Evaluation of the famous classic formula Sanhua decoction based on network pharmacology and multi-component quantitative analysis

Background:Sanhua decoction has significant effects in the treatment of stroke.The study of the Sanhua decoction material benchmark was carried out to analyze the value transfer relationship between the Chinese herbal pieces and the substance benchmark.Methods:Network pharmacology was employed to investigate the potential active components and molecular mechanisms of Sanhua decoction in the treatment of stroke.15 batches of Sanhua decoction lyophilized powder were prepared using traditional formulas and subjected to high-performance liquid chromatography analysis to generate fingerprints of the Sanhua decoction substance benchmarks.Then,a multi-component quantitative analysis method was established,allowing for the simultaneous determination of ten components,to study the transfer of quantity values between pieces and substance benchmarks.Results:60 active ingredients were screened from Sanhua decoction by network pharmacology,of which gallic acid,magnolol honokiol,physcion,and aloe-emodin may have a greater effect than other active components.63 key targets and 134 pathways were predicted as the potential mechanism of Sanhua decoction in treating stroke.The fingerprint similarity of the Sanhua decoction substance benchmarks was found to be good among the 15 batches,confirming the 19 common peaks.The content of the 10 components was basically consistent.The components’transfer rates were within 30%of their respective means.Conclusions:This study provided a comprehensive and reliable strategy for the quality evaluation of Sanhua decoction substance benchmarks and held significant importance in improving its application value.

中药配方颗粒临床应用国际专家共识

中药配方颗粒以中医药理论为指导,结合现代制剂新技术,选定最佳工艺,经现代化的制药技术提取、浓缩、干燥、制粒,精制而成。中药配方颗粒稳定、安全、便捷、有效。中药配方颗粒产业链相较于中药饮片可以实现从田间到车间的全程化、过程化控制,在药材来源、饮片炮制、加工工艺、质量检测、产品的销售流通等环节实现标准化管理。中药配方颗粒可部分替代中成药。目前中药配方颗粒仅涵盖常用的800余种中药,因此对许多临床并不常用的中药品种,中药配方颗粒并不能取代饮片。临床研究与动物实验中大量使用配方颗粒,从而使得科研人员不再对中药饮片进行提取与质量控制。应尽快从提高生产工艺、建立质量标准、完善监管制度、拓展临床应用等方面解决困扰配方颗粒发展所面临的问题。

International expert consensus on clinical application of traditional Chinese medicine formula granules

Guided by the theory of traditional Chinese medicine(TCM),TCM formula granules are made through the optimal process of extraction,concentration,drying,and granulation by combining modern new preparation technologies and pharmaceutical technologies.TCM formula granules are stable,safe,convenient,and effective.Compared with TCM decoction pieces,TCM formula granules can achieve the full process control of its industry chain from field to workshop and standardize the management of the origin of medicinal materials,processing of decoction pieces,processing technology,quality inspection,sales,and products distribution.TCM formula granules can partially replace Chinese patent medicines.Only available for around 800 common varieties of TCM,TCM formula granules cannot replace decoction pieces for many types which are not commonly used in clinical practice.A large number of formula granules are used in clinical and animal studies so that investigators no longer need to extract and control the quality of TCM decoction pieces.How to improve the production process,establish the quality standard,perfect the regulatory system,and expand the clinical application are the problems we need to solve as soon as possible for the better development of formula granules.

Evaluation of bioactive flavonoids in Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium from different regions and its association with antioxidant andα-glucosidase inhibitory activities

Background:To explore the differences of 14 batches of Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium from different regions.Methods:The main aim of this study was to develop a high-performance liquid chromatography method-photodiode array detection for determining the contents of five flavonoids and the chromatographic fingerprints of Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium from different regions.Theα-glucosidase inhibitory activities and antioxidant properties of Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium,based on free-radical scavenging assays against 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl,2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid),and hydroxyl radicals,were estimated and compared.Results:Among the tested compounds,the content of hesperidin(13.386-68.235 mg/g)was the highest and that of hesperitin(0.045-0.277 mg/g)was the lowest.In comparing different sources of Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium,the contents of narirutin in Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium from Guangdong(0.824-0.851 mg/g)and Sichuan(1.069-1.204 mg/g)provinces of China were lower than in other provinces.In contrast,nobiletin(8.429-12.237 mg/g)and tangeretin(3.947-4.613 mg/g)were most abundant in Guangdong sources of Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium,followed by samples from Sichuan Province(nobiletin:6.761-7.658 mg/g;tangeretin:3.422-3.933 mg/g).Correlation analysis showed that nobiletin and tangeretin were the main contributors to the antioxidant capacity,and narirutin was the main active component inhibiting theα-glucosidase activity of Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium.Conclusion:This work revealed that the intrinsic quality of Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium was affected by different growing regions,which provides a scientific basis for controlling the quality of Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium and rationally developing and utilizing Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium.

