“大思政”与新工科背景下水文地质类课程改革与实践——以“地下水动力学”课程为例

立足“大思政”时代背景,面对新工科建设的机遇与挑战,水文地质类课程应该如何顺应时代发展需要进行教学改革成为亟须研究的课题。以“地下水动力学”课程为例,介绍“大思政”与新工科背景下水文地质类课程改革与实践。首先,基于文献调研,结合时代背景、学校定位和专业特色确定“面向应用+立德树人”的教学目标,有机融合课程思政案例和典型工程案例,形成了“工程教育+课程思政”的“双目标”驱动下“地下水动力学”课程一体化教学框架与知识体系;其次,改革教学方法,综合采用启发式教学、互动式教学等多种方法进行课堂和实践教学,以激发学生的兴趣、启发学生的思考、提升学生的实践能力;最后,优化课程考核评价方式,利用网络资源、线上平台、线下教学,在主题讨论、随堂练习和课后作业方面实现全过程追踪,对综合考勤、课堂表现、课堂制图、课后作业和期末考试进行全方位课程考核。

Lakes in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau are conducive to regional permafrost development

The Qinghai-Tibet Plateau(QTP)possesses the largest areas of permafrost in the midand low latitude regions on the earth and many large lakes in the permafrost area.Based on a comprehensive investigation around certain typical lakes,this study found that although the presence of lakes formed different ranges of unfrozen zones in permafrost,the heating effect of lake water on surrounding permafrost is limited to a small extent.The temperature of permafrost around the lake is closely related to the distance to the lake and the ice content of the permafrost.Around lakes are ice-rich permafrost zones and permafrost temperature in this area is significantly lower than that far away from the lake,which indicates that the existence of lakes in the QTP has special effect on the permafrost distribution.Based on the monitoring results,this study presents the typical distribution pattern of the permafrost around large lakes and discusses the reasons for the distribution pattern.Due to the huge area of lakes and the significant impact of lakes on permafrost distribution,it is suggested to re-estimate the total permafrost area and underground ice storage in the QTP.

The status evaluation of the permafrost environment along the Chaida'er-Muli Railway in southern Qilian Mountains in northern Qinghai Province,China

Engineering construction has major influence on the permafrost environment.This paper analyzes the interaction between engineering construction and permafrost environment along the Chaidaer-Muli Railway(simply,CMR) based on the press-state-response(PSR) framework.The permafrost environmental system is divided into three subsystems,consisting of permafrost thermal stability,proneness to the freeze-thawing erosion and permafrost ecological fragility.Each subsystem considers its most important influencing factors.Catastrophe Progression Method(CPM) is applied to calculate the current environment condition along the railway.The result indicates that:(1) as far as the thermal stability is concerned,most sections along the CMR are mainly concentrated in rank Ⅲ(fair situation),and a few in Ⅱ(good situation) and Ⅳ(bad situation),respectively;(2) for the proneness tothe freeze-thawing erosion,the entire railway route falls largely in rank Ⅱ(good situation);(3) along the CMR,the ecological fragility of the permafrost environment is in rank Ⅱ(good situation),or slightly fragile;(4) overall,the permafrost environments along the CMR are in rank Ⅲ(fair situation) or Ⅱcondition(good situation).In general,the permafrost environment along the CMR is fair.It is mainly because a series of active measures of protecting permafrost were taken for stabilizing the CMR foundation soils.On the one hand,we should try our best to minimize the influences that engineering activities have exerted on ecology and environment,on the other hand,the positive measures have made improvements to prevent the permafrost environment from deterioration.

全国水文与水资源工程专业青年教师讲课竞赛的实践与改革探索

本文阐述了开展全国水文与水资源工程专业青年教师讲课竞赛的背景与意义,介绍了竞赛的组织方式、参赛对象、评选办法以及组织实施,重点总结了2018年组织该专业讲课竞赛所做的一些改革探索,以便使得比赛过程更加公正公平,结果更加客观合理,最后分析了讲课竞赛在全国的实施效果。本文对其他专业组织相关讲课竞赛有一定的参考意义。

