The gene encoding flavonol synthase contributes to lesion mimic in wheat

Lesion mimic often exhibits leaf disease-like symptoms even in the absence of pathogen infection,and is characterized by a hypersensitive-response(HR)that closely linked to plant disease resistance.Despite this,only a few lesion mimic genes have been identified in wheat.In this investigation,a lesion mimic wheat mutant named je0297 was discovered,showing no alteration in yield components when compared to the wild type(WT).Segregation ratio analysis of the F_(2)individuals resulting from the cross between the WT and the mutant revealed that the lesion mimic was governed by a single recessive gene in je0297.Using Bulked segregant analysis(BSA)and exome capture sequencing,we mapped the lesion mimic gene designated as lm6 to chromosome 6BL.Further gene fine mapping using 3315 F_(2)individuals delimited the lm6 within a 1.18 Mb region.Within this region,we identified 16 high-confidence genes,with only two displaying mutations in je0297.Notably,one of the two genes,responsible for encoding flavonol synthase,exhibited altered expression levels.Subsequent phenotype analysis of TILLING mutants confirmed that the gene encoding flavonol synthase was indeed the causal gene for lm6.Transcriptome sequencing analysis revealed that the DEGs between the WT and mutant were significantly enriched in KEGG pathways related to flavonoid biosynthesis,including flavone and flavonol biosynthesis,isoflavonoid biosynthesis,and flavonoid biosynthesis pathways.Furthermore,more than 30 pathogen infection-related(PR)genes exhibited upregulation in the mutant.Corresponding to this expression pattern,the flavonoid content in je0297 showed a significant decrease in the 4^(th)leaf,accompanied by a notable accumulation of reactive oxygen,which likely contributed to the development of lesion mimic in the mutant.This investigation enhances our comprehension of cell death signaling pathways and provides a valuable gene resource for the breeding of disease-resistant wheat.

R2R3-type Lo MYB21 affects jasmonate-regulated development and dehiscence of anthers in lily(Lilium oriental hybrids)

Lilies are widely cultivated for cut flowers,but their large anthers carry a considerable amount of colored pollen that is dispersed easily.Studying the molecular mechanism of anther development and dehiscence could help solve this problem.LoMYB21,encoding a putative R2R3v-myb avian myeloblastosis viral oncogene homolog(MYB)transcription factor,was identified from oriental lilies(Lilium‘Siberia’).Real-time quantitative PCR analysis showed that LoMYB21 was mainly expressed in the anther,filament and stigma and had high expression during the late stages of lily anther development.LoMYB21 had transactivation activity and was located in the nucleus through yeast one-hybrid assays and transient expression in Nicotiana benthamiana.Suppression of LoMYB21 by virus-induced gene silencing(VIGS)in Lilium‘Siberia’led to anther indehiscence and reduced the expression of genes related to Jasmonate acid(JA)biosynthesis and signal transduction.Induction of LoMYB21 in DEX::LoMYB21 transgenic Arabidopsis caused procumbent inflorescences that became infertile,accompanied by higher expression of JA biosynthetic and signaling genes.These results demonstrated that JA content and signaling were abnormal in silenced lily and transgenic LoMYB21 Arabidopsis,which affected anther development.Our study indicated that LoMYB21 could regulate lily anther dehiscence through JA biosynthesis and signaling during the late stages of anther development.

Nano-CaO_(2)Promotes the Release of Carbon Sources from Municipal Sludge and the Preparation of Double-Network Hydrogels with High Swelling Ratios

