Hole fertilization in the root zone facilitates maize yield and nitrogen utilization by mitigating potential N loss and improving mineral N accumulation

Reducing environmental impacts and improving N utilization are critical to ensuring food security in China.Although root-zone fertilization has been considered an effective strategy to improve nitrogen use efficiency (NUE),the effect of controlled-release urea (CRU) applied in conjunction with normal urea in this mode is unclear.Therefore,a 3-year field experiment was conducted using a no-N-added as a control and two fertilization modes (FF,furrow fertilization by manual trenching,i.e.,farmer fertilizer practice;HF:root-zone hole fertilization by point broadcast manually) at 210 kg N ha^(–1) (controlled-release:normal fertilizer=5:5),along with a 1-year in-situ microplot experiment.Maize yield,NUE and N loss were investigated under different fertilization modes.The results showed that compared with FF,HF improved the average yield and N recovery efficiency by 8.5 and 22.3%over three years,respectively.HF had a greater potential for application than FF treatment,which led to increases in dry matter accumulation,total N uptake,SPAD value and LAI.In addition,HF remarkably enhanced the accumulation of ^(15)N derived from fertilizer by 17.2%compared with FF,which in turn reduced the potential loss of^(15)N by 43.8%.HF increased the accumulation of N in the tillage layer of soils at harvest for potential use in the subsequent season relative to FF.Hence,HF could match the N requirement of summer maize,sustain yield,improve NUE and reduce environmental N loss simultaneously.Overall,root-zone hole fertilization with blended CRU and normal urea can represent an effective and promising practice to achieve environmental integrity and food security on the North China Plain,which deserves further application and investigation.

高氮和低氮条件下玉米穗位叶持绿性状的QTL定位

【目的】玉米叶片持绿性与籽粒产量、品质性状密切相关,本研究利用单片段代换系群体,对高氮和低氮条件下的玉米穗位叶持绿性状进行了QTL定位,旨在为持绿相关基因的精细定位以及克隆相关主效QTL奠定基础。【方法】以氮效率差异显著的两个亲本许178和综3构建的172个玉米单片段代换系为研究材料,采用完全随机区组设计,在高氮(N 240 kg/hm^2)和低氮(N 75 kg/hm^2)条件下,进行了两年大田试验。以吐丝后第10天穗位叶的SPAD值作为玉米持绿性的表型值,根据代换系与亲本许178表型值的T-test结果,利用该群体的SSR遗传图谱,在P <0.01条件下定位持绿性状的QTL。【结果】在基因组范围内,两个氮水平下共定位53个穗位叶持绿QTL (贡献率为–2.45%～–22.65%)。上述QTL在玉米的10条染色体上均有分布,其中以第1染色体上检测到的数量最多(14个),第7染色体上检测到的数量最少(1个)。高氮条件下检测的QTL为29个,6个在两年试验条件下被重复检测,分别为qhnSG1d、qhnSG2a、qhnSG3a、qhnSG4a、qhnSG8b和qhnSG10c,其中qhnSG8b和qhnSG10c为高氮特异QTL,两年内QTL的贡献率分别为–4.47%、–9.17%、–9.46%和–5.05%;低氮条件下检测的QTL为16个,2个QTL在两年大田环境被重复检测,分别为qlnSG1f和qlnSG2b。其中qlnSG1f为低氮特异QTL,两年内QTL贡献率分别为–9.70%和–10.85%。【结论】通过对玉米穗位叶持绿性状分析,将高氮特异持绿染色体片段定位到umc1077～umc2350区段内,低氮特异染色体片段定位到umc1013～umc2047区段内。