Synthesis and performance of Ca-α/β-SiAlON composites from tailings

Ca-α/β-SiAlON composites were prepared using Ca-α/β-SiAlON powder synthesized from gold ore tailings, which contained abundant Si and Al elements as the major raw materials together with minor additives, through a pressure-less sintering method. The influ- ences of sintering temperature on the phase composition and mierostrueture of the composites were analyzed. The scanning electron micros- copy images of the composites show the interlacing of grains with elongated columnar, short columnar and plate-like morphologies. The composites sintered at 1520℃ for 6 h have a flexural strength of 352 MPa, Vickers hardness of 11.2 GPa, and fracture toughness of 4.8 MPa·m1/2. The relative content of each phase in the products is I（Ca-α-SiAION）：I（β-SiAlON）：I（Fe3Si） = 23：74：3, where Ii stands for the dif- fraction peak intensity of phase i.

Preparation and characterization of resistant starch type 3 from yam and its effect on the gut microbiota

Background:Yam(Dioscorea opposita Thunb.)has been consumed as a food and used in traditional Chinese medicine for thousands of years.Resistant starch(RS)3 is of particular interest because it is heat-resistant,safe and non-toxic,and retains good nutritional benefits;it is therefore used in a wide range of traditional and emerging foods as a heat-stable prebiotic ingredient.In our previous study,we found that yam RS includes strong lipid-lowering and anti-constipation activities.Methods:Yam RS3 was prepared by autoclaving-retrogradation and pullulanase debranching to yield autoclaving-retrogradation yam RS and pullulanase debranching yam RS,respectively.First,the physicochemical properties of both RS3s were analyzed.Second,the structures of the RS3s were characterized by scanning electron microscopy,X-ray powder diffraction,and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy.Finally,the regulatory effects of the RS3s on the gut microbiota were evaluated using an in vitro fecal fermentation model.Results:The RS content of the RS3s decreased after processing,but was higher in pullulanase debranching yam RS(35.67%)than in autoclaving-retrogradation yam RS(28.71%).Compared with native yam starch,RS3s lost their original granular shapes and instead exhibited irregularly shapes with continuous phases.The crystalline structure of the RS3s was completely altered,with pullulanase debranching yam RS exhibiting B-type patterns.Both RS3s,and especially pullulanase debranching yam RS,promoted a significant increase in short chain fatty acid content after in vitro fermentation(all P<0.05).Moreover,pullulanase debranching yam RS significantly increased the abundance of beneficial bacteria and decreased the abundance of harmful bacteria such as Escherichia and Shigella(all P<0.05).Conclusion:Our findings show that yam RS3s can regulate the composition of the gut microbiota and promote the production of short chain fatty acid,especially butyric acid.Pullulanase debranching was a more effective method for producing functional yam RS3.

Quality evaluation of Pinelliae Rhizoma using network pharmacology and multi-component quantitative analysis

