Experimental study on heavy ion single-event effects in flash-based FPGAs

With extensive use of flash-based field-programmable gate arrays(FPGAs) in military and aerospace applications, single-event effects(SEEs) of FPGAs induced by radiations have been a major concern. In this paper, we present SEE experimental study of a flash-based FPGA from Microsemi Pro ASIC3 product family. The relation between the cross section and different linear energy transfer(LET) values for the logic tiles and embedded RAM blocks is obtained. The results show that the sequential logic cross section depends not too much on operating frequency of the device. And the relationship between 0 →1 upsets(zeros) and 1 →0 upsets(ones) is different for different kinds of D-flip-flops. The devices are not sensitive to SEL up to a LET of 99.0 Me V cm2/mg.Post-beam tests show that the programming module is damaged due to the high-LET ions.

THROMBOENDARTERECTOMY FOR CHRONIC PULMONARY THROMBOEMBOLISM

Objective To evaluate the improving reliability and safety of thromboendarterectomy and perioperative management for chronic pulmonary thromboembolism. Methods The clinical data of 12 cases with chronic pulmonary thromboembolism, who underwent thromboendarterec- tomy assisted by low flow or circulation arrest with deep hypothermia, were reviewed retrospectively. Results Pulmonary artery pressure decreased 20 to 40 mmHg immediately after surgical procedures in 9 cases. The postoperative pulmonary edema at various degrees happened in 12 cases, among them, 1 died of severe lung infection and pulmonary re-embolism at 19 days postoperation. Computed tomography pulmonary angiography and angiography of 11 cases indicated that the original obstruction of pulmonary artery disappeared. During the follow-up period of 2 months to 5 years, the clinical symptoms and activity was improved. Conclusion Thromboendarterectomy is an effective treatment for chronic pulmonary thromboembolism. The outcome of the surgical procedure needs to be further investigated and followed up regularly according to an evaluative system, because it might be influenced by multiple factors.

Gaze Estimation via a Differential Eyes’Appearances Network with a Reference Grid

A person’s eye gaze can effectively express that person’s intentions.Thus,gaze estimation is an important approach in intelligent manufacturing to analyze a person’s intentions.Many gaze estimation methods regress the direction of the gaze by analyzing images of the eyes,also known as eye patches.However,it is very difficult to construct a person-independent model that can estimate an accurate gaze direction for every person due to individual differences.In this paper,we hypothesize that the difference in the appearance of each of a person’s eyes is related to the difference in the corresponding gaze directions.Based on this hypothesis,a differential eyes’appearances network(DEANet)is trained on public datasets to predict the gaze differences of pairwise eye patches belonging to the same individual.Our proposed DEANet is based on a Siamese neural network(SNNet)framework which has two identical branches.A multi-stream architecture is fed into each branch of the SNNet.Both branches of the DEANet that share the same weights extract the features of the patches;then the features are concatenated to obtain the difference of the gaze directions.Once the differential gaze model is trained,a new person’s gaze direction can be estimated when a few calibrated eye patches for that person are provided.Because personspecific calibrated eye patches are involved in the testing stage,the estimation accuracy is improved.Furthermore,the problem of requiring a large amount of data when training a person-specific model is effectively avoided.A reference grid strategy is also proposed in order to select a few references as some of the DEANet’s inputs directly based on the estimation values,further thereby improving the estimation accuracy.Experiments on public datasets show that our proposed approach outperforms the state-of-theart methods.

Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor successfully treated with metformin: A case report and review of literature