大豆和玉米影响后茬作物氮素供应的研究进展

【目的】为提高轮作系统的生产力和土壤肥力的可持续性,我们从作物根系形态、残留养分有效性和土壤结构等方面,综述了大豆和玉米生产对土壤物理特性和后茬作物氮素供应能力的影响机理及原因。【主要进展】大豆根系呈网状分布,分枝侧根多,生长过程中新老根频繁更替,收获后土壤团聚体由原来的简单形态变为多级复合形态,团聚体内部孔隙增多,利于后茬作物的根系发育。大豆形成的稳定土壤团聚结构也是土壤氮素循环的良好基础,可有效提升土壤有机氮的总矿化和转化量,增强土壤对后茬作物的供氮潜力。玉米生产一般氮肥施用量较高,故收获后残留在土壤中的肥料氮相对较多。残留氮以NO;-N和微生物氮形态存在的比例高,由于NO;-N在土壤中不稳定、易损失,因此,不易于为后茬利用。大豆秸秆C/N低,翻压还田后易于被土壤微生物利用,加速土壤氮循环,易于后茬作物的吸收利用。加之豆科作物生长过程中死亡的根瘤和根形成的沉积物数量大,根系分泌物含有较高的甘氨酸和丝氨酸,且根际沉积物C/N较低,更易矿化转化为后季作物的重要氮源。因此,大豆较玉米更有利于后茬作物的生长和氮素营养。【展望】为更好地利用轮作优势,需要在以下几方面加强研究:提高大豆残留氮素高效利用的关键驱动因素比例;减少玉米收获后土壤残留氮素损失的氮素管理方法;残留氮素转移转化过程中的根–土–微生物互作机制。由于秸秆腐解会加快土壤有机碳的释放,因此减少大豆秸秆还田带来的轮作周年CO_(2)等温室气体的排放,提高土壤的碳汇功能也将成为今后研究重点。

Mineral Coated Fertilizer Effect on Nitrogen-Use Efficiency and Yield of Wheat

A field experiment with winter wheat （Triticum aestivurn L.） was conducted on a silt loam calcaric endorusti-ustic Cambosols derived from the Yellow River alluvial deposits in Henan, China, from 2001 to 2002 to evaluate N recovery and agronomic performance of different mineral coated fertilizers （MiCFs） compared to normal urea used in wheat cropping systems under field conditions. Five treatments, including CK （check, no N fertilizer）, urea and three different MiCFs at an equivalent N application rate were established in a randomized complete block design. N release from MiCFs in soil was more synchronous with the N requirement of wheat throughout the growth stages than that from urea, with grain yield of the MiCF treatments significantly higher （P 〈 0.05） than that of the treatment urea. Correspondingly, the N recovery rate was greater for all MiCFs compared to urea, increasing from 32.8% up to 50.1%. Due to its high recovery and low cost, use of the mineral coated N fertilizers was recommended instead of the polymer coated N fertilizers.

水稻内颖畸形或缺失基因OsAPP1的图位克隆及表达分析

在育种基地材料中发现一株内颖畸形或缺失(abnormal or absent palea)突变体,将其命名为app1。该突变体在营养生长时期发育正常,但抽穗后突变体表现出内颖畸形(比外稃短导致颖壳不闭合,或者出现两个内稃)或缺失,其花粉育性为55.52%,结实率为6.48%,千粒重为10.811 g,种子发芽率为55.21%。以突变体app1与日本晴杂交构建了F1和F2群体,F1颖壳表型正常,F2群体出现内颖畸形和正常表型分离,内颖正常和突变表型分离比例为3∶1,表明app1内颖突变表型由单隐性核基因控制。以F2为分离群体,将app1精细定位于第3染色体上,位于分子标记ID4231和ID4246之间,遗传距离1.3 cM,对应物理距离为13.2 kb。该区段内完全包含1个开放阅读框,包含两个部分开放阅读框,经过测序分析发现候选基因LOC_Os03g11614启动子区发生点突变和245 bp缺失,qRT-PCR分析证实LOC_Os03g11614为OsAPP1基因。已有报道LOC_Os03g11614编码OsMADS1,是调控水稻花器官发育的重要明星基因,其不同位置的突变可以导致叶状颖壳和不育、以及控制籽粒大小。与3000份水稻种子资源SNP/Indel变异类型对比分析发现,突变体app1启动子的突变完全不同于现已OsMADS1研究报道突变类型,且与数据库中的自然突变类型多数不同。因此,本研究发现的app1突变体,是以往报道中从未出现的OsMADS1启动子发生突变的新型突变,且该类突变导致了其降低表达量,并产生了不同于前人研究的新表型,这为深入研究OsMADS1基因在水稻花器官发育中的功能提供了新的种质资源和思路。

