Using the daily precipitation data of 118 meteorological stations in Northwest China from January 1, 1961 to December 31,2010, we analyzed extreme precipitation events from prime precipitation data by applying R-langu...Using the daily precipitation data of 118 meteorological stations in Northwest China from January 1, 1961 to December 31,2010, we analyzed extreme precipitation events from prime precipitation data by applying R-language Climate Index （RClimDex）. The spatial-temporal change characteristics in the past 50 years have been examined using the method of trend analysis, Mann-Kendall and the spatial analysis module of Arcgis9.2. The results show that the spatial distribution of the indices for extreme precipitation in Northwest China is greatly influenced by geographic location, atmospheric circulation and topography, and the spatial difference of extreme precipitation events is very evident, while the indices reduce from the southeast to the northwest except Consecutive Dry Days （CDD）. In Xinjiang region, high values appear in Tianshan Mountains and decrease towards the south and north respectively. In the past 50 years, the temporal variation tendency of the indices for extreme precipitation in Northwest China has a great spatial distinction. It shows that the variation tendency is opposite between the east （decrease） and the west （increase）, and CDD has a decreasing tendency while other indices increase. For each region, it is found that the indices for extreme precipitation in Xinjiang and Qinghai Province shows an increasing trend, and it is remarkable in Tianshan Mountains, the north of Xinjiang and the northeast of Qinghai Province. The temporal variation tendency of the indices for extreme precipitation in Ningxia, Shaanxi and Gansu has a large spatial distinction. The stations which have an increasing tend are mainly found in the north of Ningxia, south of Shaanxi and Hexi Corridor of Gansu. However, the south of Ningxia, north of Shaanxi and Longnan of Gansu Province mainly present a decreasing trend. The temporal variation tendency of the indices for extreme precipitation in Inner Mongolia is not obvious. Overall, the east part of Northwest China has a dry tendency, while the west part has an opposite trend.展开更多
目的:探讨预防性应用抗菌药物对乳腺癌术后手术部位感染的预防作用。方法:以“preoperative antibiotics/peri-operative antibiotics/prophylactic antibiotics”、“surgical site infection/wound infection/postoperative complicat...目的:探讨预防性应用抗菌药物对乳腺癌术后手术部位感染的预防作用。方法:以“preoperative antibiotics/peri-operative antibiotics/prophylactic antibiotics”、“surgical site infection/wound infection/postoperative complications”、“mastectomy/wide local excision/breast reconstruction/axillary dissection”为关键词,查找1966年至2016年PubMed、Cochrane Library、Embase、ScienceDirect、Wiley InterScience、Scopus和Ovid数据库的RCT,无语言限制。2位评价者评价每一项研究的质量并提取数据。结果:12项RCT共计4 267例患者被纳入该荟萃分析。分析发现,预防性使用抗菌药物组可以显著降低手术部位感染(OR=0.63,95%CI:0.49~0.81, P =0.000 2)。按不同给药方式做亚组分析后,发现采用静脉抗生素的亚组,SSI的累积发生率(5.5%)显著低于对照组(8.2%)(OR=0.65,95%CI:0.50~0.83, P =0.000 7);按不同用药方案做亚组分析后,发现使用头孢地尼预防抗感染组发生SSI的累积发生率显著低于对照组(OR=0.54,95%CI:0.30~0.94, P =0.03)。结论:预防性使用抗菌药物可预防乳腺术后SSI的发生,进一步亚组分析提示采用静脉抗菌药物预防效果更佳,但由于亚组研究数量有限,仍需要更多高质量的RCT提供依据以建立最有效的预防方案和标准流程。展开更多
基金Supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province,China(ZR2010DM011)
文摘Using the daily precipitation data of 118 meteorological stations in Northwest China from January 1, 1961 to December 31,2010, we analyzed extreme precipitation events from prime precipitation data by applying R-language Climate Index （RClimDex）. The spatial-temporal change characteristics in the past 50 years have been examined using the method of trend analysis, Mann-Kendall and the spatial analysis module of Arcgis9.2. The results show that the spatial distribution of the indices for extreme precipitation in Northwest China is greatly influenced by geographic location, atmospheric circulation and topography, and the spatial difference of extreme precipitation events is very evident, while the indices reduce from the southeast to the northwest except Consecutive Dry Days （CDD）. In Xinjiang region, high values appear in Tianshan Mountains and decrease towards the south and north respectively. In the past 50 years, the temporal variation tendency of the indices for extreme precipitation in Northwest China has a great spatial distinction. It shows that the variation tendency is opposite between the east （decrease） and the west （increase）, and CDD has a decreasing tendency while other indices increase. For each region, it is found that the indices for extreme precipitation in Xinjiang and Qinghai Province shows an increasing trend, and it is remarkable in Tianshan Mountains, the north of Xinjiang and the northeast of Qinghai Province. The temporal variation tendency of the indices for extreme precipitation in Ningxia, Shaanxi and Gansu has a large spatial distinction. The stations which have an increasing tend are mainly found in the north of Ningxia, south of Shaanxi and Hexi Corridor of Gansu. However, the south of Ningxia, north of Shaanxi and Longnan of Gansu Province mainly present a decreasing trend. The temporal variation tendency of the indices for extreme precipitation in Inner Mongolia is not obvious. Overall, the east part of Northwest China has a dry tendency, while the west part has an opposite trend.
文摘目的:探讨预防性应用抗菌药物对乳腺癌术后手术部位感染的预防作用。方法:以“preoperative antibiotics/peri-operative antibiotics/prophylactic antibiotics”、“surgical site infection/wound infection/postoperative complications”、“mastectomy/wide local excision/breast reconstruction/axillary dissection”为关键词,查找1966年至2016年PubMed、Cochrane Library、Embase、ScienceDirect、Wiley InterScience、Scopus和Ovid数据库的RCT,无语言限制。2位评价者评价每一项研究的质量并提取数据。结果:12项RCT共计4 267例患者被纳入该荟萃分析。分析发现,预防性使用抗菌药物组可以显著降低手术部位感染(OR=0.63,95%CI:0.49~0.81, P =0.000 2)。按不同给药方式做亚组分析后,发现采用静脉抗生素的亚组,SSI的累积发生率(5.5%)显著低于对照组(8.2%)(OR=0.65,95%CI:0.50~0.83, P =0.000 7);按不同用药方案做亚组分析后,发现使用头孢地尼预防抗感染组发生SSI的累积发生率显著低于对照组(OR=0.54,95%CI:0.30~0.94, P =0.03)。结论:预防性使用抗菌药物可预防乳腺术后SSI的发生,进一步亚组分析提示采用静脉抗菌药物预防效果更佳,但由于亚组研究数量有限,仍需要更多高质量的RCT提供依据以建立最有效的预防方案和标准流程。
