Formation conditions of ammoniojarosite in system Fe2（SO4）3-（NH4）2SO4-H2O are investigated in this paper. The results show that ammoniojarosite can be formed rapidly under normal temperature and pressure by contro...Formation conditions of ammoniojarosite in system Fe2（SO4）3-（NH4）2SO4-H2O are investigated in this paper. The results show that ammoniojarosite can be formed rapidly under normal temperature and pressure by controlling suitable pH value and Fe2（SO4）3 and （NH4）2SO4 concentrations. The pH value, temperature and concentration of Fe2（SO4）3 medium are key factors influencing the formation of ammoniojarosite. Under normal temperature, precipitation of ammoniojarosite can be seen within 24 hours at pH values between 2.6-3.1, and a great quantity of ammoniojarosite is formed within 48 hours. At about 90℃, the pH value range forming ammoniojarosite extends to 1.2-3.1, and within this range the rise of pH value is advantageous to the formation of ammoniojarosite and high Fe2（SO4）3 concentration is also advantageous. Relative pure ammoniojarosite is synthesized under high Fe2（SO4）3 concentration （≥0.05 M） and ammoniojarosite containing melanterite and colloid amorphous hydroxide vitriol iron is formed at low Fe2（SO4）3 concentration. The deposition process of ammoniojarosite can be used to harness wastewater from mines and other industries and remove S, Fe and other toxic and harmful elements, such as As, Cr, Hg, Pb in water. Rapid formation of ammoniojarosite and other jarosite analogs under normal temperature and pressure has a good potential prospect for harnessing acid wastewater by means of precipitation of jarosite and its analogs.展开更多
High-concentrated sulfur wastewater with sodium and COD （chemical oxygen demand） up to 26000 mg/L from a chemical plant, Jiangsu Province of China has been treated by deposition of natrojarosite in lab. The results ...High-concentrated sulfur wastewater with sodium and COD （chemical oxygen demand） up to 26000 mg/L from a chemical plant, Jiangsu Province of China has been treated by deposition of natrojarosite in lab. The results indicated that the COD of the wastewater was decreased sharply from 26000 mg/L to 1001 mg/L, with removal rate of COD up to 96% by twice precipitations of natrojarosite and twice oxidation of H202. The treated sulfur wastewater reached the requirement of subsequent biochemical treatment to water quality. The optimal operational parameters should be controlled on pH value between 2.50 and 3.20 and 50 g FeCly6H2O solid added in per liter wastewater. The study provided an experimental basis for pretreatment of high-concentrated sulfur wastewater and proposed a new mineralogical method on treatment of other wastewaters. Depositing process of jarosite and its analogs should be able to be used to treat wastewater from mine and other industries to remove S, Fe and other toxic and harmful elements, such as As, Cr, Hg, Pb, etc. in the water.展开更多
With the TEM and physical gas adsorption techniques, porous properties of nano-ribriform silica （MLD： 92.73%） from natural chrysotile are studied in this paper. The results indicate that porous nano-fibriform silic...With the TEM and physical gas adsorption techniques, porous properties of nano-ribriform silica （MLD： 92.73%） from natural chrysotile are studied in this paper. The results indicate that porous nano-fibriform silica results from brucite octahedral sheets of nature chrysotile dissolved completely and Si-O tetrahedral sheets collapsed by acid leaching. Its length is at a micron or nanometer scale. There are two types of pores： pores among neighboring fibers and pores in nanoriber. These pores （less than 6.5 nm in diameter, mostly 2.1 nm and 3.8 nm） all belong to mesopores. The pores in fibers consist of those among SiO2 particles, those among aggregates, remnant nanotubes and capillary tubes. Nanoribriform silica proves better than the traditional silica as a carrier of catalyzer and a filler for reinforce rubber and plastics.展开更多