In this study,hydrogels were prepared from municipal sludge to recycle and realize the value-added utilization of the carbon components in this abundant waste material.The carbon sources were extracted from the municipal sludge using synthesised nano CaO_(2)as an oxidant,and the carbon sources were graft copolymerised with acrylic acid monomer using N,N′-methylenebisacrylamide as a crosslinking agent and ammonium persulfate as an initiator.The factors influencing the hydrogel preparation were investigated by single-factor experiments.Based on the results of the single-factor experiments,a hydrogel with a swelling ratio of up to 19768.4%at 12 h was prepared with an oxidant dosage of 0.20 g,a monomer dosage of 5.8 g,a neutralisation degree of the monomer of 70%,an initiator dosage of 0.15 g,and a crosslinking agent dosage of 0.15 g.The hydrogel preparation conditions were optimized using the response surface method,and the interactions between the different reaction conditions were analysed to obtain the best preparation conditions.X-ray diffraction results showed that hydrogels were amorphous in structure.Scanning electron microscopy images showed that the SiO_(2)particles from the sludge acted as crosslinking points between different layers of hydrogel chains.The crosslinking polymerisation and crosslinking agent worked together to form hydrogels with an inorganic-organic double network structure,and this structure was highly stretchable,resulting in hydrogels with good swelling properties.

Research of Social Network Information Propagation Model Based on Public Interest and Opinion

During the diffusion of information on the network, the users generally have such an experience that at the beginning they get aware of the news they never know and may be willing to inform others, then their interests fade away, finally the information stops flowing. Meantime, their points of view are changing as the networks’ structure changes. Therefore, this article brings in the interest attenuation mechanism and the social networks consensus evolution mechanism on the basic of the improved SEIR model. So to begin with, we establish a model to analyze how users’ interests change during the diffusion of information on the network. Second we establish another model to analyze the evolution of the opinion during the diffusion of information on the network. At last, we establish a final model by using dynamic equations adding the results of the two models above.

Research on the Collision-Free Path Planning of Multi-AGVs System Based on Improved A* Algorithm

Path planning problem is the core and hot research topic of multiple Automatic Guided Vehicles (multi-AGVs) system. Although there are many research results, they do not solve the path planning problem from the perspective of reducing traffic congestion. A collision-free path planning method based on improved A* Algorithm for multi-AGVs logistics sorting system is proposed in this paper. In the method, the environment of warehouse operation for AGVs is described by using grid method. The estimated cost of A* algorithm is improved by adding the penalty value of the paths that AGVs share with each other to alleviate traffic congestion and collision resolution rules are made according to different types of collisions. Then the collision-free path planning is done by combing the improved A* algorithm and collision resolution rules. The sorting efficiency of the method is compared with that of original A* algorithm. Simulation results show that the new collision-free path planning method can improve the sorting efficiency of multi-AGVs system and relieve traffic congestion.

Measuring the Evolution and Influence in Society’s Information Networks

We develop a series of mathematical models to describe flow of information in different periods of time and the relationship between flow of information and inherent value. We optimize the diffusion mechanism of information based on model SEIR and improve the diffusion mechanism. In order to explore how inherent value of the information affects the flow of information, we simulate the model by using Matalab. We also use the data that the number of people is connected to Internet in Canada from the year 2009 to 2014 to analysis the model’s reliability. Then we use the model to predict the communication networks’ relationships and capacities around the year 2050. Last we do sensitivity analysis by making small changes in parameters of simulation experiment. The result of the experiment is helpful to model how public interest and opinion can be changed in complex network.

Nanostructured N-doped carbon materials derived from expandable biomass with superior electrocatalytic performance towards V^(2+)/V^(3+) redox reaction for vanadium redox flow battery

Vanadium redox flow battery(VRFB)is one of the most promising large-scale energy storage systems,which ranges from kilowatt to megawatt.Nevertheless,poor electrochemical activity of electrode for two redox couples still restricts the extensive applications of VRFB.Compared with V^(2+)/V^(3+)redox reaction,V^(2+)/V^(3+)reaction plays a more significant role in voltage loss of VRFB owing to slow heterogeneous electron transfer rate.Herein,N-doped carbon materials derived from scaphium scaphigerum have been developed as negative electrocatalyst by hydrothermal carbonization and high-temperature nitridation treatments.The undoped carbon material hardly has electrocatalytic ability for V^(2+)/V^(3+)reaction.Based on this,N-doped carbon materials with urea as nitrogen source exhibit excellent electrocatalytic properties.And the material nitrided at 850°C(SSC/N-850)exhibits the best performance among those from700 to 1000℃.SSC/N-850 can accelerate the electrode process including V^(2+)/V^(3+)reaction and mass transfer of active ions due to the large reaction place,more active sites,and good hydrophilicity.The effect of catalyst on comprehensive performance of cell was evaluated.SSC/N-850 can improve the charge-discharge performance greatly.Utilization of SSC/N-850 can lessen the electrochemical polarization of cell,further resulting in increased discharge capacity and energy efficiency.Discharge capacity and energy efficiency increase by 81.5%and 9.8%by using SSC/N-850 as negative catalyst at 150 m A cm^(-2),respectively.Our study reveals that the developed biomass-derived carbon materials are the low-cost and efficient negative electrocatalyst for VRFB system.

