Mutations in the miRNA165/166 binding site of the HB2 gene result in pleiotropic effects on morphological traits in wheat

Leaf,spike,stem,and root morphologies are key factors that determine crop growth,development,and productivity.Multiple genes that control these morphological traits have been identified in Arabidopsis,rice,maize,and other plant species.However,little is known about the genomic regions and genes associated with morphological traits in wheat.Here,we identified the ethyl methanesulfonate-derived mutant wheat line M133 that displays multiple morphological changes that include upward-curled leaves,paired spikelets,dwarfism,and delayed heading.Using bulked segregant RNA sequencing(BSR-seq)and a high-resolution genetic map,we identified TraesCS1D02G155200(HBD2)as a potential candidate gene.HB-D2 encodes a class III homeodomain-leucine zipper(HD-ZIP III)transcription factor,and the mutation was located in the miRNA165/166 complementary site,resulting in a resistant allele designated rHb-D2.The relative expression of rHb2 in the mutant plants was significantly higher(P<0.01)than in plants homozygous for the WT allele.Independent resistant mutations that disrupt the miRNA165/166 complementary sites in the A-(rHb-A2)and B-genome(rHb-B2)homoeologs showed similar phenotypic alterations,but the relative intensity of the effects was different.Transgenic plants expressing rHb-D2 gene driven by the maize UBIQUITIN(UBI)promoter showed similar phenotypes to the rHb-D2 mutant.These results confirmed that HB-D2 is the causal gene responsible for the mutant phenotypes.Finally,a survey of 1397 wheat accessions showed that the complementary sites for miRNA165/166 in all three HB2 homoeologs are highly conserved.Our results suggest that HB2 plays an important role in regulating growth and development in wheat.

High-resolution genetic mapping and identification of candidate genes for the wheat stem rust resistance gene Sr8155B1

Stem rust,caused by Puccinia graminis f.sp.tritici(Pgt),threatens global wheat production.Development of cultivars with increased resistance to stem rust by identification,mapping,and deployment of resistance genes is the best strategy for controlling the disease.In this study,we performed fine mapping and characterization of the all-stage stem rust resistance(Sr)gene Sr8155B1 from the durum wheat line 8155-B1.In seedling tests of biparental populations,Sr8155B1 was effective against six Chinese Pgt races tested.In a segregating population of 5060 gametes,Sr8155B1 was mapped to a 0.06-cM region flanked by markers Pku2772 and Pku43365,corresponding to 1.5-and 2.7-Mb regions in the Svevo and Chinese Spring reference genomes.Both regions include several typical nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat(NLR)and protein kinase genes that represent candidate genes.Among them,three NLR genes and three receptor-like protein kinases were highly polymorphic between the parental lines and their transcripts were upregulated in the homozygous resistant line TdR2 relative to its susceptible sister line TdS4.Four markers(Pku2772,Pku43365,Pku2950,and Pku3721)developed in this study,together with seedling resistance responses,correctly predicted Sr8155B1 absence or presence in 78 tetraploid wheat genotypes tested.The presence of Sr8155B1 in tetraploid wheat accessions CItr 14916,PI 197492,and PI 197493 was confirmed by mapping in three F_(2)populations.The genetic map and linked markers developed in this study may accelerate the deployment of Sr8155B1-mediated resistance in wheat breeding programs.

IGF2BP3-induced activation of EIF5B contributes to progression of hepatocellular carcinoma cells

In this study,we investigated the functional role of eukaryotic initiation factor 5B(EIF5B)in hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC)and the underlying mechanisms.Bioinformatics analysis demonstrated that the EIF5B transcript and protein levels as well as the EIF5Bcopy number were significantly higher in the HCC tissues compared with the non-cancerous liver tissues.Down-regulation of EIF5B significantly decreased proliferation and invasiveness of the HCC cells.Furthermore,EIF5B knockdown suppressed epithelial-mesenchymal transition(EMT)and the cancer stem cell(CSC)phenotype.Down-regulation of EIF5B also increased the sensitivity of HCC cells to 5-fluorouracil(5-FU).In the HCC cells,activation of the NF-kappa B signaling pathway and IkB phosphorylation was significantly reduced by EIF5B silencing.IGF2BP3 increased the stability of the EIF5B mRNA in an m6A-dependent manner.Our data suggested that EIF5B is a promising prognostic biomarker and therapeutic target in HCC.

Mutations in wheat TaAPA2 gene result in pleiotropic effects on plant architecture

Dear Editor,Bread wheat(Triticum aestivum L.)is a globally important cereal providing~20% of the calories and proteins for>4.5billion people.Plant architecture,including morphologies of leaves,spikes,stems,and roots,has great impact on plant development and productivity,and thus has been extensively investigated in various plant species(Jiang et al.,2023;Zhang et al.,2017).

A near-complete genome sequence of einkorn wheat provides insight into the evolution of wheat A subgenomes

Dear Editor,Triticum monococcum subsp.monococcum(2n=2x=14,AmAm),commonly known as einkorn wheat,is one of the oldest cereal crops and was domesticated in southeastern Turkey about 12000 years ago(Heun et al.,1997).This species played a significant role in the development of agriculture and was widely cultivated for centuries in the Middle East,Europe,Central Asia,and Africa before being replaced by free-threshing polyploid wheats.Triticum monococcum is closely related to T.urartu(genome Au Au),the donor of the A genome in durum and bread wheat(Dvorak et al.,1988).