Background:Pinelliae Rhizoma(Banxia)is a valuable traditional Chinese medicine,and its quality issues are related to the safety and effectiveness of the medicine.Several pharmacological experiments have shown that Pinelliae Rhizoma has anti-inflammatory activity,but the specific chemical components remain unclear.Methods:In the present study,network pharmacology was used to analyze the potential active ingredients and molecular mechanisms of Pinelliae Rhizoma’s anti-inflammatory activity.A new approach to simultaneously determine eight components using high performance liquid chromatography-photo-diode array was developed to evaluate the quality of Pinelliae Rhizoma and different processed Pinelliae Rhizoma products.Results:Twelve active ingredients were identified from Pinelliae Rhizoma,andβ-sitosterol may have a greater effect than the other active ingredients.Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes enrichment analyses revealed the main pathways associated with Pinelliae Rhizoma’s mechanism for treating inflammation.Additionally,theβ-sitosterol content in different processed Pinelliae Rhizoma products decreased significantly,and the level of five nucleosides in Pinelliae Rhizoma was significantly higher than that of the processed Pinelliae Rhizoma products.The 6-gingerol content was detected in eight Pinelliae Rhizoma Praeparatum cum Zingibere et Alumine batches with different origins,and liquiritin and liquiritigenin levels were detected in eight batches of Pinelliae Rhizoma Praeparatum with different origins.Conclusion:Pinelliae Rhizoma quality was affected by different regions and different processing methods,and this research provides a reference for Pinelliae Rhizoma quality evaluation.

Progress in the study of antiplatelet and antithrombotic effects of salvia polyphenolic acid for injection

Salvia polyphenolic acid for injection is a new generation of Chinese medicine injectable,which is developed by extracting and separating the water-soluble phenolic acid active ingredients of Salvia divinorum by using modern advanced technology as raw material.Pharmacological research shows that salvia polyphenolic acid has anti-inflammatory,anti-oxidative stress,neurotrophic,regenerative and protective effects on ischemic brain injury and can reduce myocardial ischemic injury.In clinical practice,it is mainly used in the treatment of stroke(mild to moderate cerebral infarction)in the recovery period of fetish blood obstruction.In recent years,it has also been gradually extended to treating acute cerebral infarction and respiratory syndrome.Since its launch,the pharmacological effects and clinical applications of Danshen polyphenolic acid for injection are reviewed to provide research clues for further essential trials and reference basis for clinical promotion and application.

Annual advances of traditional medicine toxicity in 2018

There were many researches concerning toxicology of traditional medicine (TM) and active natural products during the past 12 months. This annual toxicology review summarized different analysis methods of toxicology research, common evaluated models, toxic target organs, toxic mechanisms, and popular research issues and herbs in 2018. The emphasis was on hepatorenal toxicity induced by TM through cell apoptosis, metabolic disorder, oxidative stress, inflammatory damage, liver and renal fibrosis and even inducing carcinogenesis. Meanwhile, traditional herbs were listed in this review. Taken together, the herbs mentioned in this paper should be used with caution. Combination of TM, processing drugs, quality control and dose control can be used in the prevention of TM toxicology in the future.

Toxicological advances of traditional medicine in 2019

There were many researches concerning toxicology of traditional medicine(TM)and active natural products during the past 12 months.This annual toxicology review summarized target organs of TM like liver,kidney and heart.Safety medication of TM has been concerned to different kinds of people,including infants,children,pregnancy and the postnatal period.Besides rodents,zebrafish embryoes have been regarded as common models to evaluate the safety of TM.New technologies in toxicology focus on rapidly screening and identification of toxins in TM.Multispectral optoacoustic tomography imaging the precise location of TM-induced liver injury with 3D information and integrating serum exosomal microRNA and liver microRNA profiles are used to explain the mechanism of TM-induced hepatotoxicity.Taken together,study on the toxicity mechanism of other target organs,drug safety in elders,new models and methods should be paid attention to in the prevention of TM toxicology in the future.

Toxicological advances of traditional medicine in 2020

There were many researches concerning toxicology of traditional medicine and active natural products during the past 12 months.This annual toxicology review summarized different toxic analysis methods of traditional medicine,evaluated models,toxic target organs,toxic mechanisms,popular research issues and herbs in 2020.Caenorhabditis elegans came to use for the assessment of toxicity.Omics technology such as genomics,transcriptome,metabolomics and proteomics were applied extensively.2020 toxicology research demonstrated that liver,kidney and heart were the mainly toxic target organs of traditional medicine.Their toxic mechanisms included cell apoptosis,metabolic disorder,oxidative stress,inflammatory damage,liver and renal fibrosis and even inducing carcinogenesis.In addition,the safety assessment of Aconitum carmichaeli Debx.,Tripterygium wilfordii Hook.f.and Polygonum multiflorum Thunb.as well as their detoxification methods were still hot issue.Therefore,study on the toxicity mechanism of target organs,processing and extract methods,quality control and dose control,new models and methods should be used in the prevention of traditional medicine toxicology in the future.