Chemoautotrophic organisms have once been excluded from the development of universally applicable CO2 fixation technology due to its low production yields of biomass. In this study, we used Acidithiobacillusferrooxida...Chemoautotrophic organisms have once been excluded from the development of universally applicable CO2 fixation technology due to its low production yields of biomass. In this study, we used Acidithiobacillusferrooxidans （A.f.） as a model chemoautotrophic microorganism to test the hypothesis that exogenetic photoelectrons from semiconducting mineral photocatalysis can enable the regeneration of Fe^2＋ that could be then used by A.f. and support its growth. In a simulated electrochemical system, where exogenetic electrons were provided by an electrochemical approach, an accelerated growth rate of A.f. was observed as compared with that in traditional batch cultivation. In a coupled system, where light-irradiated natural rutile provided the primary electron source to feed A.f., the bacterial growth rate as well as the subsequent CO2 fixation rate was demonstrated to be in a light-dependent manner. The sustaining flow of photogenerated electrons from semiconducting mineral to bacteria provided an inexhaustible electron source for chemoautotrophic bacteria growth and CO2 fixation. This finding might contribute to the development of novel effective CO2 fixation technology.展开更多
Mineralization in tumours is a complex dynamic process regulated by cancerization process, organic matter, mineral crystal growth mechanism, external environment, human body environment and other aspects. Differences ...Mineralization in tumours is a complex dynamic process regulated by cancerization process, organic matter, mineral crystal growth mechanism, external environment, human body environment and other aspects. Differences between mineral crystals may imply different cancerization process and tumorous types. Therefore, the study on mineralization progress in human tumours can help to provide some important information on the occurrence and development of the diseases.展开更多
Cardiac valve calcification is a common disease,especially among the elderly.Calcification can affect valve function and cause heart failure and sudden death(Adler et al.,2002).Aortic valve calcification is alsorelate...Cardiac valve calcification is a common disease,especially among the elderly.Calcification can affect valve function and cause heart failure and sudden death(Adler et al.,2002).Aortic valve calcification is alsorelated to arteriosclerosis and coronary heart disease(Rashedi et al.,2015).However,the origin of valve calcification is still unclear.This study characterized the展开更多
The Earth surface is a multiple open system. Semiconducting minerals, including most metal oxides and sulfides, absorb visible light of the solar spectrum. Microorganisms evolve varied pathways to get carbon and energ...The Earth surface is a multiple open system. Semiconducting minerals, including most metal oxides and sulfides, absorb visible light of the solar spectrum. Microorganisms evolve varied pathways to get carbon and energy sources. It is obvious that the interaction among solar light, semiconducting minerals, photoelectron/photohole, organics, inorganics, valence electrons and microorganisms occurs continuously on our planet. In a recent study, Lu et al. (2012) presented evidence demonstrating solar energy mediated by semiconducting mineral photocatalysis, acting as energy source, promoted the growth of some non-photosynthetic bacteria and revealed that the ternary system of microorganisms, minerals and solar light has played a critical role in the history of life on our planet. In simulated system, under simulated solar light semiconducting minerals, such as metal oxides and metal sulfides, generates photoelectrons which could be used by non-phototrophic microorganisms to support their metabolisms. The growth of microorganism was closely related to photon quantity and energy, and the microorganism growth and mineral light absorption spectra were fitted well under different light wavelengths. The overall energy efficiency from photon to biomass was 0.13‰ to 1.9‰. Further studies revealed that in natural soil systems, semiconducting mineral photocatalysis could influence the microbial population. Solar energy utilization pathway by nonphototrophic microorganisms mediated by semiconducting mineral photocatalysis provides a new concept to evaluate the origin and evolution of life. Semiconducting minerals are ubiquitous on Earth’s surface and widely participate in redox reactions following photoelectron-photohole pairs excited by solar light. As photoholes can be easily scavenged by environmental reductive substances and microorganisms possess multiple strategies to utilize extracellular electrons, the highly reductive photoelectrons serve as potential energy source for microbial life. The discovery of this pathway extends our knowledge on the use of solar energy by nonphototrophic microorganisms, and provides important clues to evaluate life on the early Earth. Microorganisms, minerals and solar light constitute a complex but important ternary system through Earth history. The discovery of the novel energy conversion pathway in this system demonstrates how nonphototrophic microorganisms directly or indirectly utilized photoelectrons as the solar energy source. The fully comprehending of nonphototrophic bacteria solar energy utilization conducted by semiconducting minerals in present environment will greatly help us to better understand the energy transform mechanism among interfaces of lithosphere, pedosphere, hydrosphere and biosphere.展开更多