中国汉族人群66个InDel基因座的遗传多态性

插入/缺失多态性(insertion/deletion polymorphism,InDel)遗传标记是一类由DNA片段的插入或者缺失形成的变异形式,在降解检材身份识别领域展现出优势。本文从dbSNP数据库中自主筛选66个InDel基因座,基于高通量测序系统建立了一套多重复合扩增体系(66-plex InDels)。通过评估66-plex InDels在251名中国汉族人群的群体遗传学参数,分析其法医学应用价值。研究结果表明:经过Bonferroni法校正,66个InDel基因座在中国汉族人群中均符合Hardy-Weinberg平衡定律(P>0.000758),各基因座间处于连锁平衡状态。各基因座平均观测杂合度(Ho)为0.482,平均期望杂合度(He)为0.483,平均个体识别力(DP)为0.612,平均多态性信息含量(PIC)为0.365,累计个体识别率(TDP)为0.99999999999999999999999999942818。66个InDel基因座的二联体累计非父排除概率(CPE_(duo))为0.999739,三联体累计非父排除概率(CPE_(trio))为0.999999999417。结果表明:66个InDel基因座在中国汉族人群中具有良好的遗传多态性,可独立应用于法医个体识别和亲权鉴定研究。

Genetic Variation of the Novel Badnaviruses Infecting Nelumbo Nucifera Based on the RT/RNase H Coding Region Sequences

Lotus(Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.)is an economically important perennial aquatic herb plant in China.Presently,viral diseases caused by Cucumber mosaic virus(CMV)and Dasheen mosaic virus(DsMV)are detected in lotus.In this study,the putatively novel badnaviruses from lotus plants(LBVs)were identified using next-generation sequencing of siRNAs and conventional Sanger sequencing based on the RT/RNase H coding region sequences.Lotus plants infected by LBVs harbored virus quasispecies.A unique recombination event of LBVs was found in a single lotus plant.Sap inoculation showed that LBVs could actively replicate in the lotus plants,but without a wide host range.The field survey of 43 lotus plants in Jiangsu Province showed a prevalence of 62.8%for LBVs,confirming that it is widely distributed in Jiangsu Province of China.

新型3,3'-((4-氯-2H-硫色烯-3-基)亚甲基)双(1H-吲哚)类拓扑异构酶Ⅱ抑制剂的合成及抗肿瘤活性研究

对已知具有生物活性结构的基团进行对接拼合,设计合成了含双吲哚、苯并噻喃结构的3,3'-((4-氯-2H-硫色烯-3-基)亚甲基)双(1H-吲哚)类化合物.进行了目标化合物对6株肿瘤细胞的抗肿瘤实验,结果表明3,3'-((4-氯-2H-硫色烯-3-基)亚甲基)双(5-甲氧基-1H-吲哚)(5b)、3,3'-((4-氯-7-甲基-2H-硫色烯-3-基)亚甲基)双(5-甲基-1H-吲哚)(5f)和3,3'-((4-氯-7-甲基-2H-硫色烯-3-基)亚甲基)双(N-甲基-2-甲基-吲哚)(5g)对肿瘤细胞抗增殖活性较好.拓扑异构酶抑制实验结果表明,化合物5b、3,3'-((4-氯-2H-硫色烯-3-基)亚甲基)双(6-氰基-1H-吲哚)(5c)、5f和5g对DNA拓扑异构酶II有选择性抑制活性,其它化合物对DNA拓扑异构酶II表现出不同程度抑制活性.分子对接研究结果表明,化合物5b和5g与DNA拓扑异构酶II产生了较为稳定的结合,具有潜在的抗肿瘤药物研究价值.