Toxicological advances of traditional medicine in 2021

In 2021,there have been many studies on the toxicological evaluation of traditional medicine,as well as natural active ingredients.Among them,the toxicity evaluation of evodiamine,Gardenia Jasminoides J.Ellis,and anthraquinone in the liver,kidneys,heart,and other organs has become a popular topic.Their toxic mechanisms include oxidative stress,inflammatory response,apoptosis,mitochondrial damage,and disorders of lipid and amino acid metabolism.In response to the drawbacks of time-consuming,expensive,and ethical restrictions of animal models,a variety of techniques,such as 3D organoid models,metabolomics,toxicokinetics,bioprinting methods,and network toxicology methods,have been gradually employed in the toxicity evaluation of traditional medicine.This review summarizes the drug toxicity and safety assessment of traditional medicine in 2021.In the future,attention should be paid to preventing traditional medicine toxicity.

Anti-asthmatic mechanism of the Huashanshen dripping pill via suppressing contraction of the airway smooth muscle

Background:The Huashanshen(HSS)dripping pill has been widely used in asthma for a long time in China.However,the relaxant mechanism of HSS is not well understood.Methods:In this report,high performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry was used to identify the constituents in rat plasma after oral administration of HSS.Ovalbumin-sensitized allergic asthma and isolated trachea were studied for the anti-asthmatic mechanism of HSS.Results:D-anisodamine,L-anisodamine,scopolamine and atropine were detected in the rat plasma containing HSS.It was clear that the HSS inhibited the release of inflammatory mediators,regulated the balance of T-helper 1 and T-helper 2 to reduce the airway inflammation,and relaxed the tracheal smooth muscle by controlling the KCa channel,Ca^(2+)influx and release to reduce the airway hyperresponsiveness.Conclusion:Atropine,anisodamine and scopolamine might be active compounds of HSS which inhibited the release of inflammatory mediators,regulated the balance of Th1/Th2,and relaxed the tracheal smooth muscle to reduce airway hyperresponsiveness.

Comparison of polysaccharides from 10 species of genera Paris,Trillium,Aspidistra,and Polygonatum

Background:The genera Paris,Trillium,Aspidistra,and Polygonatum originally belonged to the family Liliaceae;however,recently,in the APG system,the genera Polygonatum and Aspidistra were placed in the family Asparagaceae and the genera Paris and Trillium were placed in the family Melanthiaceae.Methods:To study the application of polysaccharide chemotaxonomy in Asparagaceae and Melanthiaceae,we extracted polysaccharides from the rhizomes of plants,including Paris polyphylla var.yunnanensis,Paris daliensis,Paris polyphylla var.chinensis,Trillium tschonoskii,Aspidistra elatior,Aspidistra sichuanensis,Aspidistra caespitosa,Polygonatum sibiricum,Polygonatum cyrtonema,and Polygonatum kingianum.Physicochemical and structural characterization of these polysaccharides was performed using molecular weight,monosaccharide composition,Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy,nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy,and scanning electron microscopy.The immunomodulatory activities were evaluated using the macrophage cell line,RAW264.7.Results:In this study,we found that the polysaccharides from the genus Polygonatum and Aspidistra were mainly comprised of fructose and glucose;the molecular weights were mostly concentrated between 4.6-6.2 kDa.The polysaccharides from species of genus Polygonatum differed in that they contained acetyl groups,while polysaccharides from species of genus Aspidistra did not.Paris and Trillium species polysaccharides mainly consisted of glucose and mannose;the molecular weights of the two major peaks were 6.3-13 kDa and 1-1.5 kDa,respectively;the main differences between polysaccharides were the ratio of glucose and mannose and the degree of branching.These results suggest that fructans might be the main feature of the family Asparagaceae and fructans with acetyl groups might be the main feature of the genus Polygonatum which is consistent with the results of previous studies.Additionally,all polysaccharides from the 10 plants promoted phagocytic activity.Some of them exhibited strong activity,including nitrogen monoxide release and TNF-αsecretion by RAW264.7 macrophages,indicating that they could be used as potential immunomodulatory agents.Conclusion:The molecular weight distribution,monosaccharide composition,and surface morphology of the polysaccharides of the Polygonatum and Aspidistra plants were similar,while those of Paris and Trillium plants were similar.These results support the APG classification system,which placed the genera Polygonatum and Aspidistra in the Asparagaceae family and placed the genera Paris and Trillium in the Melanthiaceae family.