地面沉降模型的参数全局敏感性

为了提高地面沉降模型(COMPAC模型)参数自动校正(或反演)的效率,降低不确定性,使用Sobol'全局敏感性分析方法,以静态和动态的方式分别计算上海市地面沉降模型中5个参数(弱透水层渗透系数、塑性贮水率、弹性贮水率、前期最低水位和含水层贮水率)的一阶、交互和总敏感度,讨论不同变形阶段和参数区间对敏感度计算结果的影响,得出以下结论. 1)含水层贮水率的敏感度较小,说明该参数对模拟结果的影响有限,该模型不能准确地反演该参数. 2)各参数敏感度在不同变形阶段存在明显的差异,在弹性变形阶段,土层变形量主要受弱透水层弹性贮水率的影响;塑性变形阶段变形量主要受弱透水层塑性贮水率、渗透系数和前期最低水位的影响,说明模型可在弹性变形和塑性变形2个阶段分别校正参数. 3)模型参数的交互敏感度较大,但通过分析观测数据,确定参数的合理区间,可以减小交互敏感度,即减小了"异参同效"性,降低了参数校正或反演的不确定性.

一种模拟节点达西流速的多尺度有限元-有限元模型

提出了一种能高效模拟节点达西流速并保证其连续性的多尺度有限元-有限元模型(MSFEM-FEM)。该方法先应用多尺度有限元法(MSFEM)框架改进了Yeh的有限元模型的水头模拟部分以提升效率与精度,再将多尺度网格转化为有限元网格,应用Yeh的有限元框架保证流速的连续性。基于多尺度基函数,MSFEM-FEM能够汲取研究区的全局信息并在粗尺度上高效获得精确的水头解。通过将粗尺度网格转换为有限元网格,MSFEM-FEM能够应用Yeh的有限元框架将水头解中的全局信息导入达西流速,提高达西流速的精度并保证其连续性。在获得粗尺度解后,MSFEM-FEM还能应用多尺度基函数对解进行细尺度重构,从而获得研究区内的细尺度水头与流速。数值模拟结果显示MSFEM-FEM能够高效、精确的求解水头,并能够获得连续、精确的达西流速和流量。

模拟地下水流运动的三重尺度有限元模型

传统有限元法在模拟地下水流问题时常需要精细剖分描述含水介质的非均质性以保证精度,导致计算消耗过高。传统多尺度有限元法(MSFEM)能缓解这一问题,但在处理高计算量问题时仍需较高消耗来构造基函数。提出了一种用于模拟地下水流的三重尺度有限元模型(MSFEM-T),该方法在MSFEM的粗、细两种尺度网格之间引入中网格,从而可以在粗网格单元内基于中、细两种尺度网格应用MSFEM本身替代有限元法构造基函数,能够显著降低基函数的构造消耗以提高整体计算效率。此外,MSFEM-T还提出了一种基于粗、中、细三重网格的超样本技术,可以进一步提升其计算精度。数值算例结果显示MSFEM-T的精度与MSFEM和精细剖分有限元法(LFEM-F)的精度相近,且计算效率更高。

异绿原酸A抑制NLRP3炎性复合体/NF-κB活化减轻胶原诱导型关节炎大鼠炎症反应

目的分析异绿原酸A对胶原诱导型关节炎大鼠抗炎效应与潜在作用机制。方法SD♂大鼠分为正常组、模型组、异绿原酸A高、低剂量组。高、低剂量异绿原酸A连续给药6周,测量大鼠足跖肿胀度,脾脏脏器系数;HE染色观察骨关节病理改变;Westernblot检测关节滑膜NLRP3、caspase-1、NF-κBp65、p-NF-κBp65、p-IκB-ɑ、RANKL蛋白表达;ELISA检测血浆IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-ɑ、CRP、IFN-γ、IL-18表达。结果与正常组比较,模型组大鼠足跖明显肿胀,脾脏系数变大;关节滑膜内NLRP3、caspase-1、NF-κBp65、p-NF-κBp65、p-IκB、RANKL蛋白表达明显升高;血浆IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-ɑ、CRP、IFN-γ、IL-18明显上升。不同剂量异绿原酸A能明显降低模型组上述各项指标。结论异绿原酸A对胶原诱导型关节炎有较好的抗炎作用,其抗炎活性可能与降低NLRP3炎性复合体激活和NF-κB磷酸化表达有关。

