黔北地区下寒武统牛蹄塘组泥岩沉积环境及页岩气勘探潜力

寒武系下统牛蹄塘组是中国南方海相碳质页岩赋存的主要层位之一,在贵州北部、中部及东部广泛分布,层位稳定。牛蹄塘组以黑色炭质泥岩为主,岩层多为薄层状,具水平层理,其组分主要为黏土矿物、石英及少量的碳质组分和黄铁矿。与澳大利亚后太古代页岩(PAAS)平均值相比,泥岩V、Mo、U含量较高,而Co、Cu、Zn和Th含量较低。V/Cr、Ni/Co、U/Th、V/(V+Ni)的元素比值以及AU含量表明,牛蹄塘组黑色泥岩沉积环境呈缺氧还原状态。样品(La/Yb)N值明显大于1,轻、重稀土元素分异程度较大,指示沉积速率较低。有机质丰度较高,有机质成熟度为高—过成熟阶段,脆性矿物含量较高,有效厚度约为30~100 m。综上,黔北牛蹄塘组黑色泥岩存在形成页岩气藏的较好物质条件,具有良好的页岩气勘探潜力。

黔湘桂交界地区南华系划分——基于连续完整的贵州从江县黎家坡南华系剖面

南华系大致对应国际上的成冰系。但是,到目前为止仍未能确定其层型剖面,内部划分更是存在较多分歧。寻找南华系层型候选剖面尤为重要与迫切。为此,通过1∶5万地质调查,在贵州省从江县黎家坡地区找到了一条层序完整、沉积连续、厚度巨大、分层标志明显、顶底界线清楚的南华系剖面。基于该剖面初步研究成果,结合对湘黔桂交界区、湘西北、峡东等地区其他南华系剖面的实地考查资料,综合分析近年前人关于南华系的研究成果,以完整的南华大冰期发展演化过程为线索,对南华系内部划分进行了初步尝试。根据黎家坡南华系剖面南华大冰期沉积记录,将其从下向上依次划分为长安冰期、富禄间冰期、南沱冰期。明确提出南华系可进一步划分为3个统:下统对应长安冰期沉积序列,中统对应富禄间冰期沉积序列,上统对应南沱冰期沉积序列。为中国南华系内部划分提供了一种更合乎逻辑的方案。这一研究成果对成冰系的划分提供了不可多得的资料,将丰富成冰系的研究信息。

黔北下志留统龙马溪组黑色泥岩沉积环境及页岩气成藏条件

下志留统龙马溪组发育黑色泥岩,分布在贵州北部。为阐明其沉积环境和页岩气成藏条件,研究分析了沉积特征和地球化学特征。泥岩具粉砂泥质结构或泥质结构,岩层多为薄层,普遍具水平层理,含浸染状黄铁矿颗粒,表明沉积水动力弱、沉积速率较低。泥岩的Mo、V、U的富集系数都大于1,Ce异常的平均值为-0.033,特定元素比值(V/Cr、Ni/Co、V/(V+Ni)和Ce/La)都显示泥岩形成于缺氧环境。总体上,龙马溪组黑色泥岩的沉积环境为水体较深、沉积速率较低、呈缺氧还原状态。龙马溪组黑色泥岩的TOC含量在2.78%~4.36%之间,平均值为3.79%;镜质体反射率(R_(o))在1.88%~2.16%之间,平均值为1.99%,反映有机质已达成熟-过成熟的干气阶段;有效厚度在10~100 m之间,脆性矿物含量一般在20%~30%之间,埋深大概在0~3500 m。地层厚度从南至北逐渐增大,其余参数各剖面相似。因此,具有页岩气资源潜力的区域大致在桐梓-绥阳以北地区。这些特征综合表明龙马溪组黑色泥岩具备形成页岩气藏的良好条件,存在较高的页岩气资源潜力。

Earthquake-related Tectonic Deformation of Soft-sediments and Its Constraints on Basin Tectonic Evolution

