绿色城市规划法则及中国绿色城市未来展望

当今时代最大的环境挑战是城市和建筑对化石燃料的依赖,以及对能源、土地、水和食品安全日益增长的需求。在这一背景下,城市需向更可持续的城镇化模式转变,建筑和城市规划在这一过程中发挥主要作用。为此提出了15项绿色城市法则,以应对现存街区、区域和城市转型的挑战,并对中国低碳或无碳的未来进行了展望。

亚太地区快速城镇化的环境影响及应对策略

世界正在经历大规模的城镇化进程,主要发生在亚太地区发展中国家,快速城镇化带来了严峻的环境问题。通过分析亚太地区城市交通和公共空间指标、贫民区提升计划、发展可再生能源、城市连贯性和城市多样性以及城市开发的整体战略和综合方法,提出了面对快速城镇化带来的环境问题亚太地区的应对策划,并分析了中国面对的特殊形势及应负有的责任。

绿色城市废弃物的循环利用及其长远影响

可持续废弃物管理意味着变废弃物为资源。零废弃物城市规划包括减少、循环利用和再利用废弃物,并将其制成堆肥来生产能源。需考察并充分了解所有材料流向,并需特别关注工业废弃物和电子垃圾处理,以实现废弃物的循环利用。研究表明,可持续废弃物管理对于节能和温室气体减排具有深远意义。

Urban heat mitigation by green and blue infrastructure:Drivers,effectiveness,and future needs

The combination of urbanization and global warming leads to urban overheating and compounds the frequency and intensity of extreme heat events due to climate change.Yet,the risk of urban overheating can be mitigated by urban green-blue-grey infrastructure(GBGI),such as parks,wetlands,and engineered greening,which have the potential to effectively reduce summer air temperatures.Despite many reviews,the evidence bases on quantified GBGI cooling benefits remains partial and the practical recommendations for implementation are unclear.This systematic literature review synthesizes the evidence base for heat mitigation and related co-benefits,identifies knowledge gaps,and proposes recommendations for their implementation to maximize their benefits.After screening 27,486 papers,202 were reviewed,based on 51 GBGI types categorized under 10 main divisions.Certain GBGI(green walls,parks,street trees)have been well researched for their urban cooling capabilities.However,several other GBGI have received negligible(zoological garden,golf course,estuary)or minimal(private garden,allotment)attention.The most efficient air cooling was observed in botanical gardens(5.0±3.5℃),wetlands(4.9±3.2℃),green walls(4.1±4.2℃),street trees(3.8±3.1℃),and vegetated balconies(3.8±2.7℃).Under changing climate conditions(2070–2100)with consideration of RCP8.5,there is a shift in climate subtypes,either within the same climate zone(e.g.,Dfa to Dfb and Cfb to Cfa)or across other climate zones(e.g.,Dfb[continental warm-summer humid]to BSk[dry,cold semi-arid]and Cwa[temperate]to Am[tropical]).These shifts may result in lower efficiency for the current GBGI in the future.Given the importance of multiple services,it is crucial to balance their functionality,cooling performance,and other related co-benefits when planning for the future GBGI.This global GBGI heat mitigation inventory can assist policymakers and urban planners in prioritizing effective interventions to reduce the risk of urban overheating,filling research gaps,and promoting community resilience.

TOWARDS A SUSTAINABLE CITY CENTRE:INTEGRATING ECOLOGICALLY SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT(ESD)PRINCIPLES INTO URBAN RENEWAL

This paper reflects upon a wide range of strategies focused on increasing sustainability of urban design beyond and within the scope of individual buildings.By examining the case study of the Australian city of Newcastle,the paper provides a context for a general debate about the urban design of a sustainable city centre,and discusses how urban design is affected(and can be expected to be even more affected in future)by the new paradigms of ecology.In this context,the author presents the case study of‘SolarCity’,which is based on a vision for the revitalisation of Newcastle’s city centre.It is an in-progress research and demonstration project,involving Australian and German architects,engineers and industry partners.It deals with cross-cutting issues in architecture and urban design and addresses the question:How to best cohesively integrate all aspects of energy systems,transport systems,waste and water management,climatisation,etc.,into contemporary urban design and the environmental performance of eco-buildings?The‘SolarCity’project encapsulates a vision based on the belief that urban revitalisation can be achieved and facilitated through the use of sustainable urban design principles.Consequently,this paper addresses the fundamentals of urban sustainability,such as orientation to the sun,and general strategies for more compact communities.As we begin to fully understand the consequences of our dependency on fossil energy and the automobile,the cost of mobility,and ways to integrate sustainability systems into buildings,it becomes apparent that the common knowledge of aesthetics of urban composition is no longer sufficient.

