Secure optical interconnects using orbital angular momentum beams multiplexing/multicasting

Orbital angular momentum(OAM),described by an azimuthal phase term expej lθT,has unbound orthogonal states with different topological charges l.Therefore,with the explosive growth of global communication capacity,especially for short-distance optical interconnects,light-carrying OAM has proved its great potential to improve transmission capacity and spectral efficiency in the space-division multiplexing system due to its orthogonality,security,and compatibility with other techniques.Meanwhile,100-m freespace optical interconnects become an alternative solution for the“last mile”problem and provide interbuilding communication.We experimentally demonstrate a 260-m secure optical interconnect using OAM multiplexing and 16-ary quadrature amplitude modulation(16-QAM)signals.We study the beam wandering,power fluctuation,channel cross talk,bit-error-rate performance,and link security.Additionally,we also investigate the link performance for 1-to-9 multicasting at the range of 260 m.Considering that the power distribution may be affected by atmospheric turbulence,we introduce an offline feedback process to make it flexibly controllable.

Does the Hartman effect exist in triangular barriers

We study the phase,Larmor and dwell times of a particle scattered off triangular barriers(TBs).It is interesting that the dependences of dwell,reflective phase and Larmor times on the wave number,barrier width and height for a pair of mirror-symmetric(MS)exact triangular barriers(ETBs)are quite different,as the two ETBs have quite distinct scattering surfaces.In comparison,the dependence of the transmitted phase or Larmor times is exactly the same,since the transmitted amplitudes are the same for a pair of MS TBs.We further study the Hartman effect by defining the phase and Larmor velocities associated with the phase and Larmor times.We find no barrier width saturation effect for the transmitted and reflected times.This is indicated by the fact that all the velocities approach finite constants that are much smaller than the speed of light in vacuum for TBs with positive-slope impact faces.As for ETBs with vertical left edges,the naive velocities seem to also indicate the absence of the Hartman effect.These are quite distinct from rectangular barriers and may shed new light on the clarification of the tunneling time issues.

姜黄素抑制肺癌细胞A549上皮间质转化的机制研究

目的探讨姜黄素对肺癌细胞A549上皮间质转化的影响。方法姜黄素诱导肺癌细胞A54924 h,CCK-8法检测A549细胞活性,Transwell实验检测A549细胞迁移、侵袭的能力,Western blotting检测上皮间质转化标志蛋白的相对表达量,实时荧光定量聚合酶链反应(qRT-PCR)检测HOTAIR、E-cadherin、N-cadherin及Snail mRNA的相对表达量,测序方法检测姜黄素诱导后lncRNA表达的变化,实验验证介导姜黄素发挥作用的具体非编码RNA,分析HOTAIR与临床病理参数之间的关系。结果CCK-8法检测结果显示,姜黄素诱导肺癌细胞A54924 h后,不同浓度组肺癌细胞A549的OD值比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),随着姜黄素浓度的升高,OD值降低。Transwell结果显示,姜黄素诱导肺癌细胞A54924 h后,姜黄素诱导组抑制肺癌细胞A549的侵袭、迁移,与对照组比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。Western blotting和qRT-PCR检测结果显示,姜黄素诱导组的间质表型基因和蛋白(E-cadherin、N-cadherin、Snail)与对照组比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),N-cadherin、Snail相对表达量下降,E-cadherin相对表达量升高。癌旁正常组和肺癌组中HOTAIR的相对表达量比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),肺癌组高于癌旁正常组。测序检测和qRT-PCR结果显示,姜黄素抑制HOTAIR的表达。分析HOTAIR在肺癌组织中的表达及其与临床病理参数之间的关系显示,HOTAIR的表达与TNM分期、分化程度、淋巴结转移密切相关。对照组、姜黄素诱导组、姜黄素诱导+HOTAIR过表达组A549细胞OD值比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论姜黄素有效抑制肺癌细胞A549的增殖、侵袭及迁移,姜黄素抑制lncRNA HOTAIR表达,姜黄素抑制肺癌细胞A549上皮间质转化是通过HOTAIR实现的。

Analysis and Optimization on Partition-Based Caching and Delivery in Satellite-Terrestrial Edge Computing Networks

