporter type-2(ASCT2),a high affinity glutamine transporter,affects HSC senescence and SASP during liver fibrosis.Here,we identified ASCT2 is mainly elevated in aHSCs and positively correlated with liver fibrosis in human and mouse fibrotic livers.We first discovered ASCT2 inhibition induced HSCs to senescence in vitro and in vivo.The proinflammatory SASP were restricted by ASCT2 inhibition at senescence initiation to prevent paracrine migration.Mechanically,ASCT2 was a direct target of glutaminolysisdependent proinflammatory SASP,interfering IL-1α/NF-κB feedback loop via interacting with precursor IL-1α at Lys82.From a translational perspective,atractylenolide Ⅲ is identified as ASCT2 inhibitor through directly bound to Asn230 of ASCT2.The presence of -OH group in atractylenolide Ⅲ is suggested to be favorable for the inhibition of ASCT2.Importantly,atractylenolide Ⅲ could be utilized to treat liver fibrosis mice.Taken together,ASCT2 controlled HSC senescence while modifying the proinflammatory SASP.Targeting ASCT2 by atractylenolide Ⅲ could be a therapeutic candidate for liver fibrosis.

Gene expression profiling of rat livers with Yin-deficiency-heat syndrome

OBJECTIVE： To explore the nature of ＂Yin internal heat caused by Yin-deficiency＂ in terms of the theo- ry of Traditional Chinese Medicine, by studying en- ergy metabolism in rats with Yin-deficiency-heat syndrome and analyzing the gene expression pro- file of their livers. METHODS： A Yin-deficiency-heat syndrome model was induced in rats using three Chinese medicinal herbs. Glycogen and triglycerides in blood plasma, and the enzyme activity of ATP in livers were mea- sured colorimetrically. Triiodothyronine （T3）, thyrox- ine （T4）, and thyroid stimulating hormone levels in blood plasma were also measured with enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. The gene expression profile of livers was detected with gene chip analy- sis. Differentially expressed genes were screened out and classified according to Gene Ontology. The accuracy of results were examined with reversetranscription-polymerase chain reaction RESULTS： Compared with the control group, body weight （P〈0.05） and hepatic glycogen （P〈0.05） were significantly lower in the Yin-deficiency-heat syndrome group. Moreover, toe temperature （P〈 0.01） and triglyceride （P〈0.05）, Na ＋-K＋-ATPase （P〈 0.01）, Mg2＋-ATPase （P〈0.01）, T3 （P〈0.05）, and 1-4 （P〈 0.01） levels were significantly higher. There were 99 differentially expressed genes in livers from the Y/n-deficiency-heat syndrome group. Genes were mainly related to sterol synthesis （Pc=0.0392）, de- fense response （Pc=0.0448）, and sterol metabolism （Pc=0.0533）. CONCLUSION： Abnormal expression genes in rats with Yin-deficiency-heat syndrome prompted the synthesis and metabolism of cholesterol, increased energy consumption, and reduced defense re- sponse. This gene expression might be the molecu- lar mechanism underlying ＂internal heat caused by Yin-deficiency＂ in the rats with Yin-deficiency-heat syndrome.

Review of the genus Latuspina (Hymenoptera Cynipidae), with descriptions of two new species and their host galls

The East Palaearctic genus Latuspina Monzen is reviewed. Four species are recognized： L. acutissima Wang, Pujade-Villar ＆ Guo, sp. nov., L. shaanxinensis Wang, Pujade-Villar ＆ Guo, sp. nov., L. stirps （Monzen） and L. manmiaoyangae Melika ＆ Tang. An illustrated key to Latuspina species and host information are provided.