深度学习和知识图谱在智能监管中的应用研究

本文构建了上市公司知识图谱的风控数据维度体系,运用知识图谱技术构建企业知识图谱风险监控模型和初始的应用测试系统,进行了模型测试并验证挖掘风险源和发现潜在的风险传导路径的效果。同时,本文构建了基于人工神经网络和深度学习技术的财务风险监测预警模型,并进行模型训练和测试,测试结果表明模型具有较好效果。本文的研究结果表明,利用深度学习和知识图谱技术可以改进监管模式、提升监管穿透性、缓解监管时滞性,从而提高监管发现问题和防范风险的能力。

地下水中Tween80对DNAPL运移和分布的影响

选用地下环境中普遍存在的四氯乙烯(PCE)为典型DNAPLs污染物,建立二维砂箱模型,研究一种人为引入表面活性剂Tween 80对粗砂介质中DNAPLs迁移和分布的影响.测定了含不同浓度Tween 80水溶液/石英砂/PCE三相体系下的液/液界面张力及PCE在石英介质表面的接触角,结果表明PCE在石英砂表面的接触角随着Tween 80浓度的增大而增大,PCE/水的界面张力随着Tween 80浓度的增大而减小,Tween 80浓度在CMC值附近时变化急剧.随后的二维砂箱实验定量描述地下水中表面活性剂Tween 80对PCE的迁移和最终形态的影响.由于Tween 80可以使石英砂介质由水相润湿转变为中间润湿或油相润湿态,相应地在20～30目的粗砂均质介质中Tween 80对DNAPLs迁移存在明显影响.背景溶液中表面活性剂的存在使得DNAPL的垂直运移速度减小,垂向迁移距离减小,最终使得被截留在运移路径上的残留PCE增加.和纯水流情况下相比,地下水中含有表面活性物剂Tween 80时,使得DNPAL污染羽向水流方向偏移减弱,污染羽展布面积与纯水情形下相比,在垂向上均明显减小,并且以较大饱和度残留的DNAPL量增加.

Characteristics of Permafrost along Highway G214 in the Eastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

The characteristics of the permafrost along National Highway No. 214(G214) in Qinghai province(between kilometer markers K310 and K670),including the distribution patterns of permafrost and seasonally frozen ground(SFG), ground ice content and mean annual ground temperature(MAGT), were analyzed using a large quantity of drilling and measured ground temperature data. Three topographic units can be distinguished along the highway: the northern mountains, including Ela Mountain and Longstone Mountain; the medial alluvial plain and the southern Bayan Har Mountains.The horizontal distribution patterns of permafrost can be divided into four sections, from north to south: the northern continuous permafrost zone(K310-K460),the island permafrost zone(K460-K560), the southern continuous permafrost zone(K560-K630),and the discontinuous permafrost zone(K630-K670).Vertically, the permafrost lower limits(PLLs) of the discontinuous zone were 4200/4325 m, 4230/4350 m,and 4350/4450 m on the north-facing/south-facing slopes of Ela Mountain, Longstone Mountain and Bayan Har Mountains, respectively. The permafrost was generally warm, with MAGTs between-1.0°C and0°C in the northern continuous permafrost zone,approximately-0.5°C in the island permafrost zone,between-1.5°C and 0°C in the southern continuous permafrost zone, and higher than-0.5°C in the discontinuous permafrost zone. In contrast, the spatial variations in ground ice content were mainly controlled by the local soil water content and lithology.The relationships between the mean annual air temperature(MAAT) and the PLLs indicated that the PLLs varied between-3.3°C and-4.1°C for the northern Ela and Longstone Mountains and between-4.1°C and-4.6°C in the southern Bayan Har Mountains.

Spatial variability and its main controlling factors of the permafrost soil-moisture on the northern-slope of Bayan Har Mountains in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

The soil moisture movement is an important carrier of material cycle and energy flow among the various geo-spheres in the cold regions.Thus, this research takes the north slope of Bayan Har Mountains in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau as a case study.The present study firstly investigates the change of permafrost moisture in different slope positions and depths. Based on this investigation, this article attempts to investigate the spatial variability of permafrost moisture and identifies the key influence factors in different terrain conditions. The method of classification and regression tree(CART) is adopted to identify the main controlling factors influencing the soil moisture movement. The relationships between soil moisture and environmental factors are revealed by the use of the method of canonical correspondence analysis(CCA). The results show that: 1) Due to the terrain slope and the freezing-thawing process, the horizontal flow weakens in the freezing period. The vertical migration of the soil moisture movement strengthens. It will lead to that the soil-moisture content in the up-slope is higher than that in the down-slope. The conclusion is contrary during the melting period. 2) Elevation, soil texture, soil temperature and vegetation coverage are the main environmental factors which affect the slopepermafrost soil-moisture. 3) Slope, elevation and vegetation coverage are the main factors that affect the slope-permafrost soil-moisture at the shallow depth of 0-20 cm. It is complex at the middle and lower depth.