As a viable component of 6G wireless communication architecture,satellite-terrestrial networks support efficient file delivery by leveraging the innate broadcast ability of satellite and the enhanced powerful file transmission approaches of multi-tier terrestrial networks.In the paper,we introduce edge computing technology into the satellite-terrestrial network and propose a partition-based cache and delivery strategy to make full use of the integrated resources and reducing the backhaul load.Focusing on the interference effect from varied nodes in different geographical distances,we derive the file successful transmission probability of the typical user and by utilizing the tool of stochastic geometry.Considering the constraint of nodes cache space and file sets parameters,we propose a near-optimal partition-based cache and delivery strategy by optimizing the asymptotic successful transmission probability of the typical user.The complex nonlinear programming problem is settled by jointly utilizing standard particle-based swarm optimization(PSO)method and greedy based multiple knapsack choice problem(MKCP)optimization method.Numerical results show that compared with the terrestrial only cache strategy,Ground Popular Strategy,Satellite Popular Strategy,and Independent and identically distributed popularity strategy,the performance of the proposed scheme improve by 30.5%,9.3%,12.5%and 13.7%.

Systematic review and meta-analysis of Statins-Fibrates therapy in diabetic dyslipidemia patients

AIM： To evaluate the effcacy, effect of preventing cardio-vascular diseases and safety of statins-fbrates combination therapy in diabetic dyslipidemia patients.METHODS： We searched the databases of MEDLINE, EM-BASE, web of knowledge and Cochrane central register of Controlled Trials for literatures about the coadministration of statins and fibrates as the treatment of patients with dyslipidemia and type 2 diabetes mellitus. We included re-lated randomized controlled trials, controlled clinical trials and cross-sectional studies and excluded animal trials and clinical observations. The primary endpoints outcomes were the concentration of plasma total cholesterol （TC）, triglyc-eride （TG）, high density lipoprotein cholesterol （HDL-C） and low density lipoprotein cholesterol （LDL-C）. The secondary outcomes were cardiovascular diseases （CVD） and adverseevents.RESULTS： Ten studies were included in this meta-analysis. For lipid modifying efficacy, the combination of statins and fibrates therapy had more significant effecton reducing TC [ P = 0.004, weighted mean difference （WMD） = -8.19, 95%CI： -13.82--2.56] and TG concentra-tion （P 〈 0.001, WMD = -47.29, 95%CI： -68.66--25.92） and increasing HDL-C concentration （P 〈 0.00001, WMD = 3.79, 95%CI： 2.25-5.33） when compared with statins monotherapy, while the effect of reducing LDL-C concen-tration （ P = 0.50, WMD = -2.52, 95%CI： -9.76-4.72） was insignificant. To fibrates monotherapy, the combination therapy was more effective on reducing TC （ P 〈 0.00001, WMD = -48.51, 95%CI： -57.14--39.89）, TG （ P 〈 0.00001, WMD = -26.07, 95%CI： -30.96--21.18）, LDL-C concentra-tion （ P 〈 0.00001, WMD = -45.74, 95%CI： -53.35--38.13） and increasing HDL-C concentration （ P = 0.04, WMD = 1.38, 95%CI： 0.04-2.73）. For cardiovascular diseases, the coad-ministration therapy had no signifcant effect on reducing the incidence of these events when compared with mono-therapy （For primary clinical endpoints, P = 0.12, OR = 0.61, 95%CI： 0.33-1.14）; for secondary clinical endpoints, P =0.13, OR = 0.66, 95%CI： 0.38-1.14）. For adverse events happened during the follow-up, both the incidence of hepatic-related （alanine aminotransferase and/or aspartate aminotransferase of patients were ≥ 3 times of upper limit of normal） （ P = 0.38, OR = 0.55, 95%CI： 0.15-2.06） and muscular-related （myopathy and/or creatine phosphokinase ≥ 3 times of upper limit of normal） adverse events （P = 0.10, OR = 1.62, 95%CI： 0.91-2.86） had no signifcant dif-ference between these two therapies.CONCLUSION： The results showed statins-fbrates com-bination therapy was more effective on lipid modification and well tolerated but there was no significant effect on preventing cardiovascular diseases.

Quantum-optical analogies of dimer structures

By using the concepts of canonical two-level systems, microwave-addressable photonic molecule enables on-demand photon storage and retrieval based on coupled lithium niobate microring resonators, which simultaneously achieve large electrical bandwidth, strong modulation efficiency, and long photon lifetime.