Multi-component quantitative and feed-forward neural network for pattern classification of raw and wine-processed Corni Fructus

Background:To promote the quality evaluation,clarify the processing mechanism and distinguish origins of Corni Fructus(cornus)from different regions.Methods:This study developed a high performance liquid chromatography method for simultaneous determination of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural,2 phenolic acids and 4 iridoid glycosides and the reference fingerprint of cornus from different regions.In addition,the feedforward neural network model provided a pattern classification of sample regions.Results:The content of morroniside and loganin were the highest in all raw cornus samples ranging from 9.45μg/mg to 16.3μg/mg and 6.64μg/mg to 13.7μg/mg,respectively.The level of sweroside in raw cornus from Henan(0.83μg/mg^(-1).39μg/mg)and Zhejiang(0.64μg/mg^(-1).17μg/mg)were greater than other origins.After wine-processing,the glucose or fructose were dehydrated to increase the levels of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural.The C-4 position of-COOCH3 of hot-sensitive iridoid glycosides was hydrolyzed to generate-COOH as stable components.Polyphenol derivatives may be degraded to increase the content of phenolic acid.Subsequently,an excellent feedforward neural network model for identification of raw cornus and wine-prepared cornus was established which could distinguish the sample origins.Conclusion:This work provided a trustworthy method to evaluate the quality and distinguish the sources of cornus.Meanwhile,the clear processing mechanism provided a scientific foundation for controlling the cornus quality during wine-processing.

A network pharmacology approach to explore the mechanism of action of Yiqi Fumai lyophilized injection in the treatment of novel coronavirus disease

Background:Shengmai decoction,which has been included in the diagnosis and treatment of coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19),is effective in the early treatment of patients with severe COVID-19.Yiqi Fumai lyophilized injection(YQFM)is a modern Chinese medicine preparation of the Shengmai decoction.The mechanism of its intervention at the molecular level in the severe stage of COVID-19 remains unclear.Therefore,it is necessary to investigate the mechanism of YQFM in the treatment of patients with severe COVID-19.Methods:The corresponding target genes of the main active ingredients in YQFM and COVID-19 were obtained by using multiple databases and literature retrieval.A protein-protein interaction network was constructed,and enrichment analysis of the target was performed using Cytoscape 3.8.1.Lastly,the docking of all the identified compounds with angiotensin-converting enzyme II was confirmed by applying molecular docking technology.Results:YQFM has anti-inflammatory effects on RAW267.4 macrophages.The main active compounds of YQFM are all effective anti-inflammatory agents,and these active compounds also show beneficial physiological functions,such as anti-oxidation,anti-bacterial,and anticancer activities.Gene Ontology analysis showed enrichment in the following pathways:lipopolysaccharides,interleukins,NF-kappa B,interleukin-2 and others,revealing that YQFM may play a role in the treatment of patients with severe COVID-19 through these pathways.Conclusion:YQFM has multicomponent and multitarget characteristics,and it could reduce lung injury by inhibiting inflammatory reactions,promoting antiviral activities,and regulating immunity,among other functions,to treat patients with severe COVID-19.

Rhizoma paridis saponins protected against liver injury in diethylnitrosamine-induced mice