TRANSFORMING THE CITY FOR SUSTAINABILITYThe Principles of Green Urbanism

This paper will first look at the timeline of important publications that have been published on sustainable design and have emerged from different schools of thought,to exemplify how gradually the notion of Green Urbanism evolved.It then identifies the intertwined principles for achieving Green Urbanism.

THE FUTURE IS GREEN—A CONVERSATION BETWEEN TWO GERMAN ARCHITECTS IN SYDNEY

INTRODUCTION Since the foundation of his practice Ingenhoven Architekten in 1985,Christoph Ingenhoven(born 1960,as the son of an architect)has been an advocate of sustainable design and low-energy architecture.He is considered Germany’s most successful architect of his generation and a leader in the application of sustainable design concepts using an ecological approach.Main themes that stand at the centre are future work environments,ecology,mobility,and urban landscapes.Conceptual strategies and realization of innovative solutions,an integrated approach,and dedication to optimize and implement it on all levels,is visible.It is obvious that Ingenhoven is infl uenced by the work of other modern German architects,such as Egon Eiermann,Frei Otto,Thomas Herzog,and Guenther Behnisch,people who understood so well the relationship and tension between architecture and engineering.

RESOURCE RECOVERY AND MATERIALS FLOW IN THE CITY Zero Waste and Sustainable Consumption as Paradigm in Urban Development

Beyond energy efficiency,there are now urgent challenges around the supply of resources,materials,food and water.After debating energy-efficiency for the last decade,the focus has shifted to include resource and material-efficiency.In this context,urban farming has emerged as a valid urban design strategy in Europe,where food is produced and consumed locally within city boundaries,turning disused sites into productive urban landscapes and community gardens.Agricultural activities allow for effective composting of organic waste,returning nutrients to the soil and improving biodiversity in the urban environment.Urban farming will help to feed the 9 billion by 2050(predicted population growth,UN-Habitat forecast 2009).This paper reports on best practice of urban design principles in regard to materials flow,material recovery,adaptive re-use of building elements and components(‘design for disassembly’;prefabrication of modular building components),and other relevant strategies to implement zero waste by avoiding waste creation,reducing harmful consumption and changing behaviour.The paper touches on two important issues in regard to the rapid depletion of the world’s natural resources:the construction sector and the education of architects and designers.The construction sector:Prefabricated multi-story timber buildings for inner-city living can set new benchmarks for minimizing construction wastage and for sustainable on-site assembly.Today,the construction and demolition(C&D)sector is one of the main producers of waste;it does not engage enough with waste minimization,waste avoidance and recycling.Education and research:It’s still unclear how best to introduce a holistic understanding of these challenges and to better teach practical and affordable solutions to architects,urban designers,industrial designers,and so on.One of the findings of this paper is that embedding‘zero-waste’requires strong industry leadership,new policies and effective education curricula,as well as raising awareness(education)and refocusing research agendas to bring about attitudinal change and the reduction of wasteful consumption.

INTEGRATED DEMAND FORECASTING TO SUPPORT URBAN PLANNING OF LOW-CARBON PRECINCTS:THE WASTE SCENARIO

INTRODUCTION Waste is a symbol of inefficiency in modern society and represents misallocated resources.This paper outlines an ongoing interdisciplinary research project entitled‘Integrated ETWW demand forecasting and scenario planning for low-carbon precincts’and reports on first findings and a literature review.This large multi-stakeholder research project has been designed to develop a shared platform for integrated ETWW(energy,transport,waste,and water)planning in a low-carbon urban future,focusing on synergies and alternative approaches to urban planning.The aim of the project is to develop a holistic integrated software tool for demand forecasting and scenario evaluation for residential precincts covering the four domains(ETWW),using identified commonalities in data requirements and model formulation.The authors of this paper are overseeing the waste domain,while other researchers in the team have expertise in the remaining domains.

