Seed exudates influence the behavior of soil organisms,but howthis occurs remains unclear,particularly for multicellular animals.Here we show that compounds associated with Arabidopsis seed-coat mucilage regulate the ...Seed exudates influence the behavior of soil organisms,but howthis occurs remains unclear,particularly for multicellular animals.Here we show that compounds associated with Arabidopsis seed-coat mucilage regulate the behavior of soil-borne animals,specifically root-knot nematodes (RKNs).Infective RKN J2 larvae actively travel toward Arabidopsis seeds through chemotaxis.Analysis of Arabidopsis mucilage mutants demonstrated that the attraction of RKNs toArabidopsis seeds requires the synthesis and extrusion of.seed-coat mucilage.Extracted mucilage alone is not sufficient to attract RKNs,but seed-surface carbohydrates and proteins are required for this process.These findings suggest that the RKN chemoattractant is synthesized de novo upon mucilage extrusion but may be highly unstable.RKNs attracted by thismucilage-dependent mechanism can infect the emerging seedling.However,the attraction signal from seedling roots likely acts independently of the seed-coat signal and may mask the attraction to seed-coat mucilage after germination.Multiple RKN species are attracted byArabidopsis seeds,suggesting that this mechanism is conserved in RKNs.These findings indicate that seed exudate can regulate the behavior of multicellular animals and highlight the potential roles of seed-coat mucilage in biotic interactions with soil microorganisms.展开更多
Vacuoles are suggested to play crucial roles in plant defense-related cell death. During programmed cell death, previous live cell imaging studies have observed vacuoles to become simpler in structure and have implica...Vacuoles are suggested to play crucial roles in plant defense-related cell death. During programmed cell death, previous live cell imaging studies have observed vacuoles to become simpler in structure and have implicated this simplification as a prelude to the vacuole＇s rupture and consequent lysis of the plasma membrane. Here, we examined dynamics of the vacuole in cell cycle-synchronized tobacco BY-2 （Nicotiana tabacum L. cv. Bright Yellow 2） cells during ceil death induced by application of culture filtrates of Erwinia carotovora. The filtrate induced death in about 90% of the cells by 24 h. Prior to cell death, vacuole shape simplified and endoplasmic actin filaments disassembled; however, the vacuoles did not rupture until after plasma membrane integrity was lost. Instead of facilitating rupture, the simplification of vacuole structure might play a role in the retrieval of membrane components needed for defense-related cell death.展开更多
文摘Seed exudates influence the behavior of soil organisms,but howthis occurs remains unclear,particularly for multicellular animals.Here we show that compounds associated with Arabidopsis seed-coat mucilage regulate the behavior of soil-borne animals,specifically root-knot nematodes (RKNs).Infective RKN J2 larvae actively travel toward Arabidopsis seeds through chemotaxis.Analysis of Arabidopsis mucilage mutants demonstrated that the attraction of RKNs toArabidopsis seeds requires the synthesis and extrusion of.seed-coat mucilage.Extracted mucilage alone is not sufficient to attract RKNs,but seed-surface carbohydrates and proteins are required for this process.These findings suggest that the RKN chemoattractant is synthesized de novo upon mucilage extrusion but may be highly unstable.RKNs attracted by thismucilage-dependent mechanism can infect the emerging seedling.However,the attraction signal from seedling roots likely acts independently of the seed-coat signal and may mask the attraction to seed-coat mucilage after germination.Multiple RKN species are attracted byArabidopsis seeds,suggesting that this mechanism is conserved in RKNs.These findings indicate that seed exudate can regulate the behavior of multicellular animals and highlight the potential roles of seed-coat mucilage in biotic interactions with soil microorganisms.
基金supported by JSPS KAKENHI Grant Numbers 25711017 (T.H.), 25291056 (S.H.) and 24114007 (S.H.)
文摘Vacuoles are suggested to play crucial roles in plant defense-related cell death. During programmed cell death, previous live cell imaging studies have observed vacuoles to become simpler in structure and have implicated this simplification as a prelude to the vacuole＇s rupture and consequent lysis of the plasma membrane. Here, we examined dynamics of the vacuole in cell cycle-synchronized tobacco BY-2 （Nicotiana tabacum L. cv. Bright Yellow 2） cells during ceil death induced by application of culture filtrates of Erwinia carotovora. The filtrate induced death in about 90% of the cells by 24 h. Prior to cell death, vacuole shape simplified and endoplasmic actin filaments disassembled; however, the vacuoles did not rupture until after plasma membrane integrity was lost. Instead of facilitating rupture, the simplification of vacuole structure might play a role in the retrieval of membrane components needed for defense-related cell death.