Morphology and photocatalytic tetracycline degradation of g-C_(3)N_(4) optimized by the coal gangue

Coal gangue(CG),a solid waste from coal mining and processing,has raised concerns about its environmental impact.Graphitic carbon nitride(g-C_(3)N_(4))is promising for photocatalytic decomposition of organic pollutants,but its performance is hampered by its inherent defects.In this study,the compound of coal gangue and g-C_(3)N_(4)was formed by in-situ loading g-C_(3)N_(4)on the surface of coal gangue.After recombination,the morphology of g-C_(3)N_(4)changes from block structure to tremella nanosheet.This change not only increases the specific surface area of g-C_(3)N_(4),but also broadens the light absorption spectrum of g-C_(3)N_(4).Compared with original g-C_(3)N_(4),the photo-current of the complex in visible light is increased twice,and the tetracycline(TC)degradation rate is 2.1 times faster.The structure,optical properties,band structure,morphology and charge transfer mechanism of the composite were analyzed by a series of characterization techniques.It is found that coal gangue can promote the space charge transfer and separation of g-C_(3)N_(4),and the cyclic test compound has good activity stability.In this paper,a strategy of comprehensive utilization of coal gangue is proposed,which can not only reduce the envi-ronmental risk of coal gangue,but also provide carbon nitride(CN)based photocatalytic materials with superior photocatalytic properties.

Phosphorylation of the LCB1 subunit of Arabidopsis serine palmitoyltransferase stimulates its activity and modulates sphingolipid biosynthesis

Sphingolipids are the structural components of membrane lipid bilayers and act as signaling molecules in many cellular processes.Serine palmitoyltransferase(SPT)is the first committed and rate-limiting enzyme in the de novo sphingolipids biosynthetic pathway.The core SPT enzyme is a heterodimer consisting of LONG-CHAIN BASE1(LCB1)and LCB2 subunits.SPT activity is inhibited by orosomucoid proteins and stimulated by small subunits of SPT(ssSPTs).However,whether LCB1 is modified and how such modification might regulate SPT activity have to date been unclear.Here,we show that activation of MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE 3(MPK3)and MPK6 by upstream MKK9 and treatment with Flg22(a pathogen-associated molecular pattern)increases SPT activity and induces the accumulation of sphingosine long-chain base t18:0 in Arabidopsis thaliana,with activated MPK3and MPK6 phosphorylating AtLCB1.Phosphorylation of AtLCB1 strengthened its binding with AtLCB2b,promoted its binding with ssSPTs,and stimulated the formation of higher order oligomeric and active SPT complexes.Our findings therefore suggest a novel regulatory mechanism for SPT activity.

Gas-liquid mass transfer in the gas-liquid-solid mini fluidized beds

The gas-liquid-solid mini fluidized bed(GLSMFB)combines the advantages of fluidized bed and micro-reactor,and meets the requirements for safety and efficiency of green development of process industry.However,there are few studies on its flow performance and no studies on its mass and heat transfer performance.In this paper,the characteristics of gas-liquid mass transfer in a GLSMFB were studied in order to provide basic guidance for the study of GLSMFB reaction performance and application.Using CO_(2)absorption by NaOH as the model process,the gas-liquid mass transfer performance of GLSMFB was investigated.The results show that the liquid volumetric mass transfer coefficient and the gas-liquid interfacial area both increase with the increase of the superficial gas velocity within the experimental parameter range under the same given superficial liquid velocity.At the same ratio of superficial gas to liquid velocity,the liquid volumetric mass transfer coefficient increases with the increase of the super-ficial liquid velocity.Fluidized solid particles strengthen the liquid mass transfer process,and the liquid volumetric mass transfer coefficient is about 13%higher than that of gas-liquid mini bubble column.

