Record-breaking High-temperature Outlook for 2023: An Assessment Based on the China Global Merged Temperature(CMST) Dataset

According to the latest version(version 2.0) of the China global Merged Surface Temperature(CMST2.0) dataset, the global mean surface temperature(GMST) in the first half of 2023 reached its third warmest value since the period of instrumental observation began, being only slightly lower than the values recorded in 2016 and 2020, and historically record-breaking GMST emerged from May to July 2023. Further analysis also indicates that if the surface temperature in the last five months of 2023 approaches the average level of the past five years, the annual average surface temperature anomaly in 2023 of approximately 1.26°C will break the previous highest surface temperature, which was recorded in 2016of approximately 1.25°C(both values relative to the global pre-industrialization period, i.e., the average value from 1850 to1900). With El Ni?o triggering a record-breaking hottest July, record-breaking average annual temperatures will most likely become a reality in 2023.

Retrospective cohort study on the postoperative survival rate enhancement of patients with colorectal cancer using three traditional Chinese medicine formulations:evidence from 1,361 cases

Background:Prior studies have affirmed the safety and effectiveness of traditional Chinese medicine in treating colorectal cancer patients.However,definitive evidence regarding whether traditional Chinese medicine can significantly enhance the survival of colorectal cancer patients remains elusive.This study seeks to provide conclusive insights by examining the postoperative administration of Xihuang capsules,Pingxiao capsules,and Zilongjin tablets and its impact on the 5-year overall survival(OS)and disease-free survival(DFS)rates among colorectal cancer patients.Methods:A retrospective study was conducted,involving 1,361 patients selected from the medical center.This retrospective study was carried out at a medical center in Tianjin,China.We assessed differences in postoperative OS and DFS between the control group and the medication group using Kaplan–Meier survival analysis and Cox proportional hazards modeling.Additionally,propensity score matching was used to mitigate imbalances in baseline characteristics among patients.Results:Before propensity score matching,Xihuang capsules could prolong the 5-year OS(79.9%vs.81.4%,P=0.0480)and 5-year DFS(74.9%vs.79.5%,P=0.0046)of patients after surgery.Similar conclusions were obtained after propensity score matching:OS(74.8%vs.78.3%,P=0.0084),DFS(72.7%vs.78.9%,P=0.008).Patients taking Pingxiao capsules showed improved 5-year OS(77.2%vs.84.0%,P=0.0383)and 5-year DFS(69.9%vs.80.0%,P=0.0157)after propensity score matching.Patients taking Zilongjin tablets showed improvement in the 2-year OS(84.2%vs.93.1%,P=0.0390)and 1-year DFS(88.2%vs.92.0%,P=0.0320)after propensity score matching.Conclusion:Xihuang capsules and Pingxiao capsules significantly improved the 5-year OS and DFS of patients with colorectal cancer after surgery.Zilongjin tablets showed improvement in the 2-year OS and 1-year DFS after surgery for patients.

Visualizing Language and Aging From 2013-2022

Declining cognitive abilities can be a concomitant of advanced age.As language is closely associated with cognitive abilities,changes in language abilities can be an important marker of changes in cognitive abilities.The current study is to review cognitive studies of language and aging by first identifying and exploring the major clusters and pivotal articles and then detecting emerging trends.Data of 3,266 articles on language and aging from 2013 to 2022 were collected from the Web of Science Core Collection database.Adopting Document Co-citation Analysis,Freeman’s betweenness centrality metric(Freeman,2002)and Kleinberg’s burst detection algorithm(Kleinberg,2002),we explored major clusters,pivotal articles and emerging trends in this field.Cognition appears to be the most remarkable cluster.Bilingualism,speech production,listening effort,and reading comprehension are other major active clusters in a certain period.The most recent active cluster concerns the studies of Alzheimer’s disease.Articles serving as pivotal points concentrate on cognitive studies of the Framework for Understanding Effortful Listening(FUEL),the new Ease of Language Understanding model(EUL)and a hierarchical multi-representational generative framework of language comprehension.The progress in statistical methods,the relationship between language and cognitive impairment and the relationship between language abilities and cognition are the emerging trends.These emerging trends will provide some insights into how cognitive abilities influence language abilities in aging.