A lot of liquid-gas and liquid-gas-solid inclusions were found in Pharkant jadeitites, northwestern Myanmar and their characteristics, geological setting and porphyroclastic jadeites with inclusions in them were descr...A lot of liquid-gas and liquid-gas-solid inclusions were found in Pharkant jadeitites, northwestern Myanmar and their characteristics, geological setting and porphyroclastic jadeites with inclusions in them were described in detail. The results analyzed by Raman spectrometer showed that the component of liquid-gas phase and solid phase (daughter minerals) in fluid inclusions is H2O + CH4 and jadeite separately. The results indicated that Pharkant jadeitites were crystallized from H2O + CH4 bearing jadeitic melt which may originate from mantle. The P-T conditions in which the jadeitites were crystallized were speculated to be T】650℃, P】1.5 GPa.展开更多
The Tongbai orogenic belt(TOB)is composed of six tectonic units.From south to north these units are:Tongbai gneiss rise(TGR);Hongyihe-Luozhuang eclogite belt(HLE);Ma-opo-Hujiazhai igneous rock belt(MHI);Zhoujiawan fly...The Tongbai orogenic belt(TOB)is composed of six tectonic units.From south to north these units are:Tongbai gneiss rise(TGR);Hongyihe-Luozhuang eclogite belt(HLE);Ma-opo-Hujiazhai igneous rock belt(MHI);Zhoujiawan flysch belt(ZFB);Yangzhuang greenschist belt(YGB);and Dongjiazhuang marble belt(DMB).The geometry and kinematic images of the TOB in-clude:the antiformal structures caused by a later uplift process,the top-to-north ductile shear struc-ture that related to a process that the ultrahigh pressure rocks are brought to surface,the top-to-south ductile shear thrust and the sinistrial shear structures related to a south-north direction compression,and the east-west direction fold structures in the upper crust.In the view of the multistage subduc-tion-collision orogenic belt,according to the characters of petrology and its distribution,geometry,kinematics and structural chronology in these tectonic units,tectonic evolution of the TOB can be divided into four stages:oceanic crust subduction during 400―300 Ma,continental collision during 270―250 Ma,continental deep subduction and uplift during 250―205 Ma and doming deformation during 200―185 Ma.展开更多
Energy is the key issue of all life activities.The energy source and energy yielding pathway are the key scientific issues of the origin and early evolution of life on Earth.Current researches indicate that the utiliz...Energy is the key issue of all life activities.The energy source and energy yielding pathway are the key scientific issues of the origin and early evolution of life on Earth.Current researches indicate that the utilization of solar energy in large scale by life was an important breaking point of the early evolution of life on Earth and afterwards life gradually developed and flourished.However,in the widespread biochemical electron transfer of life activities,it is still not clear whether the electron source is sun or how electrons originated from sun.For billions of years,the ubiquitous semiconducting minerals in epigeosphere absorb solar energy,forming photoelectrons and photoholes.In reductive and weak acidic environment of early Earth,when photoholes were easily scavenged by reducing matters,photoelectrons were separated.Photoelectrons could effectively reduce carbon dioxide to organic matters,possibly providing organic matter foundation for the origin of life.Photoelectrons participated in photoelectron transfer chains driven by potential difference and transfer into primitive cells to maintain metabolisms.Semiconducting minerals,by absorbing ultraviolet,also protected primitive cells from being damaged by ultraviolet in the origin of life.Due to the continuous photoelectrons generation in semiconducting minerals and utilization by primitive cells,photoelectrons from semiconducting minerals’photocatalysis played multiple roles in the origin of life on early Earth,such as organic synthesis,cell protection,and energy supply.This mechanism still plays important roles in modern Earth surface systems.展开更多