神经重症患者气管插管拔除失败的风险因素分析

目的识别气管插管大于48 h且通过脱机试验的神经重症患者拔管的独立风险因素,并建立拔管风险预测模型。方法收集2020年4月至2023年8月安徽医科大学第一附属医院神经重症监护病房中接受规范化监护及治疗的83例神经重症患者的病例资料。根据拔管后96 h内是否需要再次插管或气管切开将83例患者分为拔管成功组(61例)和拔管失败组(22例)。比较两组患者的一般资料、神经功能、气道保护能力情况以及生理生化指标,最终通过多因素回归分析建立预测模型。进一步绘制受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线,检验研究结果的预测价值、敏感度和特异度,并采用Z检验对各评分的曲线下面积(AUC)进行比较。结果83例患者中有61例(73.5%)成功拔管,22例(26.5%)在拔管后96 h内呼吸障碍再次插管。两组患者格拉斯哥昏迷量表评分的运动子项(GCS-M)得分、肌力分级、拔管前意识水平、呛咳反应、吞咽功能、拔管后吸氧方式、拔管前体温、血钠离子浓度、Godet's评分、VISAGE评分和呼吸功能不全量表-插管(RIS-i)评分比较,差异均有统计学意义(P均<0.05)。将GCS-M得分、拔管前意识水平、呛咳反应、吞咽功能及拔管前体温纳入多因素logistic回归分析,结果显示拔管前的GCS-M得分<4分[比值比(OR)=8.835,95%置信区间(CI)(1.638,47.659),P=0.011]、呛咳反应>Ⅱ级[OR=10.281,95%CI(2.366,44.129),P=0.002]、体温≥37℃[OR=4.506,95%CI(1.024,19.833),P=0.046]是神经重症患者拔管失败的危险因素。进一步根据OR值对每个独立危险因素进行赋分,并建立神经危重拔管失败风险预测量表,总分为5分,ROC曲线分析显示本研究量表评分>1分预测拔管失败(高失败风险)的敏感度为77.3%,特异度为85.2%,AUC为0.850[95%CI(0.775,0.919),P<0.001]。Z检验结果显示,当前量表的预测价值高于Godet's评分(Z=2.050,P=0.040)、VISAGE评分(Z=1.990,P=0.047)。结论该临床预测评分可为神经重症患者脱机后拔管提供指导价值。

Prediction of surface settlement caused by synchronous grouting during shield tunneling in coarse-grained soils:A combined FEM and machine learning approach

This paper presents a surrogate modeling approach for predicting ground surface settlement caused by synchronous grouting during shield tunneling process.The proposed method combines finite element simulations with machine learning algorithms and introduces an intelligent optimization algorithm to invert geological parameters and synchronous grouting variables,thereby predicting ground surface settlement without conducting numerous finite element analyses.Two surrogate models based on the random forest algorithm are established.The first is a parameter inversion surrogate model that combines an artificial fish swarm algorithm with random forest,taking into account the actual number and distribution of complex soil layers.The second model predicts surface settlement during synchronous grouting by employing actual cover-diameter ratio,inverted soil parameters,and grouting variables.To avoid changes to input parameters caused by the number of overlying soil layers,the dataset of this model is generated by the finite element model of the homogeneous soil layer.The surrogate modeling approach is validated by the case history of a large-diameter shield tunnel in Beijing,providing an alternative to numerical computation that can efficiently predict surface settlement with acceptable accuracy.

Multiscale engineered hydrogel for solar evaporation with enhanced water transport and purification

Solar evaporation is emerging as a powerful solution to alleviate the global water shortage challenge.In a recent work published in Nature Water,Liangti Qu and coworkers[1]report a facile method of preparing a graphene/alginate hydrogel(GAH),which not only possesses nearly total rejections to salts,volatile and non-volatile organic compounds,but also exhibits excellent antifouling properties to bacteria and oil.From the perspective of chemistry,these impressive properties originate from the systematic engineering of the GAH,ranging from the molecular scale to the macroscopic scale.