BACKGROUND Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor(IMT)is a distinct tumor with a low incidence rate,which can be diagnosed at any age with a predilection for children and adolescents.Although IMT is visible in any tissues and organs,it is more commonly found in the lungs.The clinical and radiological manifestations of IMT lack specificity,hence resulting in frequent misdiagnosis.Surgical resection is currently the main therapeutic approach for IMT.Only scarce cases of IMT treated with metformin have been reported.Here we report the case of an IMT patient with partial penile resection treated with metformin.CASE SUMMARY A 1-year-old boy was born with a shorter penis,and his foreskin could not be completely turned over.When he was 6 month old,a well-circumscribed mass on the glans was found,while it did not attract the attention of his parents.The mass gradually increased in size over time before he was admitted to the hospital,where physical examination was performed.It was revealed that the glans hidden behind the foreskin had a mass with a diameter of about 4 cm surrounding the penis.The mass appeared to be hard with a smooth surface and poor mobility.The two testicles examined at the bottom of the scrotum were revealed to have a normal size.Magnetic resonance imaging showed a tumor with rich blood supply encircling the cavernosum with a size of 3.5 cm×2.1 cm×2.0 cm.A thick urinary line was found without urine dripping,urgency,and urodynia.Surgical treatment was performed.During the operation,it was observed that the mass had surrounded and invaded the cavernosum without obvious boundaries,and that the tumor occupied about one-half of the penis cross-section as well as infiltrated more than one-half of the glans.In addition,the tumor had caused urethral invasion and anterior urethrostenosis.With the intention of keeping the glans and cavernosum,the tumor at the anterior urethra was partially removed,leaving about 30%of the tumor mass.Pathology analysis demonstrated that the tumor was rich in spindle cells with infiltration of inflammatory cells.Immunohistochemistry analysis indicated that the cells were positive for CD4,CD99,Ki67,BCL2,and CD68,and negative for ALK,MyoG,S100,SOX10,PR,and EMA.Hence,the tumor was diagnosed as IMT.Metformin was prescribed for the patient after the operation,following which an oral dose of 7 mg/kg was given three times a day after meals.Three months later,it was observed that the remaining tumor had completely disappeared and that the urination process from the urethra opening had resumed normal.In addition,there were no side effects observed.There was also no tumor recurrence.The growth and development of the boy were unaffected as a result of the treatment.CONCLUSION The tumor was observed to have completely disappeared after treatment with metformin.Our finding is of great significance to facilitate future clinical treatment with IMT.

Fatigue life research and experimental verification of superalloy thin-walled structures subjected to thermal-acoustic loads

Rapid alternating stress is formed in structure subjected to harsh thermal-acoustic loads,which will affect fatigue performance and reduce fatigue life seriously.First,fatigue experiment of superalloy thin-walled structure was carried out to obtain fatigue damage location and failure time of the experiment specimen,and S-iN curves of superalloy thin-walled structure at 723 K were fitted.Then,dynamic response simulation of superalloy thin-walled structure under the same load as experiment was implemented,and fatigue life was estimated based on the fatigue life prediction model which mainly included:improved rain-flow counting method,Morrow average stress model and Miner linear cumulative damage theory.Further,comparisons between simulation solutions and experimental results achieved a consistency,which verified the validity of the Fatigue Life Prediction Model(FLPM).Moreover,taking a rectangle plate as the analysis object,the distributions of Fain-low circulation blocks and damage levels of the structure were discussed respectively.Finally,current research indicates that in pre-buckling the structure is in softened area and fatigue life decreases with the increase of temperature;in post-buckling the structure is in hardened area and fatigue life increases with the increase of temperature within a certain range.

Adaptable Phosphate Networks towards Robust,Reprocessable,Weldable,and Alertable-Yet-Extinguishable Epoxy Vitrimer

Covalent adaptable networks(CANs)combine the uniqueness of thermoplastics and thermosets to allow for reprocessability while being covalently crosslinked.However,it is highly desirable but rarely achieved for CANs to simultaneously demonstrate reversibility and mechanical robustness.Herein,we report a feasible strategy to develop a novel epoxy vitrimer(EV)composed of adaptable phosphate networks(APNs),by which the EVs exhibit promising mechanical properties(tensile strength of 62.5~87.8 MPa and tensile modulus of 1360.1~2975.3 MPa)under ambient conditions.At elevated temperatures,the topology rearrangement occurs relied on phosphate transesterification,which contributes to the shape memory performance,selfhealing,reprocessing,and welding behaviors.Moreover,the incorporation of APNs allows for improvements in anti-ignition and also the inhibition of both heat release and smoke generation to avoid empyrosis,asphyxiation,and toxication during burning,showing expected intrinsic fire safety.Thermal,mechanical properties,and flame retardancy of the reprocessed EVs after hot pressing are very close to those of the original EVs,which is attributed to the suficient reversibility of APNs.Accordingly,combining the aforementioned features,EVs are manufactured as flame-triggered switches for fire alarms,which symbolizes the innovative development of high-performance covalent adaptable polymeric materials.