DEVELOPING A PREFABRICATED LOW-CARBON CONSTRUCTION SYSTEM USING CROSS-LAMINATED TIMBER (CLT) PANELS FOR MULTISTOREY INNER-CITY INFILL HOUSING IN AUSTRALIA

Prefabricated engineered solid wood panel construction systems can sequester and store CO_(2).Modular cross-laminated timber(CLT,also called cross-lam)panels form the basis of low-carbon,engineered construction systems using solid wood panels that can be used to build residential infill developments of 10 storeys or higher.Multi-apartment buildings of 4 to 10 storeys constructed entirely in timber,such as recently in Europe,are innovative,but their social and cultural acceptance in Australia and North America is at this stage still uncertain.Commercial utilisation is only possible if there is a demand and user acceptance.This paper explores the opportunities offered by an innovative low carbon construction system using cross-laminated timber(CLT)panels to improve the design and delivery of urban infill housing.CLT construction has been developed around 1996 in Austria:layers of timber boards are glued crosswise in different directions to increase loadbearing capacity.The paper describes a multi-disciplinary research project into cross-laminated timber panels which aims to transform the Australian construction and development industry,involving a range of key partners.This project will introduce cross-laminated timber panels as a way to build with a lightweight prefabricated low-carbon construction system that is advantageous for urban infill and residential buildings in the range of 4 to 8 stories height.The challenges,research questions and advantages of this new engineered timber system are explained,and a detailed research methodology for further research is presented.

MULTI-STOREY RESIDENTIAL TIMBER CONSTRUCTION:CURRENT DEVELOPMENTS IN EUROPE

This is a research paper with a focus on technical aspects of timber and on recent case studies,discussing the use of timber as multi-frame for multi-level residential buildings in Europe.The authors see this as a relevant topic within the context of the current environmental debate and the use of sustainable materials and construction methods.The conclusion suggests that timber is a high performance construction material adequate for multi-storey residential buildings,even in an urban context.

DEVELOPING A HOLISTIC PATHWAY TO CLIMATE-ADAPTIVE BUILDINGS

This paper explores the origins of an air-condition dependency which evolved with 20th century architecture and is related to other developments that affected buildings in the last century,such as the lack offlexibility/adaptability of buildings and their short life span.It then looks at some passive design principles as frequently found in heritage build-ings from the pre-air-conditioning era,which are based on heat avoidance and harnessing of natural energies.The paper concludes with a series of recommendations for a holistic pathway to zero-carbon,climate-adaptive buildings.

RAPID URBANIZATION IN THE ASIA-PACIFIC REGION A ROADMAP TO 2015 AND BEYOND

UNESCO,the UN nodal agency for education,science,culture and architecture,has made sustainability a key topic in its development oriented activities,and has launched a new initiative to address the increasing concern of nonsustainable urbanization which currently occurs in the Asia and Pacific region.It is a region of rapid change,cultural alienation and environmental crisis,with a threatening divide between city and countryside.This paper informs about the interdisciplinary research activities conducted by the newly established UNESCO Chair in Sustainable Urban Development for Asia and the Pacific.The Chair’s roadmap for the next ten years to facilitate sustainable urban growth is explored and described in detail.

SUSTAINABILITY ON THE URBAN SCALE:‘GREEN URBANISM’—MARK Ⅱ

In the essay entitled‘Towards a Sustainable City Centre’(published in JGB Summer 2006),the author reflected on principles how to best integrate ecologically sustainable development(ESD)into urban design.This second paper reports on his continuing research in the area of‘Green Urbanism’.1 Among the most significant environmental challenges of our time are global climate change,excessive fossil fuel de-pendency and the growing demand for energy—all likely to be major challenges of the 21st century and one of the great-est problems facing humanity.In this context,urban design and the fundamental principles of how to shape our cities has barely featured in the greenhouse debate.Much of the debate in related areas has so far circled around ideas about active technology for‘eco-buildings’.This is surprising,since almost half the energy consumed is used in cities and urban built-up areas,and given that avoiding mistakes in urban design at early stages could genuinely lead to more sustain-able cities and less greenhouse gas emission.This article reflects upon practical strategies focused on increasing sustain-ability beyond and within the scope of individual buildings.The paper deals with cross-cutting issues in architecture and urban design and addresses the question of how we can best cohesively integrate all aspects of energy systems,transport systems,waste and water management,passive and active strategies,climatisation and so on,into contemporary urban design and improved environmental performance of our cities.It provides a context for a general debate about the regeneration of the city centre,and discusses how urbanism is affected(and can be expected to be even more affected in future)by the paradigms of ecology.The significance of the research is found in the pressing need for an integration of sustainability principles in the urban design process of cities in South East Asia and the general need for a sustainable city development.It will be of particular relevance to the rapid urban growth of developing cities that have,in the past,frequently been poorly man-aged.Research in sustainable urban design recommends increased harnessing of the energies manifested in the existing fabrics—for instance,through the adaptive re-use of former industrial(brownfield)sites and the upgrade and extension of existing building structures.It is less environmentally damaging to stimulate growth within the established city cen-tre rather than sprawling into new,formerly un-built areas.Two recent examples for the application of such urban de-sign principles are the author’s proposals for the Australian city of Newcastle:the‘City Campus’and‘Port City’projects.