Broadband continuous-wave mid-infrared wavelength conversion in high-Q silicon microring resonators

The four-wave mixing(FWM)effect offers promise to generate or amplify light at wavelengths where achieving substantial gain is challenging,particularly within the mid-infrared(MIR)spectral range.Here,based on the commonly used 340 nm silicon-on-insulator(SOI)platform,we experimentally demonstrate high-efficiency and broadband wavelength conversion using the FWM effect in a high-Q silicon microring resonator pumped by a continuous-wave(CW)laser in the 2μm waveband.The microring resonator parameters are carefully optimized for effective phase-matching to obtain high conversion efficiency(CE)with broad bandwidth.The loaded quality(Ql)factor of the fabricated microring resonator is measured to be 1.11×105,at a resonance wavelength of 1999.3 nm,indicating low propagation losses of 1.68 dB/cm.A maximum CE of−15.57 dB is achieved with a low input pump power of only 4.42 dBm,representing,to our knowledge,the highest on-chip CE demonstrated to date under the CW pump in the MIR range.Furthermore,broadband wavelength conversion can be observed across a 140.4 nm wavelength range with a CE of−19.32 dB,and simulations indicate that the conversion bandwidth is over 400 nm.This work opens great potential in exploiting widely tunable on-chip sources using highefficiency wavelength conversion,particularly leveraging the advantages of the SOI platform in integrated photonics across the 2μm MIR range.

干湿交替对生物滞留系统中氮素功能微生物群落的影响

【目的】为探究生物滞留系统干湿交替下环境因子对氮素功能微生物群落的影响。【方法】应用高通量测序技术(Illumina MiSeq PE300),并以amoA和nirS功能基因为分子标记,对无植物型和植物型生物滞留系统在干湿交替下不同土壤空间位置(种植层、淹没层)的硝化和反硝化细菌的多样性和群落结构进行研究,并对微生物群落与环境因子的相互关系进行相关性分析。【结果】微生物种群的功能基因存在显著的空间差异,相比淹没层,种植层的功能细菌更丰富。种植层的OTUs高于淹没层,而进水再湿润促使两种功能基因在种植层和淹没层的OTUs占比差异性增大。群落组成分析表明,amoA型硝化细菌和nirS型反硝化细菌的优势细菌门均为变形菌门(Proteobacteria)。虽然植物根系对氮素功能微生物的多样性指数影响不显著,但在属水平上,植物系统种植层的反硝化菌群种类高于淹没层,而无植物系统则刚好相反。CCA/RDA分析表明,土壤空间位置是影响硝化和反硝化菌群结构的最重要环境因子。【结论】本研究证实干湿交替运行下生物滞留系统中的氮素功能微生物群落受土壤空间位置、水分含量和植物根系的共同调控,其机制有待进一步研究。

Silicon-based four-mode division multiplexing for chip-scale optical data transmission in the 2 μm waveband

Based on a silicon platform, we design and fabricate a four-mode division(de)multiplexer for chip-scale optical data transmission in the 2 μm waveband for the first time, to the best of our knowledge. The(de)multiplexer is composed of three tapered directional couplers for both mode multiplexing and demultiplexing processes. In the experiment, the average crosstalk for four channels is measured to be less than-18 dB over a wide wavelength range(70 nm) from 1950 to 2020 nm, and the insertion losses are also assessed. Moreover, we further demonstrate stable 5 Gbit/s direct modulation data transmission through the fabricated silicon photonic devices with nonreturn-to-zero on–off keying signals. The experimental results show clear eye diagrams, and the penalties at a bit error rate of 3.8 × 10-3 are all less than 2.5 dB after on-chip data transmission. The obtained results indicate that the presented silicon four-mode division multiplexer in the mid-infrared wavelength band might be a promising candidate facilitating chip-scale high-speed optical interconnects.

Low phosphorus promotes NSP1–NSP2 heterodimerization to enhance strigolactone biosynthesis and regulate shoot and root architecture in rice

Phosphorus is an essential macronutrient for plant development and metabolism,and plants have evolved ingenious mechanisms to overcome phosphate(Pi)starvation.However,the molecular mechanisms underlying the regulation of shoot and root architecture by low phosphorus conditions and the coordinated utilization of Pi and nitrogen remain largely unclear.Here,we show that Nodulation Signaling Pathway 1(NSP1)and NSP2 regulate rice tiller number by promoting the biosynthesis of strigolactones(SLs),a class of phytohormones with fundamental effects on plant architecture and environmental responses.We found that NSP1 and NSP2 are induced by Oryza sativa PHOSPHATE STARVATION RESPONSE2(OsPHR2)in response to low-Pi stress and form a complex to directly bind the promoters of SL biosynthesis genes,thus markedly increasing SL biosynthesis in rice.Interestingly,the NSP1/2–SL signaling module represses the expression of CROWN ROOTLESS 1(CRL1),a newly identified early SL-responsive gene in roots,to restrain lateral root density under Pi deficiency.We also demonstrated that GR24^(4DO) treatment under normal conditions inhibits the expression of OsNRTs and OsAMTs to suppress nitrogen absorption but enhances the expression of OsPTs to promote Pi absorption,thus facilitating the balance between nitrogen and phosphorus uptake in rice.Importantly,we found that NSP1p:NSP1 and NSP2p:NSP2 transgenic plants show improved agronomic traits and grain yield under low-and medium-phosphorus conditions.Taken together,these results revealed a novel regulatory mechanism of SL biosynthesis and signaling in response to Pi starvation,providing genetic resources for improving plant architecture and nutrient-use efficiency in low-Pi environments.