A multicenter prospective study on the management of hepatoblastoma in children:a report from the Chinese Children's Cancer Group

Background This study aimed to identify survival risk factors in Chinese children with hepatoblastoma(HB)and assess the effectiveness of the new treatment protocol proposed by the Chinese Children's Cancer Group(CCCG)in 2016.Methods A multicenter,prospective study that included 399 patients with HB from January 2015 to June 2020 was con-ducted.Patient demographics,treatment protocols,and other related information were collected.Cox regression models and Kaplan-Meier curve methods were used.Results The 4-year event-free survival(EFS)and overall survival(OS)were 76.9 and 93.5%,respectively.The 4-year EFS rates for the very-low-risk,low-risk,intermediate-risk,and high-risk groups were 100%,91.6%,81.7%,and 51.0%,respec-tively.The 4-year 0S was 100%,97.3%,94.4%,and 86.8%,respectively.Cox regression analysis found that age,tumor rupture(R+),and extrahepatic tumor extension(E+)were independent prognostic factors.A total of 299 patients had complete remission,and 19 relapsed.Patients with declining alpha-fetoprotein(AFP)>75%after the first two cycles of neoadjuvant chemotherapy had a better EFS and OS than those≤75%.Conclusions The survival outcome of HB children has dramatically improved since the implementation of CCCG-HB-2016 therapy.Age≥8 years,R+,and E+were independent risk factors for prognosis.Patients with a declining AFP>75%after the first two cycles of neoadjuvant chemotherapy had better EFS and OS.

物种分布模型在大型真菌红色名录评估及保护中的应用:以冬虫夏草为例

我国大型真菌资源丰富,由于受气候变化和人类活动等的影响,近年来很多物种受到不同程度的威胁,亟待保护。红色名录评估是物种保护的第一步,为有效保护我国大型真菌多样性, 2016年生态环境部和中国科学院联合启动中国大型真菌红色名录评估项目。合理的评估依赖于完善的物种地理分布、种群数量规模及其动态变化信息。大型真菌评估信息较少,需要引入新的方法解决评估信息不足的问题。冬虫夏草(Ophiocordycepssinensis)是一种重要的食药用菌,具有较高的经济价值,受到全世界的广泛关注,评估信息相对充足,此次被评为易危物种。利用物种分布模型对冬虫夏草未来分布区变化的预测在评估过程中发挥了重要作用。为了将物种分布模型分析方法引入大型真菌的受威胁等级评估,本文以此前我们利用物种分布模型预测冬虫夏草的潜在分布区及其对气候变化响应的研究为例,介绍了应用物种分布模型预测大型真菌的潜在分布区、未来气候变化情景下分布区变化趋势的方法和流程,以及在应用中可能存在的问题和解决方案。通过本文的分析,我们认为物种分布模型在大型真菌的红色名录评估和保护中具有重要的应用潜力,值得推广应用。

Development of transplanting manipulator for hydroponic leafy vegetables

The production of hydroponic leafy vegetable plug-seedlings uses coco-peat as culture substrate in South China.Coco-peat has lowered density than peat-moss,and the friction between substrate block and pickup tool is small.So,it is hard to pick up in mechanism transplantation.In order to increase the friction,the existing transplanting manipulator had relatively complex structures.To simplify the structure of transplanting manipulator and improve the stability of picking up substrate block,four stainless steel fingers with rectangular cross-section were used in this research.A vertical driving was used to realize the coupling effect that could insert and shrink at the same time,by applying different combination of constraints to the steel fingers.This could increase friction between the steel fingers and the substrate block,and then enhance the stability of the substrate block.Different combinations of constraints were applied to the rectangular stainless steel fingers(3 mm×0.8 mm).The working videos of steel fingers were taken by high-speed photography.High-speed motioned analysis software was used to acquire and analyze traces of steel fingers movements.When the length which top end of the steel fingers moved outward(M)is equal to 1.5 mm,the length which guiding part widened(N)is equal to 1 mm,the shrinking distance of steel fingers is 4.2 mm.In this research,16-day hydroponic leafy vegetable plug-seedlings were used for performance,which cultivated with coco-peat substrate with the moisture in the substrate at 81%.The transplanting manipulator was attached to a Denso robotic arm to conduct transplanting performance test.When the shrinking distance of steel fingers increased from 0 mm to 3.2 mm and the inserting angle decreased from 80°to 77°,the lifting force of substrate block increased by 118%from 1.45 N to 3.16 N.However,excessive shrinkage stirred the substrate block,which would reduce the friction between the substrate block and pickup parts and lowered the lifting force of pickup part in the substrate block.The experimental results also demonstrated that when the shrinking distance of the steel fingers reached 3.2 mm and the root distribution rate reached 46%,the success rate of transplantation was 80%.When the leafy vegetable plug-seedlings root distribution rate reached 92%,the success rate of transplantation was 96.67%.The degree of root distribution rate was positively correlated with the transplantation success rate.Therefore,in order to ensure an acceptable success rate of transplantation,the root distribution rate of leafy vegetable plug-seedlings should be at least 90%.This study provides a technical reference for developing simplified transplanting manipulator that can be used to transplant the hydroponic leafy vegetable plug-seedlings with coco-peat as the culture substrate.