苗药草狗肾鲜药的化学成分研究

目的:研究苗药草狗肾(杯茎蛇菰)鲜药的化学成分。方法:采用聚酰胺、Sephadex LH-20葡聚糖凝胶、硅胶柱层析及重结晶等方法,对草狗肾鲜药地上部分95%乙醇提取物进行分离纯化,并运用现代波谱技术(;H-NMR、;C-NMR)及理化性质对化合物进行结构鉴定。结果:从杯茎蛇菰中分离得到16个化合物,分别鉴定为:齐墩果烷-12烯-3β-醇硬脂酸酯(1)、羽扇豆烷-20(29)-烯-3β-醇硬脂酸酯(2)、羽扇豆醇乙酸酯(3)、松柏苷(4)、松脂醇-4-O-葡萄糖苷(5)、柚皮素-7-O-β-D-葡萄糖苷(6)、异落叶松树脂酚(7)、反式对香豆酰基-β-D-葡萄糖苷(8)、圣草酚-7-O-β-D-葡萄糖苷(9)、咖啡酸乙酯(10)、1-O-咖啡酰基-(4-O-没食子酰基)-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖(11)、甲基-3,4,6-三-O-没食子酰基-α-D-葡萄糖苷(12)、1,2,6-三-O-没食子酰基-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖(13)、对苯二酚(14)、1-O-(E)-咖啡酰基-3,4-二-O-没食子酰基-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖(15)、咖啡酸(16)。结论:其中,化合物1、2、12、14为首次从该属植物中分离得到,化合物4~11、13、15、16为首次从该植物中分离得到。

Cokriging of Soil Cation Exchange Capacity Using the First Principal Component Derived from Soil Physico-Chemical Properties

As soil cation exchange capacity （CEC） is a vital indicator of soil quality and pollutant sequestration capacity,a study was conducted to evaluate cokriging of CEC with the principal components derived from soil physico-chemical properties.In Qingdao,China,107 soil samples were collected.Soil CEC was estimated by using 86 soil samples for prediction and 21 soil samples for test.The first two principal components （PC1 and PC2） together explained 60.2% of the total variance of soil physico-chemical properties.The PC1 was highly correlated with CEC （r=0.76,P0.01）,whereas there was no significant correlation between CEC and PC2 （r=0.03）.The PC1 was then used as an auxiliary variable for the prediction of soil CEC.Mean error （ME） and root mean square error （RMSE） of kriging for the test dataset were-1.76 and 3.67 cmolc kg-1,and ME and RMSE of cokriging for the test dataset were-1.47 and 2.95 cmolc kg-1,respectively.The cross-validation R2 for the prediction dataset was 0.24 for kriging and 0.39 for cokriging.The results show that cokriging with PC1 is more reliable than kriging for spatial interpolation.In addition,principal components have the highest potential for cokriging predictions when the principal components have good correlations with the primary variables.

黔产有柄石韦利尿通淋有效部位化学成分研究(Ⅱ)

目的:研究黔产有柄石韦Pyrrosia petiolosa(Christ)Ching利尿通淋有效部位的化学成分。方法:利用多种色谱技术对黔产有柄石韦95%乙醇提取物进行分离,并经NMR、MS等波谱方法进行鉴定。结果:从有柄石韦中分离得到15个化合物,分别鉴定为:木栓酮(1)、(23E)-cycloart-23-ene-3β,25-diol(2)、(23E)-cycloart-23,25-dien-3β-ol(3)、cyclolaudenol(4)、11-羰基-β-乙酰乳香酸(5)、cycloartenone(6)、乌苏酸(7)、β-谷甾醇棕榈酸酯(8)、normonisesquaterpenol(9)、蔗糖(10)、绿原酸甲酯(11)、β-胡萝卜苷(12)、柚皮素(13)、山柰酚(14)、2′,3′-dihydroxy propylpentadecanoate(15)。结论:其中,化合物1~6、8、9、15为首次从石韦属植物中分离得到。