多边共管的多模态网络标识域名生成管理解析原型系统

面对新形势下互联网蓬勃发展给现有网络体系带来的挑战,现有单边主义下的域名管理系统(DNS)在专业化服务质量和安全管控方面已力不从心.本文从分析现有网络体系问题出发,结合世界网络发展趋势,明确新型网络基本技术特征,以高安全、高鲁棒、高效能和高可用性为导向,提出新型多模态域名管理技术框架,实现融合多边共管的投票管理和多模态网络下标识域名互访和互隧道功能的原型系统.原型系统通过现网测试验证了理论的正确性和可行性.该系统可以方便地应用于自主多模态标识空间下的主权网及高安全专网,为全世界对网络共管共治的诉求提供了中国方案.

Stress-deconcentrated ultrasensitive strain sensor with hydrogen-bonding-tuned fracture resilience for robust biomechanical monitoring

Recently,rapid advances in flexible strain sensors have broadened their application scenario in monitoring of various mechanophysiological signals.Among various strain sensors,the crack-based strain sensors have drawn increasing attention in monitoring subtle mechanical deformation due to their high sensitivity.However,early generation and rapid propagation of cracks in the conductive sensing layer result in a narrow working range,limiting their application in monitoring large biomechanical signals.Herein,we developed a stress-deconcentrated ultrasensitive strain(SDUS)sensor with ultrahigh sensitivity(gauge factor up to2.3×10^(6))and a wide working range(0%-50%)via incorporating notch-insensitive elastic substrate and microcrack-tunable conductive layer.Furthermore,the highly elastic amine-based polymer-modified polydimethylsiloxane substrate without obvious hysteresis endows our SDUS sensor with a rapid response time(2.33 ms)to external stimuli.The accurate detection of the radial pulse,joint motion,and vocal cord vibration proves the capability of SDUS sensor for healthcare monitoring and human-machine communications.

用于深部组织微创及无创连续监测的柔性电子器件

深部组织信号与疾病间有着强烈的相关性,临床上对深部组织的检测诊断一般依赖于医学影像设备等大型仪器,成本高昂且不利于长期监测.不同于笨重的大型设备,微创及无创的柔性电子器件可以在体长期佩戴,实现深部组织信号的连续采集,有助于疾病的早期诊断,进行精准化、个性化治疗.在本综述中,我们讨论了深部组织的生理、生化信号的检测机制,重点分析器件的制备方法、关键性能指标以及数据无线传输技术.最后提出了该领域存在的挑战和可能的解决策略.

Suppression of ZEAXANTHIN EPOXIDASE 1 restricts stripe rust growth in wheat

Reducing losses caused by pathogens is an effective strategy for stabilizing crop yields.Daunting challenges remain in cloning and characterizing genes that inhibit stripe rust,a devastating disease of wheat(Triticum aestivum)caused by Puccinia striiformis f.sp.tritici(Pst).We found that suppression of wheat zeaxanthin epoxidase 1(ZEP1)increased wheat defense against Pst.We isolated the yellow rust slower 1(yrs1)mutant of tetraploid wheat in which a premature stop mutation in ZEP1-B underpins the phenotype.Genetic analyses revealed increased H_(2)O_(2) accumulation in zep1 mutants and demonstrated a correlation between ZEP1 dysfunction and slower Pst growth in wheat.Moreover,wheat kinase START 1.1(WKS1.1,Yr36)bound,phosphorylated,and suppressed the biochemical activity of ZEP1.A rare natural allele in the hexaploid wheat ZEP1-B promoter reduced its transcription and Pst growth.Our study thus identified a novel suppressor of Pst,characterized its mechanism of action,and revealed beneficial variants for wheat disease control.This work opens the door to stacking wheat ZEP1 variants with other known Pst resistance genes in future breeding programs to enhance wheat tolerance to pathogens.

Effects of Danggui Wuji granules on 16S rDNA, metagenome, and metabolome in BDS mice

Blood deficiency syndrome(BDS)refers to a pathological state with blood dysfunction and organ dystrophy in traditional Chinese medicine.Danggui Wuji granules(DWG)was developed from a formula containing Angelicae Sinensis Radix and Musculus et Os Galli Domestici.Herein,we investigated the mechanism of DWG in treating BDS by modulating gut microbiota.We found that DWG protected mice from BDS by elevating the levels of red blood cell count,hemoglobin,and hematocrit in peripheral blood and increasing the erythrocyte membrane Na+-K+-ATPase activity.Danggui Wuji granules changed the composition and metabolites of colonic flora.Notably,Lactobacillus,Muribaculaceae,and Alistipes were the main genera showing changes after DWG treatment.Our findings revealed that DWG presented a positive therapeutic effect on BDS in mice by regulating the gut microbiota and metabolites.The protective mechanism of DWG was associated with pathways such as metabolic pathways,biosynthesis of secondary metabolites,ABC transporters,ribosome,thyroid hormone synthesis,lysine degradation,galactose metabolism,tyrosine metabolism,etc.