Estimation of aboveground biomass using in situ hyperspectral measurements in five major grassland ecosystems on the Tibetan Plateau

Aims There are numerous grassland ecosystem types on the Tibetan Plateau.These include the alpine meadow and steppe and degraded alpine meadow and steppe.This study aimed at developing a method to estimate aboveground biomass(AGB)for these grasslands from hyperspectral data and to explore the feasibility of applying air/satellite-borne remote sensing techniques to AGB estimation at larger scales.Methods We carried out a field survey to collect hyperspectral reflectance and AGB for five major grassland ecosystems on the Tibetan Plateau and calculated seven narrow-band vegetation indices and the vegetation index based on universal pattern decomposition(VIUPD)from the spectra to estimate AGB.First,we investigated correlations between AGB and each of these vegetation indices to identify the best estimator of AGB for each ecosystem type.Next,we estimated AGB for the five pooled ecosystem types by developing models containing dummy variables.At last,we compared the predictions of simple regression models and the models containing dummy variables to seek an ecosystem type-independent model to improve prediction of AGB for these various grassland ecosystems from hyperspectral measurements.Important findings When we considered each ecosystem type separately,all eight vegetation indices provided good estimates of AGB,with the best predictor of AGB varying among different ecosystems.When AGB of all the five ecosystems was estimated together using a simple linear model,VIUPD showed the lowest prediction error among the eight vegetation indices.The regression models containing dummy variables predicted AGB with higher accuracy than the simple models,which could be attributed to the dummy variables accounting for the effects of ecosystem type on the relationship between AGB and vegetation index(VI).These results suggest that VIUPD is the best predictor of AGB among simple regression models.Moreover,both VIUPD and the soil-adjusted VI could provide accurate estimates of AGB with dummy variables integrated in regression models.Therefore,ground-based hyperspectral measurements are useful for estimating AGB,which indicates the potential of applying satellite/airborne remote sensing techniques to AGB estimation of these grasslands on the Tibetan Plateau.

Altitudinal variation of ecosystem CO_(2) fluxes in an alpine grassland from 3600 to 4200 m

Aims Recent studies have recognized the alpine grasslands on the Qinghai-Tibetan plateau as a significant sink for atmospheric CO_(2).The carbon-sink strength may differ among grassland ecosystems at various altitudes because of contrasting biotic and physical environments.This study aims(i)to clarify the altitudinal pattern of ecosystem CO_(2) fluxes,including gross primary production(GPP),daytime ecosystem respiration(Redaytime)and net ecosystem production(NEP),during the period with peak above-ground biomass;and(ii)to elucidate the effects of biotic and abiotic factors on the altitudinal variation of ecosystem CO_(2) fluxes.Methods Ecosystem CO_(2) fluxes and abiotic and biotic environmental factors were measured in an alpine grassland at four altitudes from 3600 to 4200 m along a slope of the Qilian Mountains on the northwestern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau during the growing season of 2007.We used a closed-chamber method combined with shade screens and an opaque cloth to measure several carbon fluxes,GPP,Redaytime and NEP,and factors,light-response curve for GPP and temperature sensitivity of Redaytime.Above-and below-ground biomasses and soil C and N contents at each measurement point were also measured.Important Findings(i)Altitudinal pattern of ecosystem CO_(2) fluxes:The maximum net ecosystem CO_(2) flux(NEPmax),i.e.the potential ecosystem CO_(2) sink strength,was markedly different among the four altitudes.NEPmax was higher at the highest and lowest sites,ap proximately
7.460.9 and
6.760.6 lmol CO_(2) m^(-2)s^(-1)(mean 6 standard error),respectively,but smaller at the intermediate altitude sites(3800 and 4000 m).The altitudinal pattern of maximum gross primary production was similar to that of NEPmax.The Redaytime,however,was significantly higher at the lowest altitude(3.460.3 lmol CO_(2) m^(-2)s^(-1))than at the other three altitudes.(ii)Altitudinal variation of vegetation biomass:The aboveground biomass was higher at the highest altitude(154627 g DW m
2)than at the other altitudes,which we attribute mainly to the large biomass in cushion plants at the highest altitude.The small above-ground biomass at the lower altitudes was probably due to heavy grazing during the growing season.(iii)Features of ecosystem CO_(2) fluxes:Redaytime and GPP were positively correlated with above-ground biomass.The low ratio of Redaytime to GPP at either the measurement point or the site level suggests that CO_(2) uptake efficiency tends to be higher at higher altitudes,which indicates a high potential sink strength for atmospheric CO_(2) despite the low temperature at high altitudes.The results suggest that the effect of grazing intensity on ecosystem carbon dynamics,partly by decreasing vegetation biomass,should be clarified further.