精神分裂症患者前额叶的GABA及谷氨酸浓度异常——活体1H-MRS研究（英文）

背景:精神分裂症的病因及病理机制不明,传统的多巴胺(Dopamine,DA)假说不能完全解释其病理学及治疗学。谷氨酸(glutamate,Glu)及γ-氨基丁酸(γ-aminobutyric acid,GABA)假说认为精神分裂症患者脑内的Glu或GABA浓度异常。磁共振波谱(magnetic resonance spectroscopy,MRS)技术发现精神分裂症谷氨酸类物质水平在前额叶腹内侧(ventromedial prefrontal cortex,vmP FC)(包括前扣带回)(anterior cingulate cortex,ACC)升高。目的 :探讨谷氨酸系统(谷氨酸及γ-氨基丁酸)在精神分裂症原因学及病理机制中的作用。方法 :24例未服药精神分裂症患者及24例性别、年龄及教育程度相配的健康志愿者入组,应用西门子MRI 3T采集被试的磁共振波谱(magnetic resonance spectroscopy,MRS)数据,感兴趣区包括左侧前额叶背外侧(left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex,lD LPFC)、前额叶腹内侧(ventromedial prefrontal cortex,vmP FC)及前扣带回(anterior cingulate cortex,ACC),运用LCModel软件分析了感兴趣区的γ-氨基丁酸(γ-aminobutyric acid,GABA)、谷氨酸(glutamate,Glu)、谷氨酰胺(glutamine,Gln)、氮乙酰天冬氨酸(N-acetylaspartate,NAA)及氮乙酰天冬氨酸谷氨酸(N-acetylaspartylglutamate,NAAG)等物质浓度。同时应用阳性与阴性症状量表(positive and negative Syndrome scale,PANSS)及临床总体印象量表(Clinical Global Impression Scale,CGI)评估患者的精神症状和疾病严重程度。结果:精神分裂症组和健康对照组前扣带回的GABA浓度分别为1.90(Q1=1.55,Q3=2.09)及2.16(Q1=1.87,Q3=2.59)、Glu浓度分别为6.07(2.48)及6.54(1.99)、Gln浓度分别为0.36(Q1=0.00,Q3=0.74)及0.29(Q1=0.00,Q3=0.59),GABA浓度的组间差异有统计学意义(Z=-2.95,p=0.003),GABA/(NAA+NAAG)的组间差异有统计学意义(t=-2.72,p=0.012),而Glu及Gln的组间差异均无统计学意义。精神分裂症患者组的年龄与前扣带回的GABA浓度呈负相关(R=-0.494,p=0.014),与GABA/(NAA+NAAG)呈负相关(R=-0.473,p=0.020),但对照组无此相关性。经过FDR方法校正后,未发现临床症状与各代谢产物浓度无显著相关性。结论 :精神分裂症患者前额叶腹内侧的谷氨酸类物质浓度异常,而前扣带回的GABA浓度降低,支持精神分裂症脑内谷氨酸-GABA异常假说。精神分裂症患者前扣带回的GABA随年龄增长加速减退。临床症状与前扣带回的代谢物浓度可能相关。

Solid Additive-Assisted Layer-by-Layer Processing for 19%Efficiency Binary Organic Solar Cells

Morphology is of great significance to the performance of organic solar cells(OSCs),since appropriate morphology could not only promote the exciton dissociation,but also reduce the charge recombination.In this work,we have developed a solid additive-assisted layer-by-layer(SAA-LBL)processing to fabricate high-efficiency OSCs.By adding the solid additive of fatty acid(FA)into polymer donor PM6 solution,controllable pre-phase separation forms between PM6 and FA.This intermixed morphology facilitates the diffusion of acceptor Y6 into the donor PM6 during the LBL processing,due to the good miscibility and fast-solvation of the FA with chloroform solution dripping.Interestingly,this results in the desired morphology with refined phase-separated domain and vertical phase-separation structure to better balance the charge transport/collection and exciton dissociation.Consequently,the binary single junction OSCs based on PM6:Y6 blend reach champion power conversion efficiency(PCE)of 18.16%with SAA-LBL processing,which can be generally applicable to diverse systems,e.g.,the PM6:L8-BO-based devices and thick-film devices.The efficacy of SAA-LBL is confirmed in binary OSCs based on PM6:L8-BO,where record PCEs of 19.02%and 16.44%are realized for devices with 100 and 250 nm active layers,respectively.The work provides a simple but effective way to control the morphology for high-efficiency OSCs and demonstrates the SAA-LBL processing a promising methodology for boosting the industrial manufacturing of OSCs.

