穿断层隧道NPR锚索支护体系抗震特性振动台试验研究

为研究具有负泊松比效应(negative Poisson’s ratio,NPR)的恒阻大变形锚索在地震作用下的吸能特性与动力响应规律,利用振动台开展含断层隧道使用普通锚索支护以及使用NPR锚索支护的振动台物理模型试验,对比分析地震作用下处于不同围岩条件中以及使用不同锚索进行支护时隧道结构的动力响应规律。研究结果表明:在同一地震波作用下,使用NPR锚索进行支护的隧道结构破坏程度与使用普通锚索进行支护的隧道结构相比有明显的改善,表明NPR锚索在地震作用下具有良好的吸能特性,能够为隧道结构提供有效支护;通过对比分析普通锚索与NPR锚索的锚索轴力时程曲线可知,在地震波作用下,普通锚索会发生破断现象,轴力突降至零,而NPR锚索的高恒阻力能够持续提供有效支护;分析隧道结构各测点的加速度、应变、土压力等动力响应可知,隧道断层区域在地震作用下的动力响应更为明显,隧道结构在地震作用下呈现出拱肩→拱腰→拱顶的破坏规律,这一研究成果为类似隧道工程的支护对策提供了理论参考。

降雨诱发滑坡的NPR锚索控制机理及临滑预警

为研究降雨滑坡的控制及临滑预警技术,以熊家山滑坡为原型,通过分析边坡变形的时空特征,设计了相似模型试验.以普通预应力锚索(简称PR锚索)和NPR锚索为加固材料,运用高速摄像机、孔压、土压和锚索力传感器,分析了降雨诱发的滑坡规律和锚索控制机理,并结合现场试验探究了滑坡牛顿力变化规律.结果表明:孔隙水压力突降与边坡局部滑塌近似同步;NPR锚索力突降,边坡内部产生局部变形;PR锚索因无法承受大变形被拉断失效,而NPR锚索凭借恒阻大变形特性产生高应力吸能控制功能,促使边坡达到二次平衡状态;NPR锚索在滑坡前表现出明显的“先突增,后突降”的变形-临滑动力学规律;现场试验揭示了滑坡全过程牛顿力演变规律,提前7.5 h发出临滑预警.

Case study on the mechanics of NPR anchor cable compensation for large deformation tunnel in soft rock in the Transverse Mountain area,China

A study was conducted to analyze the deformation mechanism of strongly weathered quartz schist in the Daliangshan Tunnel,located in the western Transverse Mountain area.A large deformation problem was experienced during the tunnel construction.To mitigate this problem,a support system was designed incorporating negative Poisson ratio(NPR)anchor cables with negative Poisson ratio effect.Physical model experiments,field experiments,and numerical simulation experiments were conducted to investigate the compensation mechanical behavior of NPR anchor cables.The large deformations of soft rocks in the Daliangshan Tunnel are caused by a high ground stress,a high degree of joint fracture development,and a high degree of surrounding rock fragmentation.A compensation mechanics support system combining long and short NPR anchor cables was suggested to provide sufficient counter-support force(approximately 350 kN)for the surrounding rock inside the tunnel.Comparing the NPR anchor cable support system with the original support system used in the Daliangshan tunnel showed that an NPR anchor cable support system,combining cables of 6.3 m and 10.3 m in length,effectively prevented convergence of surrounding rock deformation,and the integrated settlement convergence value remained below 300 mm.This study provides an effective scientific basis for resolving large deformation problems in deeply buried soft rocks in western transverse mountain areas.