Natural paragenetic semiconducting minerals give important hints for fabricating stable and effective photocatalysts, which can be widely used in solar energy harvest and pollution control. To enhance the photoactivit...Natural paragenetic semiconducting minerals give important hints for fabricating stable and effective photocatalysts, which can be widely used in solar energy harvest and pollution control. To enhance the photoactivity of natural sphalerite(ZnS), needle-like nanocrystal MoS_2 was loaded on sphalerite surface through a hydrothermal method, mimicking the intergrowth of molybdenite(MoS_2) and sphalerite in nature. The resultant coupled MoS_2/sphalerite exhibited a hydrogen evolution reaction(HER) potential at-0.35 V(vs. NHE), and showed obvious photoresponse under visible-light. The photodegradation rate of methyl orange(MO) over MoS_2/sphalerite could reach 75% within 180 min. Compared to sphalerite, coupled MoS_2/sphalerite had a higher photocurrent,more positive HER potential and 66% higher photodegradation rate. The enhanced photoactivity was attributed to the charge transfer from sphalerite to MoS_2 and high electrons' mobility on MoS_2 layer.展开更多
文摘Formation conditions of ammoniojarosite in system Fe2（SO4）3-（NH4）2SO4-H2O are investigated in this paper. The results show that ammoniojarosite can be formed rapidly under normal temperature and pressure by controlling suitable pH value and Fe2（SO4）3 and （NH4）2SO4 concentrations. The pH value, temperature and concentration of Fe2（SO4）3 medium are key factors influencing the formation of ammoniojarosite. Under normal temperature, precipitation of ammoniojarosite can be seen within 24 hours at pH values between 2.6-3.1, and a great quantity of ammoniojarosite is formed within 48 hours. At about 90℃, the pH value range forming ammoniojarosite extends to 1.2-3.1, and within this range the rise of pH value is advantageous to the formation of ammoniojarosite and high Fe2（SO4）3 concentration is also advantageous. Relative pure ammoniojarosite is synthesized under high Fe2（SO4）3 concentration （≥0.05 M） and ammoniojarosite containing melanterite and colloid amorphous hydroxide vitriol iron is formed at low Fe2（SO4）3 concentration. The deposition process of ammoniojarosite can be used to harness wastewater from mines and other industries and remove S, Fe and other toxic and harmful elements, such as As, Cr, Hg, Pb in water. Rapid formation of ammoniojarosite and other jarosite analogs under normal temperature and pressure has a good potential prospect for harnessing acid wastewater by means of precipitation of jarosite and its analogs.
文摘High-concentrated sulfur wastewater with sodium and COD （chemical oxygen demand） up to 26000 mg/L from a chemical plant, Jiangsu Province of China has been treated by deposition of natrojarosite in lab. The results indicated that the COD of the wastewater was decreased sharply from 26000 mg/L to 1001 mg/L, with removal rate of COD up to 96% by twice precipitations of natrojarosite and twice oxidation of H202. The treated sulfur wastewater reached the requirement of subsequent biochemical treatment to water quality. The optimal operational parameters should be controlled on pH value between 2.50 and 3.20 and 50 g FeCly6H2O solid added in per liter wastewater. The study provided an experimental basis for pretreatment of high-concentrated sulfur wastewater and proposed a new mineralogical method on treatment of other wastewaters. Depositing process of jarosite and its analogs should be able to be used to treat wastewater from mine and other industries to remove S, Fe and other toxic and harmful elements, such as As, Cr, Hg, Pb, etc. in the water.
文摘With the TEM and physical gas adsorption techniques, porous properties of nano-ribriform silica （MLD： 92.73%） from natural chrysotile are studied in this paper. The results indicate that porous nano-fibriform silica results from brucite octahedral sheets of nature chrysotile dissolved completely and Si-O tetrahedral sheets collapsed by acid leaching. Its length is at a micron or nanometer scale. There are two types of pores： pores among neighboring fibers and pores in nanoriber. These pores （less than 6.5 nm in diameter, mostly 2.1 nm and 3.8 nm） all belong to mesopores. The pores in fibers consist of those among SiO2 particles, those among aggregates, remnant nanotubes and capillary tubes. Nanoribriform silica proves better than the traditional silica as a carrier of catalyzer and a filler for reinforce rubber and plastics.