Background:Diethylnitrosamine,one of food additives,possessed a strong carcinogenic effect in human.Rhizoma paridis saponins,as the main active components of Paris polyphylla,have a good anti-cancer effect in our previous research.To verify their inhibitory effect on diethylnitrosamine-induced liver cancer,we carried out this study.Methods:We established diethylnitrosamine-induced mouse hepatocarcinoma models to evaluate antitumor of Rhizoma paridis saponins.Subsequently,gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was applied to analyze the metabolites in the urine and serum samples.Results:Rhizoma paridis saponins alleviated diethylnitrosamine-induced hepatocarcinogenesis.On the one hand,Rhizoma paridis saponins down-regulated the levels of liver function markers,such as alanine aminotransferase,aspartate transaminase and alpha fetoprotein.On the other hand,Rhizoma paridis saponins reduced metabolic disorders by increasing fructose and mannose metabolism,and decreasing pentose and glucuronate interconversion,inositol phosphate metabolism,and the process of saturated fatty acids transforming to unsaturated fatty acids,which based on the regulating mRNA expression of glucose transporter type 4,lactate dehydrogenase A,fatty acid synthetas,acetyl-CoA carboxylase and apolipoprotein A-I.Conclusion:Rhizoma paridis saponins has the potential application to inhibit chemical-induced hepatocarcinogenesis in the future.

A review on the extraction and separation of andrographolide from Andrographis paniculata:extraction selectivity,current challenges and strategies

Andrographolide is the main active ingredient of Andrographis paniculata(Burm.f.)Nees,known as“natural antibiotic”.Here,for the purpose of discovering a more efficient,low-cost extraction and separation method,the research status of andrographolide was reviewed.At present,researches only take extraction rate as the only index to optimize extraction parameters,but ignores the importance of extraction selectivity.It is usually meaningless to blindly pursue the extraction rate without considering the difficulty and cost of subsequent separation.So,factors affecting extraction selectivity such as solvent choice,temperature and physicochemical effects caused by extraction technique itself,are first discussed.Different extraction techniques for andrographolide were discussed by comparing the selectivity,efficiency and cost of extraction.The separation procedures of andrographolide such as decolorization,impurity removal,crystallization,membrane separation,solid-phase extraction and partition chromatography and their challenges and possible strategies are also discussed.It is hoped that this review can provide guidance for researchers who are committed to advancing the field of andrographolide extraction and purification.

Effect of salvianolic acid B-loaded mesoporous silica nanoparticles on myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury

Background:Currently,no drugs can specifically improve clinical cardiac ischemia-reperfusion injury or the prognosis of hemodialysis.Salvianolic acid B(SalB)is a widely used cardiac protectant;however,its clinical application is limited by its low oral bioavailability and poor intestinal absorption.The exploration of its preparation and clinical applications has become a research hotspot in recent years.Methods:To determine whether mesoporous silica nanoparticles(MSNs)efficiently delivered SalB to the heart and SalB@MSNs-RhB reduced myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury,we constructed a myocardial ischemia-reperfusion male rat model,hypoxia/reoxygenation cardiomyocytes,and treated them with SalB@MSNs-RhB.Results:SalB@MSNs-RhB showed improved bioavailability,therapeutic effect,heightened JAK2/STAT3-dependent pro-survival signaling,and antioxidant responses,thereby protecting cardiomyocytes from ischemia-reperfusion injury-induced oxidative stress and apoptosis.Conclusion:This use of SalB-loaded nanoparticles and investigation of their mechanism of action may provide a new strategy for treating cardiomyocytes.Thus,hypoxia/reoxygenation promotes the clinical application of SalB.

Effect of cerebralcare granule®combined with donepezil on Alzheimer’s disease

Background:The current prevalence of Alzheimer’s disease(AD)in the elderly has risen from 1%at 65 to 40%to 50%at 95,and the overall proportion is rising.Emerging evidence suggests that ros-driven oxidative stress is a crucial mediator of the aging process.Thus,in recent years,oxidative damage and inflammation have become targets for exploring pharmacological strategies for treating age-related diseases.Methods:In C57BL/6J mice,to determine whether the mechanism of action of cerebralcare granule®(CG)combined with donepezil(Don)treatment is better than dementia alone,we constructed a mouse model and treated it with CG in combination with Don.Results:A combination of Don and CG significantly reduces the damage caused by lipid peroxidation in the hippocampus of AD mice,reduces oxidative damage,and reduces inflammation,increases the activity of antioxidant enzymes,which is finally manifested as the improvement effect on the learning and memory impairment of AD mice.Conclusion:CG combined with Don has a better effect on improving cognitive and behavioral deficits caused by D-galactose in AD mice than Don alone.The mechanism may be related to reducing inflammation via the NF-κB pathway,resisting oxidative damage and increasing acetylcholine levels.