Robust,Breathable and Flexible Smart Textiles as Multifunctional Sensor and Heater for Personal Health Management

Smart textiles with high sensitivity and rapid response for various external stimuli have gained tremendous attentions in human healthcare monitoring,personal heat management,and wearable electronics.However,the current smart textiles only acquire desired signal passively,regularly lacking subsequent on-demand therapy actively.Herein,a robust,breathable,and flexible smart textiles as multi-function sensor and wearable heater for human health monitoring and gentle thermotherapy in real time is constructed.The composite fiber as strain sensor(CFY@PU)was fabricated via warping carbon fiber yarns(CFY)onto polyurethane fibers(PU),which endowed composite fiber with high conductivity,excellent sensitivity(GF=76.2),and fantastic dynamic durability(7500 cycles)in strain sensing.In addition,CFY@PU can detect various degrees of human movements such as elbow bending,swallowing and pulse,which can provide effective information for disease diagnosis.More surprisingly,weaving CFY@PU into a fabric can assemble highly sensitive pressure sensor for remote communication and information encryption.Warping CFY onto Kevlar would obtain temperature-sensitive composite fiber(CFY@Kevlar)as temperature sensor and wearable heater for on-demand thermotherapy,which provided unique opportunities in designing smart textiles with ultrahigh sensitivity,rapid response,and great dynamic durability.

Fabrication of MIL-100（Fe）@SiO2@Fe3O4 core-shell microspheres as a magnetically recyclable solid acidic catalyst for the acetalization of benzaldehyde and glycol

Abstract Heterogeneous catalysts with convenient recyclability and reusability are vitally important to reduce the cost of catalysts as well as to avoid complex separation and recovery operations. In this regard, magnetic MIL-100 （Fe）@SiO2@Fe3O4 microspheres with a novel core-shell structure were fabricated by the in-situ self-assembly of a metal-organic MIL- 100（Fe） framework around pre-synthesized magnetic SiO2@Fe3O4 particles under relatively mild and environmentally benign conditions. The catalytic activity of the MIL-100（Fe）@SiO2@Fe3O4 catalyst was tested for the liquid-phase acetalization of benzaldehyde and glycol. The MIL-100（Fe）@SiO2@Fe3O4 catalyst has a significant amount of accessible Lewis acid sites and therefore exhibited good acetalization catalytic activity. Moreover, due to its superparamagnetism properties, the heterogeneous MIL-100（Fe）@SiO2@Fe3O4 catalyst can be easily isolated from the reaction system within a few seconds by simply using an external magnet. The catalyst could then be reused at least eight times without significant loss in catalytic efficiency.

Design of a single-mode directly modulated orbital angular momentum laser

We propose a design of single-mode orbital angular momentum(OAM) beam laser with high direct-modulation bandwidth. It is a microcylinder/microring cavity interacted with two types of second-order gratings: the complex top grating containing the real part and the imaginary part modulations and the side grating. The side grating etched on the periphery of the microcylinder/microring cavity can select a whispering gallery mode with a specific azimuthal mode number, while the complex top grating can scatter the lasing mode with travelling-wave pattern vertically. With the cooperation of the gratings, the laser works with a single mode and emits radially polarized OAM beams. With an asymmetrical pad metal on the top of the cavity, the OAM on-chip laser can firstly be directly modulated with electrical pumping. Due to the small active volume, the laser with low threshold current is predicted to have a high direct modulation bandwidth about 29 GHz with the bias current of ten times the threshold from the simulation. The semiconductor OAM laser can be rather easily realized at different wavelengths such as the O band, C band, and L band.