Sodium Abundances in Very Metal-poor Stars

Chemical composition of very metal-poor(VMP)stars can provide observational constraints on current models of nucleosynthesis and the chemical evolution of the Galaxy.It has been found that the scatter of[Na/Fe]versus[Fe/H]in VMP stars is very large in contrast with most other elements.Moreover,a negative slope in[Na/Fe]versus[Fe/H]was found for giants,which is very unlikely according to the theory of nucleosynthesis.For the sample of93 VMP stars in the metallicity range-4.25<[Fe/H]<-1.64 we obtained NLTE sodium abundances using the line profile fitting method by employing accurate atmospheric parameters determined when taking into account NLTE line formation for both FeⅠand FeⅡ.Originally selected from the LAMOST low-resolution spectral database,the spectra of stars were obtained with the High Dispersion Spectrograph of the Subaru Telescope.For 57turn-off stars in metallicity domain-3.04<[Fe/H]<-1.64,we obtained mean[Na/Fe]=-0.29±0.14 and positive slope 0.09±0.06.For 21 giants distributed over metallicity-3.59<[Fe/H]<-2.19,we found mean[Na/Fe]=-0.35±0.1 and positive slope 0.07±0.07.Our[Na/Fe]trend is lower by~0.2 dex,compared to the modern GCE model.We believe the GCE model should be adjusted,by considering the associated scatter.Twelve stars in our sample are found to be outliers,with too low or too high Na abundances.

Bipolar membrane electrodialysis integrated with in-situ CO_(2)absorption for simulated seawater concentrate utilization,carbon storage and production of sodium carbonate

In the context of carbon capture,utilization,and storage,the high-value utilization of carbon storage presents a significant challenge.To address this challenge,this study employed the bipolar membrane electrodialysis integrated with carbon utilization technology to prepare Na_(2)CO_(3)products using simulated seawater concentrate,achieving simultaneous saline wastewater utilization,carbon storage and high-value production of Na_(2)CO_(3).The effects of various factors,including concentration of simulated seawater concentrate,current density,CO_(2)aeration rate,and circulating flow rate of alkali chamber,on the quality of Na_(2)CO_(3)product,carbon sequestration rate,and energy consumption were investigated.Under the optimal condition,the CO_(3)^(2-)concentration in the alkaline chamber reached a maximum of 0.817 mol/L with 98 mol%purity.The resulting carbon fixation rate was 70.50%,with energy consumption for carbon sequestration and product production of 5.7 k Whr/m^(3)CO_(2)and1237.8 k Whr/ton Na_(2)CO_(3),respectively.This coupling design provides a triple-win outcome promoting waste reduction and efficient utilization of resources.

Near-infrared non-fused electron acceptors for efficient organic photovoltaics

Developing narrow-bandgap organic semiconductors is important to facilitate the advancement of organic photovoltaics(OPVs). Herein, two near-infrared non-fused ring acceptors(NIR NFRAs), PTBFTT-F and PTBFTT-Cl have been developed with A-π_A-π_D-D-π_D-π_A-A non-fused structures. It is revealed that the introduction of electron deficient π-bridge(π_A) and multiple intramolecular noncovalent interactions effectively retained the structural planarity and intramolecular charge transfer of NFRAs, extending strong NIR photon absorption up to 950 nm. Further, the chlorinated acceptor, with the enlarged π-surface compared to the fluorinated counterpart, promoted not only molecular stacking in solid, but also the desirable photochemical stability in ambient, which are helpful to thereby improve the exciton and charge dynamics for the corresponding OPVs. Overall, this work provides valuable insights into the design of NIR organic semiconductors.