Shear mechanical properties and frictional sliding responses of rough joint surfaces under dynamic normal displacement conditions

A comprehensive understanding of the dynamic frictional characteristics in rock joints under high normal load and strong confinement is essential for ensuring the safety of deep engineering construction and mitigating geological disasters.This study conducted shear experiments on rough rock joints under displacement-controlled dynamic normal loads,investigating the shear behaviors of joints across varying initial normal loads,normal loading frequencies,and normal loading amplitudes.Experimental results showed that the peak/valley shear force values increased with initial normal loads and normal loading frequencies but showed an initial increase followed by a decrease with normal loading amplitudes.Dynamic normal loading can either increase or decrease shear strength,while this study demonstrates that higher frequencies lead to enhanced friction.Increased initial normal loading and normal loading frequency result in a gradual decrease in joint roughness coefficient(JRC)values of joint surfaces after shearing.Positive correlations existed between frictional energy dissipation and peak shear forces,while post-shear joint surface roughness exhibited a negative correlation with peak shear forces through linear regression analysis.This study contributes to a better understanding of the sliding responses and shear mechanical characteristics of rock joints under dynamic disturbances.

微观负泊松比锚杆静力学特性及其工程应用研究

相比于传统的小变形锚杆支护材料,负泊松比锚杆/索材料具有大伸长量、高强高韧、高恒阻力、吸能等优异力学特性。在宏观负泊松比(NPR)锚杆/索研究和应用基础上,何满潮研发了新一代微观NPR钢材料和微观NPR锚杆。目前微观NPR钢材料的静力学特性研究较少,微观NPR锚杆在城市地下隧道工程的适用性有待于现场应用验证。通过室内静力拉伸试验对微观NPR钢的力学特性进行了研究,结果表明本批次微观NPR钢平均伸长率为34.68%;恒阻力值范围为203.9~240.7 kN;拉伸全过程表现为均匀拉伸变形;无屈服平台,破断时无明显颈缩现象。通过理论推导,建立了微观NPR锚杆在微静力拉伸条件下的弹塑性增量本构模型。以某路地铁站风道段为工程背景,介绍了微观NPR锚杆施工工艺,现场测试了极限拉拔力、伸长率及锚杆轴力等方面,结果表明,微观NPR锚杆具有高恒阻力及大伸长量等优势。在围岩大变形隧道开展了支护应用试验,验证了其具有良好的围岩大变形控制效果。

层状反倾边坡破坏机制及NPR锚索控制效果物理模型试验

以内蒙古长山壕露天矿区大规模倾倒失稳反倾边坡为工程背景。首先基于相似理论构建层状反倾边坡地质概化物理模型,开展在未加固、普通锚索加固(PR锚索)及恒阻大变形锚索加固(NPR锚索)3种不同工况条件下边坡控制效果物理模型试验。然后使用红外热成像系统、应变监测系统和数字散斑位移测量系统,对反倾边坡开挖试验全过程的温度场、应变场和位移场进行综合监测。最后,研究层状反倾边坡变形特征和失稳机制,对比分析不同加固对策下的加固效果。研究结果表明:层状反倾边坡变形过程具有明显的"叠合悬臂梁"变形特征,其倾倒机制主要表现为岩层初始裂纹产生、岩层裂纹发育以及滑动面贯通边坡失稳3个阶段。PR锚索在边坡开挖过程中断裂失效,无法抵抗边坡大变形失稳。NPR锚索具有高恒阻、大变形以及吸收能量的超强特性,有效防止反倾边坡倾倒失稳的发生,为边坡工程加固提供了一种新的思路。

基坑开挖扰动变形特征及控制效果模拟分析

坑中坑的开挖对于基坑的稳定性有诸多方面的影响,内坑的开挖会造成土体回弹,引起基坑土体抗力的损失,降低基坑的整体稳定性。运用FLAC^(3D)对合肥恒大中心C地块坑中坑式基坑进行了开挖与支护模拟,计算采用摩尔-库伦本构模型,通过模拟计算得出了基坑应力、桩基应力、桩锚应力,验证了基坑中外坑和内坑最易失稳破坏区域,并对利用负泊松比(negative Poisson s ratio,NPR)锚索对该类基坑进行加密支护的控制效果进行了评价。通过施加位移监测得到了不同开挖阶段基坑地表位移、坑中坑底部位移、以及坑中坑周围土体位移,确定了基坑极易发生破坏的区域以及滑动面位置,建立了坑中坑物理模型,并验证了数值模拟的正确性,研究结论可为类似工程条件基坑的开挖及加固提供理论支撑和实践基础。