SISTE1 promotes abscisic acid-dependent salt stress-responsive pathways via improving ion homeostasis and reactive oxygen species scavenging in tomato

High salinity is one of the major limiting fac-tors that reduces crop productivity and quality.Herein,we report that small SALT TOLERANCE ENHANCER1(STE1)protein without any known conserved domains is required for tomato salt tolerance.Overexpression(OE)of SlSTE1 enhanced the tolerance to multiple chloride salts(NaCl,KCl,and LiCl)and oxidative stress,along with elevated antioxidant enzyme activities,increased abscisic acid(ABA)and chlorophyll contents,and reduced ma-londialdehyde(MDA)and reactive oxygen species(ROS)accumulations compared to that of wild-type(WT)plants.Moreover,decreased K^+efflux and increased H^+efflux were detected in the OE plants,which induced a higher K^+/Na^+ratio.In contrast,SlSTE1-RNAi plants dis-played decreased tolerance to salt stress.RNA-seq data revealed 1330 differentially expressed genes in the OE plants versus WT plants under salt stress,and the tran-scription of numerous and diverse genes encoding transcription factors,stress-related proteins,secondary metabolisms,kinases,and hormone synthesis/signaling-related proteins(notably ABA and 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate)was greatly elevated.Furthermore,SlSTE1-OE plants showed increased sensitivity to ABA,and the results suggest that SlSTE1 promotes ABA-dependent salt stress-responsive pathways by interacting with SlPYLs and SlSnRK2s.Collectively,our findings reveal that the small SlSTE1 protein confers salt tolerance via ABA sig-naling and ROS scavenging and improves ion homeo-stasis in tomato.

Dosimetric comparison of tomotherapy and volumetric-modulated arc therapy for children with neuroblastoma

Importance:Irradiation treatment for pediatric patients with neuroblastoma represents a major challenge due to the pediatric dose limits for critical structures and the necessity of sufficient dose coverage of the clinical target volume for local control.Objective:To investigate dosimetric differences between tomotherapy(TOMO)and volumetric-modulated arc therapy(VMAT)as retroperitoneal radiotherapy for children with neuroblastoma.Methods:Eight patients who received retroperitoneal radiotherapy for neuroblastoma were selected for comparison of TOMO and VMAT treatment plans.The D min,D max,D mean,D 95,D 2,and D 98 of planning target volume(PTV),conformity index(CI),heterogeneity index(HI),and organs at risk(OARs)parameters were compared.Delivery machine unit(MU)and image-guide radiotherapy solution results were also compared.Results:All patients received a cumulative dose of 19.5 Gy to the PTV.VMAT showed higher CI(0.93±0.02),compared with TOMO(0.87±0.03,P<0.001).Notably,the average PTV HI was significantly better using TOMO(1.05±0.01)than VMAT(1.08±0.02,P=0.003).Compared with VMAT,the D min,D 95,and D 98 all exhibited increases in TOMO;D max variation was less than 1%in TOMO.The D 0.1cc for the spinal cord and D 2cc for the small intestine were better in TOMO in terms of OARs.However,TOMO had more MUs and required a longer delivery time.Interpretation:Both planning techniques are capable of producing high-quality treatment plans.TOMO is superior for PTV coverage,but inferior for CI.TOMO requires extra treatment time;its cost is greater than the cost of VMAT.

Gas-assisted magnetic separation for the purification of proteins in batch systems

In this paper, gas-assisted magnetic separation （GAMS）, a technique that combines magnetic separation with flotation, was investigated for the potential large-scale separation of proteins, The GAMS process includes adsorption of target proteins and magnetic separation to recover protein-loaded magnetic particles from the dilute biosuspension with the assistance of bubbles, Microsized ethylenediamine- functionalized poly（glycidyl methacrylate） superparamagnetic microspheres （MPMs） and bovine serum albumin （BSA） were used as a model system. The feasibility of GAMS for capturing BSA-loaded MPMs from an appropriate medium was shown, High recovery of BSA-loaded MPMs was obtained by simple adjustment of the initial solution pH without extra detergents and antifoaming agents. The GAMS con- ditions were consistent with the adsorption conditions, and no proteins were desorbed from the MPMs during this process. Under the optimal conditions, the separation rate and recovery percentage reached 410 mL/min and 98% in 0.61 min, respectively. Conformational changes of BSA during the GAMS process were investigated by fluorescence spectroscopy and circular dichroism spectrometry,