User Decision-based Analysis of Urban Electric Vehicle Loads

The grid load attributable to electric vehicles (EVs)is affected by the choice behaviors of EV users. To analyze theeffects of factors such as travel demand and electricity priceson user behavior, a logit discrete choice model is introducedto simulate the users decisions to charge/travel. Based on aquasi-steady-state traffic network, a model for cluster electricvehicles considering the user’s behavior is designed to obtain theprobability distribution of the user’s behavior and the chargeand discharge curves of cluster EVs under various scenarios. Thevalidity of the proposed model is verified using an IEEE 9-nodetraffic network case and an urban traffic network case. Furthermore,the impact of the electricity price, traffic conditions, andother factors on the load curves of urban EVs is analyzed.

Polypropylene Glycol-Modified Anode Interface for High-Performance Perovskite Solar Cells

The surface properties and chemical interactions are critical for perovskite solar cells(PVSCs).In this work,we show that the polypropylene glycol(PPG)can simultaneously passivate the NiOx surface and grain boundaries of perovskite films,allowing more efficient charge transfer at the anode interface and reducing the recombination of PVSCs.As a result,the open-circuit voltage(Voc)of MAPbI3 based inverted PVSCs increases from 1.087 V to 1.127 V,and the short-circuit current density(Jsc)is increased from 20.87 mA·cm^(–2) to 22.32 mA·cm^(–2),thereby realizing the improvement of the device power conversion efficiency(PCE)from 18.34%to 20.12%.Moreover,the steady-state output of the PVSCs is remarkably improved by incorporating PPG.Further analysis of surface properties suggests that part of the PPG at the interface can permeate into the precursor solution with the help of DMF solvent and remain in the perovskite layer to form a concentration gradient.The ether bond of PPG and the uncoordinated Pb2+in the perovskite are coordinated to achieve passivation effects and improve device performance.

Sphingosine-1-phosphate derived from PRP-Exos promotes angiogenesis in diabetic wound healing via the S1PR1/AKT/FN1 signalling pathway

Background:Sphingosine-1-phosphate(S1P),a key regulator of vascular homeostasis and angiogenesis,is enriched in exosomes derived from platelet-rich plasma(PRP-Exos).However,the potential role of PRP-Exos-S1P in diabetic wound healing remains unclear.In this study,we investigated the underlying mechanism of PRP-Exos-S1P in diabetic angiogenesis and wound repair.Methods:Exosomes were isolated from PRP by ultracentrifugation and analysed by transmission electron microscopy,nanoparticle tracking analysis and western blotting.The concentration of S1P derived from PRP-Exos was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.The expression level of S1P receptor1–3(S1PR1–3)in diabetic skin was analysed by Q-PCR.Bioinformatics analysis and proteomic sequencing were conducted to explore the possible signalling pathway mediated by PRP-Exos-S1P.A diabetic mouse model was used to evaluate the effect of PRP-Exos on wound healing.Immunofluorescence for cluster of differentiation 31(CD31)was used to assess angiogenesis in a diabetic wound model.Results:In vitro,PRP-Exos significantly promoted cell proliferation,migration and tube formation.Furthermore,PRP-Exos accelerated the process of diabetic angiogenesis and wound closure in vivo.S1P derived from PRP-Exos was present at a high level,and S1PR1 expression was significantly elevated compared with S1PR2 and S1PR3 in the skin of diabetic patients and animals.However,cell migration and tube formation were not promoted by PRP-Exos-S1P in human umbilical vein endothelial cells treated with shS1PR1.In the diabetic mouse model,inhibition of S1PR1 expression at wounding sites decreased the formation of new blood vessels and delayed the process of wound closure.Bioinformatics analysis and proteomics indicated that fibronectin 1(FN1)was closely related to S1PR1 due to its colocalization in the endothelial cells of human skin.Further study supported that FN1 plays an important role in the PRP-Exos-S1Pmediated S1PR1/protein kinase B signalling pathway.Conclusions:PRP-Exos-S1P promotes angiogenesis in diabetic wound healing via the S1PR1/protein kinase B/FN1 signalling pathway.Our findings provide a preliminary theoretical foundation for the treatment of diabetic foot ulcers using PRP-Exos in the future.