CONVERSATION WITH THE ENGINEER: BEYOND GREEN BUILDINGS-ENTERING THE ECOLOGICAL AGE

Arup,the global design,engineering,and business consultancy,is the creative force behind many of the world’s most innovative and sustainable buildings and transport and civil engineering projects.Founded over 60 years ago,Arup has operated in China for more than three decades,and almost a quarter of their worldwide staff of 9,000 is based in Hong Kong and China.Arup was initially commissioned by the Shanghai Industrial Investment Corporation in 2006 to put forward concept proposals for a new sustainable city:Wanzhuang Eco-City,located in Hebei Province.Plans for the 80 sq km site are now being guided by a Development Strategy,the Preliminary Control Plan and Sustainability Design Guidelines.British engineer Peter Head has been a director at Arup since 2004 and is based in London.He is chairman of global planning and leads the company’s planning and integrated urbanism business,which includes development planning,economics and policy,integrated urbanism,transport and environmental consulting and sustainable development.In his early career,Peter worked at the forefront of steel bridge technology,and in 1998 he was awarded an OBE for his services to bridge engineering.He is also chairman of the Steel Construction Institute.Peter was appointed a Commissioner on the London Sustainable Development Commission in 2002,representing the construction sector.There,he was a member of the group that drafted the Sustainable Development Framework for London,which led an initiative to create a voluntary code of practice for sustainable planning,design,and construction of London’s built environment.For the last decade or so,Peter has been dedicated to overthrowing the notion that urbanization is inevitably the fast track to environmental collapse.Specifically,he is fighting to ensure that a growing number of the world’s mega cities,and the associated mega projects,embrace sustainability principles from the outset.From 2004 to 2008 he was project director for the Dongtan Eco-City project near Shanghai,a project that has recently stalled.Over the last five years,Peter Head has lectured all over the world on sustainable development and the transformation of cities.He gave the 2008-9 Brunel Lecture Series for the Institution of Civil Engineers,titled“Entering the Ecological Age,”which he presented in twenty countries.The Brunel Lecture looked,in detail,as to whether there is a model that would enable 9 billion people to live sustainably on Earth in 2050.It asked which policies and investments would be needed to achieve this and whether it could be done without damaging the economy.In focusing on this ecological transition Peter developed retrofit scenarios for existing buildings.Steffen Lehmann met with Peter Head at the IGBC Conference in Singapore in October 2009(where they were both speakers)that discussed the world crises caused by climate change,food and water shortages,and resource constraint problems.Steffen asked Peter what the planner’s and engineer’s role will be in the cities’transformation to sustainable urbanism.Particularly,how such urban concepts and technologies could be scaled to fit the world’s most populous country,China?Here are excerpts from their conversation.

LESSONS FROM EUROPE FOR CHINA?New Urban Sub-Centres for a Polycentric Network City

This paper compares two cases:It relates to the development of new urban sub-centres in China,and the relationship of these sub-centres to‘Network City’theory.As cities move towards more polycentric systems,the case of Potsdamer Platz Berlin,compared to Zhenru Sub-Centre in Shanghai,is discussed.Both are transport-oriented developments promoting mixed-use density and transport-oriented development.According to the documentation by Shanghai municipality,this new urban centre,which is currently in its planning phase,is supposed to become a‘sustainable sub-centre for a growing metropolis.’The author,who has intimate knowledge of the Berlin case,was asked to advice on the Chinese project,based on the Potsdamer Platz experience.After some hesitation,a series of careful recommendations were formulated for the design and development of the Zhenru Sub-Centre,knowing that it is rather difficult to translate from one case to the other.The conclusion includes five recommendations for the urban design of such sub-centres,to ensure a delivery of economical,social and environmental sustainable outcomes.

MEETING WITH THE GREEN URBAN PLANNER

INTRODUCTION Malaysian architect Dr.Ken Yeang is an architect-planner and is frequently described as one of the foremost eco-designers,theoreticians,and thinkers in the field of green design.He has been described as one of the world’s leading advocates in ecological and passive low-energy design.He has designed over one hundred projects,and his theory of“bio-climatic”towers has had an impact around the world,fusing high-tech with organic principles.