Development of a high-productivity grafting robot for Solanaceae

Grafting is a green,environmentally friendly,and sustainable way to prevent soil-borne diseases.Although artificial grafting is the main grafting approach used for grafting production,it has some problems which are low productivity,unstable operating quality and labor-intensive.Hence,some countries have been engaged in the development of grafting robots for the past two decades;however,the productivity of these grafting robots has no advantage when compared to artificial grafting.This study aims to develop a high-productivity grafting robot(HPR)for Solanaceae.To improve grafting productivity,this paper adopted plug trays to feed crown-removed rootstocks automatically and carried out multi-plant simultaneous grafting to improve grafting productivity and extensibility.Manipulators were employed to take out rootstocks,increase the distance between them,and transfer them to transfer cups for the simultaneous multi-plant grafting.At the same time,negative pressure mechanisms were designed for speeding up the auxiliary feeding of root-removed scions.Although the HPR was designed in a two-operator mode,a one-operator mode can also be implemented by adjusting the control program.Tests were conducted by varying the artificial feeding speed to analyze the performance of the grafting robot.The results showed that the productivity of the robot in the two-operator mode was 2250 plants/h,and 1542 plants/h in one-operator mode;comparing the artificial feeding productivity with auto grafting productivity,it was found that the capacity of the grafting robot was higher than the feeding speed of the one-operator mode but lower than that of the two-operator mode.

Standards of care for Kasabach-Merritt phenomenon in China

Kasabach-Merritt phenomenon(KMP)is a rare disease that is characterized by severe thrombocytopenia and consumptive coagulation dysfunction caused by kaposiform hemangioendothelioma or tufted hemangioma.This condition primarily occurs in infants and young children,usually with acute onset and rapid progression.This review article introduced standardized recommendations for the pathogenesis,clinical manifestation,diagnostic methods and treatment process of KMP in China,which can be used as a reference for clinical practice.

Serum Bilirubin and 6-min Walk Distance as Prognostic Predictors for Inoperable Chronic Thromboembolic Pulmonary Hypertension： A Prospective Cohort Study

Background： Inoperable chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension （CTEPH） is a severe clinical syndrome characterized by right cardiac failure and possibly subsequent liver dysfunction. However, whether serum markers of liver dysfunction can predict prognosis in inoperable CTEPH patients has not been determined. Our study aimed to evaluate the potential role of liver function markers （such as serum levels of transaminase, bilirubin, and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase [GGT]） combined with 6-min walk test in the prediction of prognosis in patients with inoperable CTEPH. Methods： From June 2005 to May 2013, 77 consecutive patients with inoperable CTEPH without confounding co-morbidities were recruited for this prospective cohort study. Baseline clinical characteristics and 6-min walk distance （6MWD） results were collected. Serum biomarkers of liver function, including levels of aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, GGT, uric acid, and serum bilirubin, were also determined at enrollment. All-cause mortality was recorded during the follow-up period. Results： During the follow-up, 22 patients （29%） died. Cox regression analyses demonstrated that increased serum concentration of total bilirubin （hazard ratio [HR] = 7.755, P 〈 0.001）, elevated N-terminal of the prohormone brain natriuretic peptide （HR = 1.001, P = 0.001）, decreased 6MWD （HR = 0.990, P 〈 0.001）, increased central venous pressure （HR = 1.074, P = 0.040）, and higher pulmonary vascular resistance （HR = 1.001, P = 0.018） were associated with an increased risk of mortality. Serum concentrations of total bilirubin （HR = 4.755, P = 0.007） and 6MWD （HR = 0.994, P = 0.017） were independent prognostic predictors for CTEPH patients. Patients with hyperbilirubinemia （≥23.7 μmol/L） had markedly worse survival than those with normobilirubinemia. Conclusion： Elevated serum bilirubin and decreased 6MWD are potential predictors for poor prognosis in inoperable CTEPH.