High performance IEICO-4F/WSe_(2)heterojunction photodetector based on photoluminescence quenching behavior

Heterostructure is the basic building block for functional optoelectronic devices.Heterostructures consisting of two-dimensional(2D)transition metal dichalcogenides(TMDs)and organic semiconductors are currently attracting great interest for highperformance optoelectronics.However,how to design heterostructure for highly efficient optoelectronic devices remains a big challenge.Here we design high-performance organic semiconductor/WSe_(2)heterostructure photodetectors by tailoring the charge transfer effect between 2,2ʹ-((2Z,2ʹZ)-(((4,4,9,9-tetrakis(4-hexylphenyl)-4,9-dihydros-indaceno[1,2-b:5,6-bʹ]dithiophene-2,7-diyl)bis(4-((2-ethylhexyl)oxy)thiophene-5,2-diyl))bis(methanylylidene))bis(5,6-difluoro-3-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-indene-2,1-diylidene))dimalononitrile(IEICO-4F)organic semiconductors with various thicknesses and monolayer WSe_(2).With the increase of IEICO-4F layer thickness,the photoluminescence(PL)characteristics of WSe_(2)could be completely quenched due to the charge transfer from the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital(LUMO)level of IEICO-4F to the conduction band minimum(CBM)of WSe_(2).Benefiting from the exquisite charge transfer behavior,the IEICO-4F/WSe_(2)heterojunction photodetector with optimized 6.0-nm thick IEICO-4F shows high performance including the responsivity of 8.32 A/W and specific detectivity of 4.65×10^(11)Jones at incident light of 808 nm.This work demonstrates a simple approach based on PL characteristics to design high-performance IEICO-4F/WSe_(2)heterojunction,thus paving the way for the development of excellent optoelectronic devices based on organic/TMD heterostructures.

Manipulating the film morphology evolution toward green solvent-processed perovskite solar cells

High-performance perovskite solar cells(PVSCs)with low energy consumption and green processing are highly desired,but constrained by the difficulty in morphology control and the poor understanding on morphology evolution mechanisms.To address this issue,here we studied the effect of antisolvents on the perovskite film formation.We found that both the antisolvents and the perovskite composition affect the perovskite film morphology greatly via influencing the intermediate phase,and different perovskite compositions require different antisolvents to reach the optimal morphology.This provides the opportunity to achieve high-performance PVSCs with green antisolvent,that is,isopropanol(iPA)by changing the perovskite compositions,and leads to a powerconversionefficiency(PCE)of 21.50% for PVSCs based on MA_(0.6)FA_(0.4)PbI_(3).Further,we fabricated“fully green”PVSCs with all layers prepared by green sol-vents,and the optimal PCE can reach 19%,which represents the highest among PVSCs with full-green processing.This work provides insight into the perovskite morphology evolution and paves the way toward“green”processing PVSCs.

Significant enhancement in From granular to super-fine catalytic ozonation efficacy： powdered activated carbon

In this study, super-fine powdered activated carbon （SPAC） has been proposed and investigated as a novel catalyst for the catalytic ozonation of oxalate for the first time. SPAC was prepared from commercial granular activated carbon （GAC） by ball milling. SPAC exhibited high external surface area with a far greater member of meso- and macropores （563% increase in volume）. The catalytic perfon,nances of activated carbons （ACs） of 8 sizes were compared and the rate constant for pseudo first-order total organic carbon removal increased from 0.012 mint to 0.568 min l （47-fold increase） with the decrease in size of AC from 20 to 40 mesh （863 ~tm） to SPAC （-1.0 tim）. Furthermore, the diffusion resistance of SPAC decreased 17-fold compared with GAC. The ratio ofoxalate degradation by surface reaction increased by 57%. The rate of transformation of ozone to radicals by SPAC was 330 times that of GAC. The results suggest that a series of changes stimulated by ball milling, including a larger ratio of external surface area, less diffusion resistance, significant surface reaction and potential oxidized surface all contributed to enhancing catalytic ozonation performance. This study demonstrated that SPAC is a simple and effective catalyst fur enhancing catalytic ozonation efficacy.