基于3DMine的金属储量核算及富集分区研究

为了解决某金矿矿体赋存环境和围岩软弱破碎等不利条件使矿石开采难度增大、成本增加等问题,首先利用3DMine程序构建金矿三维工程地质模型;然后,基于距离幂次反比理论,结合金矿西区29副地质勘探线剖面信息,对西区1#、2#、3#、4#、4A#、5#、6#、北矿脉、中间矿脉共9条矿脉进行了金属储量核算和富集分区;最后,根据实际操作能力,按品位值范围将矿体划分为4个富集分区(欠富集区、富集区、较富集区和极富集区);根据实际开采年限,按照品位t=7 g/t划分为2个富集分区(富集区和不富集区)。该研究可为后期矿山开发建设,布置相关开采巷道、溜井、运输平硐、通风井等设施提供决策依据。

高恒阻滑坡监测锚索静力拉伸特性试验及应用

实践证明利用传统预应力锚索进行露天矿山滑坡灾害监测预警,当滑动力超过预应力锚索材料破断力时会发生锚索被拉断破坏的现象,从而导致整个监测系统失效。针对上述情况,一种具有负泊松比特性的高恒阻大变形滑坡监测锚索被研发出来,且广泛应用于露天矿山滑坡监测领域。首先描述了高恒阻滑坡监测锚索的结构组成;然后,建立了高恒阻力学模型,揭示了其大变形的工作机理;接着,通过一系列静力拉伸条件下力学特性室内试验,试验结果证明,高恒阻锚索拉伸时,可保持500 k N的恒阻力,最大延伸量可达850 mm,揭示高恒阻滑坡监测锚索在几何尺度与应变尺度上的负泊松比效应;最后,将该锚索应用于南芬露天铁矿边坡安全监测现场,成功对"2010-0731滑坡"全过程进行了监测预警,为其在类似工程中的应用提供了理论和实践依据。

恒阻大变形锚杆非线性力学模型及恒阻行为影响参数分析

恒阻大变形锚杆具有高恒阻力、大变形和高吸能的优良特性,它在巷道、隧道和边坡工程的加固和监测中具有广泛的应用。从恒阻锚杆的特性分析出发,建立了恒阻大变形锚杆的非线性力学模型,该模型能够将恒阻锚杆的力-位移曲线的上升段和黏滑段统一起来,能够更完整地对恒阻大变形锚杆的力学行为进行描述,并且用无量纲方法对影响恒阻大变形锚杆力学行为的4个参量Ω、ζ、μd和f进行了分析,得出各个参量对系统黏滑阶段的恒阻力均值、振幅、振动周期和主振频率的影响特征。基于有限元数值模拟方法对该非线性模型进行了计算验证,证明了建立的非线性力学模型的正确性,并探究了恒阻体体积模量、套管体积模量和拉伸速度对恒阻大变形锚杆的恒阻黏滑行为的影响特征,为恒阻大变形锚杆后续的优化设计和工程应用提供了理论依据。

Application of remote monitoring technology in landslides in the Luoshan mining area

With the scale extending of mining, the landslide disaster in the earth’s surface will become more and more serious, and these landslide disasters are being threatened to the sustainable safe mining of the underground mine and the open-pit mine. Based on the theory that sliding force is greater than the shear resistance (resisting force) at the potential slip surface is the necessary and sufficient condition to occur the landslide as the sliding criterion, the principle and method for sliding force remote monitoring is presented, and the functional relationship between the human mechanical quantity and the natural sliding force is derived, hereby, the natural sliding force can be calculated according to the human mechanical quantity. Based on above principle and method, a new system of landslide remote monitoring is designed and 53 systems are installed on the landslide body in the Luoshan mining area, which make up the landslide remote monitoring network. According to the results of field test around 8 months, monitoring curves between sliding force and time are obtained, which can describe and forecast the develop trend of landslide. According to above analysis, the results show that this system has some following advantages: (1) real-time monitoring; (2) remote intelligent transmission; (3) landslides early warning.