Applications of hydrogeophysics in characterization of subsurface architecture and contaminant plumes

Geophysical methods have been applied to a wide range of hydrogeological problems. With improvement in geophysical inversion algorithms and measurement tools, significant achievements have been made in the characterization of subsurface architecture, time-lapse monitoring of hydrogeological process and contaminant plumes delineation. In this paper, we summarize the geophysical methods that are most widely used in hydrogeology including Electrical Resistivity Tomography(ERT), Induced Polarization(IP), Ground Penetrating Radar(GPR) and Electromagnetic Induction(EMI). Three examples including lab and field works are used to demonstrate current application of geophysical methods for characterizing subsurface architecture and contaminant plumes. Though great progress has been made in hydrogeohysics over the last few decades at home and abroad, challenges still remain in practical applications. More recently, hydrogeophysics continues to develop in the areas of establishment of hydrogeophysical models, large-scale architecture characterization, uncertainty analysis, biogeochemical process monitoring and ecosystem science.

黔产有柄石韦利尿通淋有效部位化学成分研究(Ⅲ)

目的:研究黔产有柄石韦Pyrrosia petiolosa(Christ)Ching利尿通淋有效部位的化学成分。方法:利用多种色谱技术对黔产有柄石韦95%乙醇提取物进行分离,并经NMR、MS等波谱方法进行鉴定。结果:从有柄石韦中分离纯化得到16个化合物,分别鉴定为:环桉烯醇(1)、10-eicosenoic acid(2)、methyl indomethacin(3)、1-乙酰氧基-4-乙氧基苯(4)、正十六酸甲酯(5)、β-谷甾醇(6)、1-O-(9Z,12Z,15Z-octadecatrienoyl)-2-O-hexadecanoylglycerol(7)、n-pentadecanylocta-dec-19-en-oate(8)、prednisone methyl ester(9)、棕榈酸(10)、圣草酚(11)、正二十六烷(12)、ethylene terephthalate cyclic trimer(13)、油酸酰胺(14)、bis(2-ethylhexyl)benzene-1,2-dicarboxylate(15)、圣草酚-7-O-β-D-(6″-甲酯基)-吡喃葡萄糖醛酸苷(16)。结论:除了化合物1、6、10、11、12、14外,其他化合物均为首次从石韦属植物中分离得到。

红冬蛇菰的化学成分研究

研究苗药红冬蛇菰的化学成分。通过溶剂提取、色谱分离对红冬蛇菰化学成分进行分离纯化,并根据化合物的波谱数据鉴定所得化合物的结构。从红冬蛇菰中分离得到6个化合物,分别鉴定为dotriacont-1-ene(1)、11α,12α-epoxytaraxer-14-en-3β-yl-acetate(2)、cis-octadec-9-enoic acid(3)、二十四烷酸(4)、β-香树脂醇(5)、12 Z,15 Z-十八碳二烯酸甲酯(6)。化合物1~4、6为首次从该属植物中分离得到。

常春藤皂苷元-半酯-AZT衍生物的合成及抗病毒蛋白酶活性

以常春藤皂苷元为原料,合成了5个常春藤皂苷元-半酯-AZT复合物,其结构经^(1)H NMR、^(13)C NMR和ESI-MS表征。并对所有目标分子体外抗HIV-1和HCV NS3/4A蛋白酶的活性进行了初步评价,化合物5显示较强的抗HCV NS/4A蛋白酶的活性,IC_(50)=5.8μM,其余化合物IC_(50)为10.6~42.3μM。所有衍生物无抗HIV蛋白酶活性,揭示该类衍生物选择性抑制HCV NS3/4A蛋白酶。

疏花蛇菰石油醚部位的化学成分研究

对苗药疏花蛇菰的化学成分进行研究。采用各种柱层析方法对疏花蛇菰的石油醚部位进行分离纯化,通过波谱技术鉴定化合物结构。从疏花蛇菰的石油醚部位中分离得到5个化合物,分别鉴定为角鲨烯(1)、羽扇豆醇乙酸酯(2)、羽扇豆烷-20(29)-烯-3β-醇硬脂酸酯(3)、齐墩果烷-12-烯-3β-醇硬脂酸酯(4)、β-谷甾醇(5)。化合物1~4为首次从该植物中分离得到。