Using functional trait diversity to infer community assembly mechanisms:an exclosure experiment as an example

Aims The Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau has a mean altitude exceeding 4000 m and covers about 2.5 million km2.More than 60%of this area is alpine grassland.Exclosures have been widely used in this region to study the sustainable use of grassland resources.We used patterns of functional trait diversity to infer the effects of exclosures on com-munity assembly in alpine meadows.Methods We studied functional diversity using five traits under grazing and three enclosed(exclosure)plots(3,8,and 18 years old)in an alpine meadow on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau.We quantified the strength of the community assembly processes by comparing the observed functional trait diversity with a null model that assumes random community assembly.Important findings We found evidence for deterministic assembly processes for plant communities in exclosures.The changes in CWM of the five traits from grazing land to 18-year exclosure indicated that environmen-tal filtering occurred due to the exclosures.Multivariate functional diversity(MFDis and MPDses),and functional diversity of individual traits,including that of leaf area,leaf weight and aboveground bio-mass(FDis of leaf area,leaf weight,and aboveground biomass),increased gradually from grazing land to the 18-year exclosure,and the values of the 18-year exclosure were significantly greater than null expectation.This can be interpreted to indicate that exclosures resulted in greater competitive interaction between species.These results suggest that the effect of exclosures on community assembly is more deterministic than stochastic in this meadow.

Pneumatic separation system for collected seedlings using subdivided air streams

To adhere to the needs of automated supply of collected seedlings for mechanized grafting and cutting machines for enhancing their operational efficiency,herein,a separation system that uses subdivided air streams to separate the collected seedlings is developed.The separation system comprises a feeder for supplying collected seedlings,a seedling separator that uses subdivided air streams,a picking belt for the separated seedlings,a delivery unit for the separated seedlings,a pneumatic unit,and a control unit.To investigate the complete performance of separation,picking,and delivery of the separation system,several separation experiments were conducted to separate the collected Anthurium seedlings.The results show that the consistency of the moving direction of seedlings floated by subdivided air streams in the separation container and the moving direction of the picking belt have a significant effect on the picking of the separated seedlings by the picking belt.Moreover,the seedling supply timing of the feeder has a significant effect on the stability of the collected seedling separation rate during continuous separation.When this timing is such that the percentage of separated seedlings is 70%,the separation rate of continuous separation operation is 2.24 plant/s(the separation productivity is 8060 plants/h)with 0.12 CV.The operating conditions are 0.5 MPa separation pressure,0.5 s nozzle operation time,and 60 mm seedling thickness in the separation container.Moreover,the staying times of the collected seedlings separated in the separation container are less than 2.5 min.

Estimation of aboveground biomass using in situ hyperspectral measurements in five major grassland ecosystems on the Tibetan Plateau

In the the original published figure,the‘Achnatherum grassland’chart showed six lines when there should have been three.Please see below the corrected figure.

Targeting autophagy in neuroblastoma

Background Neuroblastoma(NB)is the most common extracellular solid tumor among children accounting for serious mortality.Macroautophagy,a common housekeeping mechanism to maintain cellular homeostasis in eukaryotic cells,is involved in tumorigenesis and chemoresistance in a spectrum of cancers.Data resources Based on the terms of‘autophagy’and‘neuroblastoma’,all the recent literature was searched and reviewed through PubMed.Results Autophagy is associated with apoptosis,histone modifications,angiogenesis,metabolism in NB.With those facts we assume that NB is an autophagy-dependent tumor,which means that autophagy inhibition therapy is desirable.Conclusion Autophagy in NB is pro-oncogenic,so inhibiting autophagy in high-risk NB may benefit treatment outcomes.