Model test on support scheme for carbonaceous slate tunnel in high geostress zone at high depth

The Muzhailing extra-long highway tunnel and corresponding inclined shafts in Lanzhou,Gansu Province,China passes through structurally complex carbonaceous slate that is under high ground stress.Rationally-designed and effective support is of high importance for achieving safe and efficient tunnel construction.The No.2 inclined shaft of Muzhailing Tunnel was taken as the engineering background prototype,for which,a similar model test was conducted to evaluate the effect of highly pretightened constant resistance(NPR,Negative Poisson’s Ratio)anchor cable support provision to the geologically complex carbonaceous slate at different depths.Two schemes were proposed during testing:one scheme was without support and the second was with asymmetric support from highly pre-tightened constant resistance anchor cable.Digital speckle displacement analysis system and micro-groundstress sensors were employed to measure the deformation and shear stress distribution of the tunnel.The results demonstrated that through the second support scheme,the deformation of the surrounding rock could be effectively ameliorated,while this support scheme was applied on the project site of the No.2 inclined shaft,to explore the rationality of the scheme through field engineering tests.On-site monitoring indicated that the deformation of the surrounding rock was within the reasonable design range and the problem of severe tunnel deformation was effectively controlled.The research methods and related conclusions can be used as a reference for the treatment of large deformation problems in deep-buried soft rock tunnels.

Movement and deformation characteristics of overlying rock mass in deep coal seam

The 110 mining method is an innovative and useful coal mining technology.It mainly relies on two technologies to improve coal mining rate:Top cutting and pressure relief,Negative Poisson’s ratio anchor cable(NPR anchor cable)support.This study develops a large-scale physical model test using the speckle monitoring system(DIC),the stress-strain monitoring system,and the infrared thermal imaging system to deeply investigate the roadway deformation and failure law of the 110 mining method,the displacement movement mechanism of the overlying rock mass,and the change law of rock pressure.Results showed that pillarless coal mining utilizing mine pressure and rock fragmentation and expansion characteristics,the use of cut top pressure relief and NPR anchor stress compensation technology in the kilometer level of deep underground coal mining still has a positive effect along the tunnel space.In addition,they can reduce surface subsidence,provide a scientific basis for ecological protection,and develop other kilometer-level deep soft rock high-ground stress underground projects.

Stability analysis of open-pit gold mine slopes and optimization of mining scheme in Inner Mongolia,China

The geological structure of the Changshanhao open-pit mine in Urad Middle Banner,Inner Mongolia,China is extremely complicated,and slope instability has frequently occurred in various forms,such as wedge sliding,bedding sliding,and toppling failure.In order to study the failure mechanisms of these slopes,the geological structure and mechanical rock properties were investigated based on field investigations and laboratory tests.Numerical models for the present mining area and final mining area of the original scheme were established to analyze slope stability.The results showed that the unique geomorphological characteristics of the mining area were generated by geological tectonism,and the north side of the stope is an anti-dip layered rock slope and the south side is a dip layered rock slope.Slope failure is the consequence of endogenic and exogenic integration,including physical and mechanical properties of the rock mass,geological structures such as faults and joints,and human-caused factors such as blasting and excavation disturbances.Then the original excavation scheme was redesigned mainly by optimizing the slope angle and decreasing the final mining depth to maintain slope stability.Finally,the Monte Carlo method was used to analyze the reliability of the slope angle optimization scheme.The open-pit mine excavation plan that meets the stability requirements was obtained eventually.