基金supported by the Key Project of the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 41230103)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 41272003)
文摘Chemoautotrophic organisms have once been excluded from the development of universally applicable CO2 fixation technology due to its low production yields of biomass. In this study, we used Acidithiobacillusferrooxidans （A.f.） as a model chemoautotrophic microorganism to test the hypothesis that exogenetic photoelectrons from semiconducting mineral photocatalysis can enable the regeneration of Fe^2＋ that could be then used by A.f. and support its growth. In a simulated electrochemical system, where exogenetic electrons were provided by an electrochemical approach, an accelerated growth rate of A.f. was observed as compared with that in traditional batch cultivation. In a coupled system, where light-irradiated natural rutile provided the primary electron source to feed A.f., the bacterial growth rate as well as the subsequent CO2 fixation rate was demonstrated to be in a light-dependent manner. The sustaining flow of photogenerated electrons from semiconducting mineral to bacteria provided an inexhaustible electron source for chemoautotrophic bacteria growth and CO2 fixation. This finding might contribute to the development of novel effective CO2 fixation technology.
文摘Mineralization in tumours is a complex dynamic process regulated by cancerization process, organic matter, mineral crystal growth mechanism, external environment, human body environment and other aspects. Differences between mineral crystals may imply different cancerization process and tumorous types. Therefore, the study on mineralization progress in human tumours can help to provide some important information on the occurrence and development of the diseases.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant NO.40972210,41272048)
文摘Cardiac valve calcification is a common disease,especially among the elderly.Calcification can affect valve function and cause heart failure and sudden death(Adler et al.,2002).Aortic valve calcification is alsorelated to arteriosclerosis and coronary heart disease(Rashedi et al.,2015).However,the origin of valve calcification is still unclear.This study characterized the
文摘The Earth surface is a multiple open system. Semiconducting minerals, including most metal oxides and sulfides, absorb visible light of the solar spectrum. Microorganisms evolve varied pathways to get carbon and energy sources. It is obvious that the interaction among solar light, semiconducting minerals, photoelectron/photohole, organics, inorganics, valence electrons and microorganisms occurs continuously on our planet. In a recent study, Lu et al. (2012) presented evidence demonstrating solar energy mediated by semiconducting mineral photocatalysis, acting as energy source, promoted the growth of some non-photosynthetic bacteria and revealed that the ternary system of microorganisms, minerals and solar light has played a critical role in the history of life on our planet. In simulated system, under simulated solar light semiconducting minerals, such as metal oxides and metal sulfides, generates photoelectrons which could be used by non-phototrophic microorganisms to support their metabolisms. The growth of microorganism was closely related to photon quantity and energy, and the microorganism growth and mineral light absorption spectra were fitted well under different light wavelengths. The overall energy efficiency from photon to biomass was 0.13‰ to 1.9‰. Further studies revealed that in natural soil systems, semiconducting mineral photocatalysis could influence the microbial population. Solar energy utilization pathway by nonphototrophic microorganisms mediated by semiconducting mineral photocatalysis provides a new concept to evaluate the origin and evolution of life. Semiconducting minerals are ubiquitous on Earth’s surface and widely participate in redox reactions following photoelectron-photohole pairs excited by solar light. As photoholes can be easily scavenged by environmental reductive substances and microorganisms possess multiple strategies to utilize extracellular electrons, the highly reductive photoelectrons serve as potential energy source for microbial life. The discovery of this pathway extends our knowledge on the use of solar energy by nonphototrophic microorganisms, and provides important clues to evaluate life on the early Earth. Microorganisms, minerals and solar light constitute a complex but important ternary system through Earth history. The discovery of the novel energy conversion pathway in this system demonstrates how nonphototrophic microorganisms directly or indirectly utilized photoelectrons as the solar energy source. The fully comprehending of nonphototrophic bacteria solar energy utilization conducted by semiconducting minerals in present environment will greatly help us to better understand the energy transform mechanism among interfaces of lithosphere, pedosphere, hydrosphere and biosphere.