Kinetics of hydrogen peroxide quenching following UV/H_(2)O_(2)advanced oxidation by thiosulfate,bisulfite,and chlorine in drinking water treatment

Residual H_(2)O_(2)from UV/H_(2)O_(2)treatment can be quenched by thiosulfate,bisulfite,and chlorine,but the kinetics of these reactions have not been reported under the full range of practical conditions.In this study,the rates of H_(2)O_(2)quenching by these compounds were compared in different water matrices,temperatures,pH,and when using different forms of bisulfite and chlorine.In general,it was confirmed that thiosulfate would be too slow to serve as a quenching agent in most practical scenarios.At pH 7-8.5,chlorine tends to quench H_(2)O_(2)more than 20 times faster than bisulfite in the various conditions tested.An important observation was that in lightly-buffered water(e.g.,alkalinity of 20 mg/L as CaCO_(3)),the form of chlorine can have a large impact on quenching rate,with gaseous chlorine slowing the reaction due to its lowering of the pH,and hypochlorite having the opposite effect.These impacts will become less significant when water buffer capacity(i.e.,alkalinity)increases(e.g.,to 80 mg/L as CaCO_(3)).In addition,water temperature should be considered as the time required to quench H_(2)O_(2)by chlorine at 4℃is up to 3 times longer than at 20℃.

Integrated chromatin and transcriptomic profiling of patient-derived colon cancer organoids identifies personalized drug targets to overcome oxaliplatin resistance

Colorectal cancer is a leading cause of cancer deaths.Most colorectal cancer patients eventually develop chemoresistance to the current standard-of-care therapies.Here,we used patient-derived colorectal cancer organoids to demonstrate that resistant tumor cells undergo significant chromatin changes in response to oxaliplatin treatment.Integrated transcriptomic and chromatin accessibility analyses using ATAC-Seq and RNA-Seq identified a group of genes associated with significantly increased chromatin accessibility and upregulated gene expression.CRISPR/Cas9 silencing of fibroblast growth factor receptor 1(FGFR1)and oxytocin receptor(OXTR)helped overcome oxaliplatin resistance.Similarly,treatment with oxaliplatin in combination with an FGFR1 inhibitor(PD166866)or an antagonist of OXTR(L-368,899)suppressed chemoresistant organoids.However,oxaliplatin treatment did not activate either FGFR1 or OXTR expression in another resistant organoid,suggesting that chromatin accessibility changes are patient-specific.The use of patient-derived cancer organoids in combination with transcriptomic and chromatin profiling may lead to precision treatments to overcome chemoresistance in colorectal cancer.

Indoor metabolites and chemicals outperform microbiome in classifying childhood asthma and allergic rhinitis

Indoor microorganisms impact asthma and allergic rhinitis(AR),but the associated microbial taxa often vary extensively due to climate and geographical variations.To provide more consistent environmental assessments,new perspectives on microbial exposure for asthma and AR are needed.Home dust from 97 cases(32 asthma alone,37 AR alone,28 comorbidity)and 52 age-and gender-matched controls in Shanghai,China,were analyzed using high-throughput shotgun metagenomic sequencing and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry.Homes of healthy children were enriched with environmental microbes,including Paracoccus,Pseudomonas,and Psychrobacter,and metabolites like keto acids,indoles,pyridines,and flavonoids(astragalin,hesperidin)(False Discovery Rate<0.05).A neural network co-occurrence probability analysis revealed that environmental microorganisms were involved in producing these keto acids,indoles,and pyridines.Conversely,homes of diseased children were enriched with mycotoxins and synthetic chemicals,including herbicides,insecticides,and food/cosmetic additives.Using a random forest model,characteristic metabolites and microorganisms in Shanghai homes were used to classify high and low prevalence of asthma/AR in an independent dataset in Malaysian schools(N=1290).Indoor metabolites achieved an average accuracy of 74.9%and 77.1%in differentiating schools with high and low prevalence of asthma and AR,respectively,whereas indoor microorganisms only achieved 51.0%and 59.5%,respectively.These results suggest that indoor metabolites and chemicals rather than indoor microbiome are potentially superior environmental indicators for childhood asthma and AR.This study extends the traditional risk assessment focusing on allergens or air pollutants in childhood asthma and AR,thereby revealing potential novel intervention strategies for these diseases.