Study on remote monitoring system for landslide hazard based on Wireless Sensor Network and its application

Based on Beidou satellite communication platform, sliding force remote monitoring and warning system was widely used in Lingbao Luoshan gold ore, which had achieved remarkable social and economical benefits. However, there is one monitoring point at every 1 000 m2, and their distribution is so discrete that it will no doubt increase construction and operation cost if every monitoring point was installed a Beidou subscriber machine. Therefore, based on Zigbee wireless sensor network technology, network structure and the nodes, embed wireless sensor node in remote monitoring and warning system, a base platform of local wireless sensor network is formed, and it can combine punctiform monitoring information with planar network and transmit concentrated information through Beidou satellite terminal machine; as a result, this largely expands the transmission distance of monitoring data

Analysis of blasting vibration signal of high steep anti-dip layered rock slope

Blasting is one of the most economical and efficient mining methods in open-pit mine production.However,behind the huge benefits,it poses a hidden threat to the quality of slope rock mass,stability of slope,and safety of nearby buildings.In order to explore the influence of blasting vibration on the stability of anti-dip layered rock slopes,herein,the site near the large-scale toppling failure area of Changshanhao gold mine stope of Inner Mongolia Taiping Mining Co.,Ltd.was selected for on-site blasting test and monitoring.The Peak Particle Velocity(PPV)measured at the monitoring point is located on the lower side of the maximum allowable vibration velocity curve that is prepared based on the allowable speed standard evaluation chart in the full frequency domain established by standards practiced in various countries such as German DIN4150,the USBM RI 8507,and Chinese GB6722-2014.This indicates that the blasting vibration has less influence on the location of the monitoring point.The vibration signals obtained in the blasting test were analyzed using the wavelet packet theory,and it was concluded that the blasting vibration signals measured in the anti-dip layered rock slope were mainly concentrated in two frequency bands of 0-80 Hz and 115-160 Hz.The sum of energy of the two frequency bands accounted for more than 99%,wherein,the energy contained in the 0-80 Hz frequency band accounted for more than 85%of the monitoring signals.The vibration signal with 0-80 Hz frequency band monitored at the slope toe was selected for the energy attenuation analysis.The results showed that the energy attenuation decreased in radial,vertical,and tangential directions.Further,the Energy Attenuation Rate per Meter(EARPM)was calculated.In conjunction with the site characteristics analysis,it was found that the energy attenuation rate was significantly affected by the rock mass characteristics of the structural plane.The slope reinforcement project can effectively reduce the absorption of vibration energy by the slope and increase slope stability.

Eco-geological environment quality assessment based on multi-source data of the mining city in red soil hilly region, China

High-intensity and large-scale resource development seriously threatens the fragile ecological environment in the red soil hilly region in southern China. This paper analyzes the eco-geological environmental problems and factors affecting Ganzhou, a mining city in the red soil hilly region,based on field survey and literature. The ecogeological environment quality(EGEQ) assessment system, which covered 11 indicators in physical geography, mining development, geological hazards,as well as water and soil pollution, was established through multi-source data utilization such as remote sensing images, DEM(Digital Elevation Model), field survey and on-site monitoring data. The comprehensive weight of each indicator was calculated through the Analytic Hierarchy Process(AHP) and entropy method. The eco-geological environment assessment map was developed by calculating the EGEQ value through the linear weighted method. The assessment results show that the EGEQ was classified into I-V grades from excellent to worse, among which, EGEQ of I-II accounted for 29.88%, EGEQ of III accounted for 32.35% and EGEQ of IV-V accounted for 37.77%;the overall EGEQ of Ganzhou was moderate. The assessment system utilized in this research provides scientific and accurate results, which in turn enable the proposal of some tangible protection suggestions.