文摘A lot of liquid-gas and liquid-gas-solid inclusions were found in Pharkant jadeitites, northwestern Myanmar and their characteristics, geological setting and porphyroclastic jadeites with inclusions in them were described in detail. The results analyzed by Raman spectrometer showed that the component of liquid-gas phase and solid phase (daughter minerals) in fluid inclusions is H2O + CH4 and jadeite separately. The results indicated that Pharkant jadeitites were crystallized from H2O + CH4 bearing jadeitic melt which may originate from mantle. The P-T conditions in which the jadeitites were crystallized were speculated to be T】650℃, P】1.5 GPa.
基金This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.40272098)the Major State Basic Research Development Program of China(Grant No.G1999075511).
文摘The Tongbai orogenic belt(TOB)is composed of six tectonic units.From south to north these units are:Tongbai gneiss rise(TGR);Hongyihe-Luozhuang eclogite belt(HLE);Ma-opo-Hujiazhai igneous rock belt(MHI);Zhoujiawan flysch belt(ZFB);Yangzhuang greenschist belt(YGB);and Dongjiazhuang marble belt(DMB).The geometry and kinematic images of the TOB in-clude:the antiformal structures caused by a later uplift process,the top-to-north ductile shear struc-ture that related to a process that the ultrahigh pressure rocks are brought to surface,the top-to-south ductile shear thrust and the sinistrial shear structures related to a south-north direction compression,and the east-west direction fold structures in the upper crust.In the view of the multistage subduc-tion-collision orogenic belt,according to the characters of petrology and its distribution,geometry,kinematics and structural chronology in these tectonic units,tectonic evolution of the TOB can be divided into four stages:oceanic crust subduction during 400―300 Ma,continental collision during 270―250 Ma,continental deep subduction and uplift during 250―205 Ma and doming deformation during 200―185 Ma.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.41230103)National Basic Research Program of China(Grant No.2014CB846001)
文摘Energy is the key issue of all life activities.The energy source and energy yielding pathway are the key scientific issues of the origin and early evolution of life on Earth.Current researches indicate that the utilization of solar energy in large scale by life was an important breaking point of the early evolution of life on Earth and afterwards life gradually developed and flourished.However,in the widespread biochemical electron transfer of life activities,it is still not clear whether the electron source is sun or how electrons originated from sun.For billions of years,the ubiquitous semiconducting minerals in epigeosphere absorb solar energy,forming photoelectrons and photoholes.In reductive and weak acidic environment of early Earth,when photoholes were easily scavenged by reducing matters,photoelectrons were separated.Photoelectrons could effectively reduce carbon dioxide to organic matters,possibly providing organic matter foundation for the origin of life.Photoelectrons participated in photoelectron transfer chains driven by potential difference and transfer into primitive cells to maintain metabolisms.Semiconducting minerals,by absorbing ultraviolet,also protected primitive cells from being damaged by ultraviolet in the origin of life.Due to the continuous photoelectrons generation in semiconducting minerals and utilization by primitive cells,photoelectrons from semiconducting minerals’photocatalysis played multiple roles in the origin of life on early Earth,such as organic synthesis,cell protection,and energy supply.This mechanism still plays important roles in modern Earth surface systems.
基金supported by the National Basic Research Program of China(Grant No.2014CB846001)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.41230103,41272003&41522201)
文摘Natural paragenetic semiconducting minerals give important hints for fabricating stable and effective photocatalysts, which can be widely used in solar energy harvest and pollution control. To enhance the photoactivity of natural sphalerite(ZnS), needle-like nanocrystal MoS_2 was loaded on sphalerite surface through a hydrothermal method, mimicking the intergrowth of molybdenite(MoS_2) and sphalerite in nature. The resultant coupled MoS_2/sphalerite exhibited a hydrogen evolution reaction(HER) potential at-0.35 V(vs. NHE), and showed obvious photoresponse under visible-light. The photodegradation rate of methyl orange(MO) over MoS_2/sphalerite could reach 75% within 180 min. Compared to sphalerite, coupled MoS_2/sphalerite had a higher photocurrent,more positive HER potential and 66% higher photodegradation rate. The enhanced photoactivity was attributed to the charge transfer from sphalerite to MoS_2 and high electrons' mobility on MoS_2 layer.