不同时期一次性施肥对夏玉米产量和氮肥效率的影响

在河南省鹤壁和原阳采用田间试验,研究不施氮(CK)、种肥同播(T1)、5叶期一次性施肥(T2)和10叶期一次性施肥(T3),对夏玉米生长发育、氮素积累转运及产量的影响,明确夏玉米包膜尿素1∶1配施普通尿素适宜的一次性施肥时期。结果表明,鹤壁和原阳T1处理产量最高,分别为12700 kg/hm^(2)和10945 kg/hm^(2),但与T2处理间差异不显著,较T3处理分别提高14.2%和10.9%;干物质积累量较其他处理分别提高5.6%~25.1%和1.6%~21.2%。不同生育期T1处理叶片SPAD值和叶面积指数均达最高。鹤壁和原阳T1氮肥表观利用率最高,分别为35.2%和35.5%,较其他处理分别提高5.6~14.7个百分点和3.2~13.6个百分点;氮素积累量较其他施氮处理分别提高13.8%~34.5%和14.5%~41.5%。T1处理土壤氮素依存率低于T2和T3处理。综上,种肥同播提高了夏玉米产量、氮肥效率、叶片SAPD值和叶面积指数,保持较高的氮素吸收速率,降低了土壤氮依存率,满足夏玉米整个生育期的氮素需求,实现了夏玉米高产和高效施肥。

化肥和新型肥料对有益真菌和镰刀菌生长及拮抗效应的影响

采用平板对峙法,以无化肥处理作为对照,通过交互分析,探讨化肥(尿素、硫酸铵、磷酸氢二铵、磷酸二氢钾、氯化钾、硫酸钾)及新型肥料(酵素、黄腐酸、γ-聚谷氨酸)对有益真菌与镰刀菌生长及拮抗作用的影响。结果表明:在单一接种条件下,氯化钾显著促进了有益真菌和病原菌的生长,磷酸氢二铵对有益真菌Chaetomium truncatulum F8的生长有显著抑制作用,尿素和硫酸铵也会抑制有益真菌Gongronella butleri F4的生长,镰刀菌则受γ-聚谷氨酸和硫酸钾的抑制。交互分析显示,肥料添加和有益真菌接种均对镰刀菌的生长具有显著影响,且2种因素间存在明显的交互作用。在有益真菌和镰刀菌拮抗条件下,磷酸二氢钾对Fusarium sp. Y56、Fusarium fujikuroi Y1和Fusarium oxysporum F2均具有较为显著的抑制作用,γ-聚谷氨酸对Fusarium oxysporum F33和Fusarium fujikuroi Y1均有较为显著的抑制作用。在镰刀菌病害频发的农作区,推荐选用磷酸二氢钾和硫酸钾,尿素和硫酸铵应与γ-聚谷氨酸配合施用。

Carbon Mineralization and Microbial Attributes in Straw-Amended Soils as Affected by Moisture Levels

An 80-d incubation experiment was conducted to investigate straw decomposition, the priming effect and microbial characteristics in a non-fertilized soil （soil 1） and a long-term organic manure-fertilized soil （soil 2） with and without 13C-labeled maize straw amendment under different moisture levels. The soil 2 showed a markedly higher priming effect, microbial biomass C （Cmic）, and β-glucosidase activity, and more abundant populations of bacteria and fungi than the soil 1. Also, soil CO2 emission, Cmic, /3- glucosidase activity, and bacterial and fungal population sizes were substantially enhanced by straw amendment. In the presence of straw, the amount of straw mineralization and assimilation by microbes in the soil at 55% of water holding capacity （WHC） were significantly higher by 31% and 17%, respectively, compared to those at 25% of WHC. In contrast, β-glucosidase activity and fungal population size were both enhanced as the moisture content decreased. Cmic decreased as straw availability decreased, which was mainly attributed to the reduction of straw-derived Cmic. Amended soils, except the amended soil 2 at 25% of WHC, had a more abundant fungal population as straw availability decreased, indicating that fungal decomposability of added straw was independent of straw availability. Non-metric multidimensional scaling analysis based on fungal denatured gradient gel electrophoresis band patterns showed that shifts in the fungal community structure occurred as water and straw availability varied. The results indirectly suggest that soil fungi are able to adjust their degradation activity to water and straw availability by regulating their community structure.