Geomechanics model test and numerical simulation of 2G-NPR bolt support effect in an active fault tunnel

Active faults are a common adverse geological phenomenon that can occur during tunnel excavation and has a very negative impact on the construction and operation of the tunnel.In this paper,the grade IV rock surrounding the cross-fault tunnel with poor geological conditions has been chosen for the study.The support capacity of 2^(nd) Generation-Negative Poisson’s Ratio(2G-NPR)bolt in an active fault tunnel has been carried out on the basis of relevant results obtained from the geomechanical model test and numerical investigations of failure model for existing unsupported fault tunnel.The investigation shows that surrounding rock of the tunnel is prone to shear deformation and crack formation along the fault,as a result,the rock mass on the upper part of the fault slips as a whole.Furthermore,small-scale deformation and loss of blocks are observed around the tunnel;however,the 2G-NPR bolt support is found to be helpful in keeping the overall tunnel intact without any damage and instability.Due to the blocking effect of fault,the stress of the surrounding rock on the upper and lower parts of the fault is significantly different,and the stress at the left shoulder of the tunnel is greater than that at the right shoulder.The asymmetrical arrangement of 2G-NPR bolts can effectively control the asymmetric deformation and instability of the surrounding rock.The present numerical scheme is in good agreement with the model test results,and can reasonably reflect the stress and displacement characteristics of the surrounding rock of the tunnel.In comparison to unsupported and ordinary PR(Poisson’s Ratio)bolt support,2G-NPR bolt can effectively limit the fault slip and control the stability of the surrounding rock of the fault tunnel.The research findings may serve as a guideline for the use of 2G-NPR bolts in fault tunnel support engineering.

Triggering mechanism and dynamic process of water-rock flow in Nanfen waste dump in 2010

Water-rock flow is a kind of debris flow with more coarse particles and low viscosity, which occurs in many areas of the world. In this work, the water-rock flow that occurred on May 24, 2010, at Nanfen’s open-pit mine of China was investigated by combining field investigation, meteorological and hydrological survey with numerical simulation to understand its triggering mechanism and dynamic process. The field data shows that the short-term high-intensity rainfall is the most direct inducement to trigger water-rock flow in the waste dump. The loose shallow gravel soil and the V-shaped valley with a certain slope provide the necessary conditions of the occurrence of water-rock flow in the waste dump. Moreover, the possibility criterion of water-rock flow is presented by analyzing the historical rainfall data. In addition, the smoothed particle hydrodynamics(SPH) method was employed to simulate the waterrock flow under the conditions of Newtonian fluid with uniform distribution of water and coarse-grained materials. The simulating results show that the flow distance, velocity, shape, and deposition profile of water-rock flow are in good agreement with the field observation. The present work is beneficial to the risk assessment and mitigation design of water-rock flow disaster in the waste dump.

Negative Poisson's ratio and peripheral strain of an NPR anchor cable

Materials with a negative Poisson’s ratio effect perform significantly better than traditional materials for rock mass impact resistance,shear resistance,and energy absorption.Based on these advantages,a negative Poisson’s ratio anchor cable(NPR anchor cable)with high elongation and constant resistance was developed and successfully applied in the field of mine disaster control.However,theoretical and experimental research on the negative Poisson’s ratio effect and peripheral strain characteristics of NPR anchor cables is currently incomplete.This study used several theories and methods,such as static tensile,peripheral strain measurement,and static negative Poisson’s ratio measurement,to investigate the radial deformation law of an NPR anchor cable and the negative Poisson’s ratio characteristics.Experimental results elucidated constant resistance changes in an NPR anchor cable during operation,the motion of the constant resistance body in the constant resistance sleeve,and the deformation law of the constant resistance sleeve.Negative Poisson’s ratio characteristics of the NPR anchor cable and its superior energy absorption characteristics were verified and it provided a theoretical and experimental basis for energy absorption mechanisms of an NPR anchor cable.