Critical adhesion areas of cells on micro-nanopatterns

Cell adhesion to extracellular matrices(ECM)is critical to physiological and pathological processes as well as biomedical and biotechnological applications.It has been known that a cell can adhere on an adhesive microisland only over a critical size.But no publication has concerned critical adhesion areas of cells on microislands with nanoarray decoration.Herein,we fabricated a series of micro-nanopatterns with different microisland sizes and arginine-glycine-aspartate(RGD)nanospacings on a nonfouling poly(ethylene glycol)background.Besides reproducing that nanospacing of RGD,a ligand of its receptor integrin(a membrane protein),significantly influences specific cell adhesion on bioactive nanoarrays,we confirmed that the concept of critical adhesion area originally suggested in studies of cells on micropatterns was justified also on the micro-nanopatterns,yet the latter exhibited more characteristic behaviors of cell adhesion.We found increased critical adhesion areas of human mesenchymal stem cells(hMSCs)on nanoarrayed microislands with increased RGD nanospacings.However,the numbers of nanodots with respect to the critical adhesion areas were not a constant.A unified interpretation was then put forward after combining nonspecific background adhesion and specific cell adhesion.We further carried out the asymptotic analysis of a series of micro-nanopatterned surfaces to obtain the effective RGD nanospacing on unpatterned free surfaces with densely grafted RGD,which could be estimated nonzero but has never been revealed previously without the assistance of the micro-nanopatterning techniques and the corresponding analysis.

Amplifying Orbital Angular Momentum Modes in Ring-Core Erbium-Doped Fiber

Lots of research efforts have been devoted to increase the transmission capacity in optical communications using orbital angular momentum(OAM)multiplexing.To enable long-haul OAM mode transmission,an in-line OAM fiber amplifier is desired.A ring-core fiber(RCF)is considered to be a preferable design for stable OAM mode propagation in the fiber.Here,we demonstrate an OAM fiber amplifier based on a fabricated ring-core erbium-doped fiber(RC-EDF).We characterize the performance of the RC-EDF-assisted OAM fiber amplifier and demonstrate its use in OAM multiplexing communications with OAM modes carrying quadrature phase-shift keying(QPSK)and quadrature amplitude modulation(QAM)signals.The amplification of two OAM modes over four wavelengths is demonstrated in a data-carrying OAM-division multiplexing and wavelength-division multiplexing system.The obtained results show favorable performance of the RC-EDF-assisted OAM fiber amplifier.These demonstrations may open up new perspectives for long-haul transmission in capacity scaling fiber-optic communications employing OAM modes.

Gossypol is the main limiting factor in the application of cottonseed meal in grass carp feed production:Involvement of growth,intestinal physical and immune barrier,and intestinal microbiota

The objective of this study is to investigate the effects of free gossypol in cottonseed meal(CM)on the growth and intestinal health of grass carp,as well as to determine whether free gossypol is the primary factor restricting highlevel inclusion of cottonseed meal.This study was designed with five groups:the control group(32%soybean concentrate protein),the CM group(44%CM),the cottonseed protein concentrate(CPC)group(33%CPC),and the CPC and control groups with 400 and 600 mg/kg gossypol added,designated as CON,CM,CPC,CPC+GP,and CON+GP,respectively.The experiment lasted eight weeks,and each group had three replicates.This experiment employed one-way ANOVA and Duncan's multiple comparisons of the means.The findings revealed that in comparison to the CON group,the growth of fish in the CM,CPC+GP,and CON+GP groups significantly decreased.Intestinal inflammation damage was observed.This was indicated by a significant upregulation of proinflammatory factors,including tnf-α,nf-κb,il-6,il-8,il-12β,and il-1β,along with significant downregulation of anti-inflammatory factors,including tgf-β1,il-15,and il-10.Additionally,significant downregulation of antioxidant enzyme-related genes,including nrf2,cat,CuZnsod,gpx4,and gpx1,was observed and the intestinal physical barrier function was compromised.In addition,the intestinal microbiota composition was affected,with a significant reduction in Bacillus and Cetobacterium abundances and a remarkable increase in the abundance of Aeromonas,resulting in dysregulation of the intestinal microbiota function.However,in comparison to the CM group,the growth rate of fish in the CPC group exhibited a marked increase;nonetheless,it persisted at a level lower than that observed in the CON group and the degree of intestinal damage was significantly improved.Additionally,the intestinal microbiota structure was found to be similar to that of the CON group.In conclusion,excessive CM negatively affects grass carp growth and intestinal health,whereas replacing CM with CPC mitigates these effects.Adding gossypol equivalent to CM group in CON and CPC diets reduces growth performance and impairs intestinal function,indicating gossypol as a primary limiting factor for high CM inclusion in diets.