Jujube witches’ broom phytoplasmas inhibit ZjBRC1-mediated abscisic acid metabolism to induce shoot proliferation

Jujube witches’broom(JWB)phytoplasmas parasitize the sieve tubes of diseased phloem and cause an excessive proliferation of axillary shoots from dormant lateral buds to favour their transmission.In previous research,two JWB effectors,SJP1 and SJP2,were identified to induce lateral bud outgrowth by disrupting ZjBRC1-mediated auxin flux.However,the pathogenesis of JWB disease remains largely unknown.Here,tissue-specific transcriptional reprogramming was examined to gain insight into the genetic mechanisms acting inside jujube lateral buds under JWB phytoplasma infection.JWB phytoplasmas modulated a series of plant signalling networks involved in lateral bud development and defence,including auxin,abscisic acid(ABA),ethylene,jasmonic acid,and salicylic acid.JWB-induced bud outgrowth was accompanied by downregulation of ABA synthesis within lateral buds.ABA application rescued the bushy appearances of transgenic Arabidopsis overexpressing SJP1 and SJP2 in Col-0 and ZjBRC1 in the brc1-2 mutant.Furthermore,the expression of ZjBRC1 and ABA-related genes ZjHB40 and ZjNCED3 was negatively correlated with lateral main bud outgrowth in decapitated healthy jujube.Molecular evidence showed that ZjBRC1 interacted with ZjBRC2 via its N-terminus to activate ZjHB40 and ZjNCED3 expression and ABA accumulation in transgenic jujube calli.In addition,ZjBRC1 widely regulated differentially expressed genes related to ABA homeostasis and ABA signalling,especially by binding to and suppressing ABA receptors.Therefore,these results suggest that JWB phytoplasmas hijack the ZjBRC1-mediated ABA pathways to stimulate lateral bud outgrowth and expansion,providing a strategy to engineer plants resistant to JWB phytoplasma disease and regulate woody plant architecture to promote crop yield and quality.

Empirical Analysis of Agricultural Cultural Resources Value Evaluation under DEA Model

Agricultural culture is a productive activity about education and management.It aims at high efficiency and high quality,uses technology as its means,and takes nature as its carrier.Agricultural cultural resources are the product of the rapid development of modern economy.It promotes the development of the national economy and profoundly affects people's production and life.DEA model,also known as data envelope analysis method,is an algorithm that uses multiple data decision units for input and output training to obtain the final model.This article explains the concept and basic characteristics of agricultural culture.Through questionnaire surveys and expert interviews,we collected development data,screened human,material,and financial data,and calculated information on economic and social resources.On this basis,this paper establishes the evaluation index of agricultural culture based on DEA model.Then,through empirical analysis from a specific perspective,it can be concluded that increasing human,material and financial input can achieve economic and social benefits.Generally speaking,cultural investment can promote the development of the industry.The research results of this paper laid a theoretical foundation for the development of agricultural culture,and put forward a development model focusing on technology development,improving investment efficiency,and investing in material resources.