The authors introduced two kinds of newly found soft-sediment deformation-synsedimentary extension structure and syn-sedimentary compression structure, and discuss their origins and constraints on basin tectonic evolution. One representative of the syn-sedimentary extension structure is syn-sedimentary boudinage structure, while the typical example of the syn-sedimentary compression structure is compression sand pillows or compression wrinkles. The former shows NW-SE-trendlng contemporaneous extension events related to earthquakes in the rift basin near a famous Fe-Nb-REE deposit in northern China during the Early Paleozoic （or Mesoproterozoic as proposed by some researches）, while the latter indicates NE-SW-trending contemporaneous compression activities related to earthquakes in the Middle Triassic in the Nanpanjiang remnant basin covering south Guizhou, northwestern Guangxi and eastern Yunnan in southwestern China. The syn-sedimentary boudinage structure was found in an earthquake slump block in the lower part of the Early Paleozoic Sailinhudong Group, 20 km to the southeast of Bayan Obo, Inner Mongolia, north of China. The slump block is composed of two kinds of very thin layers-pale-gray micrite （microcrystalline limestone） of 1-2 cm thick interbedded with gray muddy micrite layers with the similar thickness. Almost every thin muddy micrite layer was cut into imbricate blocks or boudins by abundant tiny contemporaneous faults, while the interbedded micrite remain in continuity. Boudins form as a response to layer-parallel extension （and/or layer-perpendicular flattening） of stiff layers enveloped top and bottom by mechanically soft layers. In this case, the imbricate blocks cut by the tiny contemporaneous faults are the result of abrupt horizontal extension of the crust in the SE-NW direction accompanied with earthquakes. Thus, the rock block is, in fact, a kind of seismites. The syn-sedimentary boudins indicate that there was at least a strong earthquake belt on the southeast side of the basin during the early stage of the Sailinhudong Group. This may be a good constraint on the tectonic evolution of the Bayan Obo area during the Early Paleozoic time. The syn-sedimentary compression structure was found in the Middle Triassic flysch in the Nanpanjiang Basin. The typical structures are compression sand pillows and compression wrinkles. Both of them were found on the bottoms of sand units and the top surface of the underlying mud units. In other words, the structures were found only in the interfaces between the graded sand layer and the underlying mud layer of the flysch. A deformation experiment with dough was conducted, showing that the tectonic deformation must have been instantaneous one accompanied by earthquakes. The compression sand pillows or wrinkles showed uniform directions along the bottoms of the sand layer in the flysch, revealing contemporaneous horizontal compression during the time between deposition and diagenesis of the related beds. The Nanpanjiang Basin was affected, in general, with SSW-NNE compression during the Middle Triassic, according to the syn-sedimentary compression structure. The two kinds of syn-sedimentary tectonic deformation also indicate that the related basins belong to a rift basin and a remnant basin, respectively, in the model of Wilson Cycle.

Paleoceanographic Indicators for Early Cambrian Black Shales from the Yangtze Platform, South China: Evidence from Biomarkers and Carbon Isotopes

The lower Cambrian Niutitang Formation, a widespread black shale deposition, is of geological interest because of its polymetallic beds, Cambrian explosion, depositional ages, dramatic environmental changes and so on. Previous study focused mainly on inorganic geochemistry and few studies have investigated the organic fractions of upper Neoproterozoic-lower Cambrian strata in South China. Here we report a study of biomarkers plus organic carbon isotopes for black shales from Ganziping, Hunan Province （China）. All the saturated hydrocarbon fractions have a unimodal distribution of n-alkanes, a high content of short-chain alkanes and maximize at C 19 or C 20 （C 23 for sample Gzh00-1）. The C 27 /C 29 sterane ratio ranges from 0.77 to 1.20 and 4-methylsteranes are in low abundance. These parameters indicate that algae and bacteria are the important primary producers. Furthermore, biomarker maturity proxies show the samples to be higher maturity. The low Pr/Ph values （0.7） suggest that the samples were deposited under anoxic conditions and, likely, under stratified water columns. In addition, 25-norhopanes and gammacerane are present as diagnostic indicators of normal marine salinity and dysoxic to anoxic conditions. During the Early Tommotian, known to coincide with a transgression event, small shelly fossils increased in abundance and diversity. Moreover, positive δ 13 C org excursions close to 1.4‰ occur at the base of the Tommotian stage. In summary, the Early Cambrian black shales were deposited under dramatic paleoenvironmental changes, including oceanic anoxia, higher primary productivity and sea-level rise.

Emplacement Ages and Geochemical Characteristics of Grabbroic Intrusions and Prospecting Orientation of Related Deposit in Luodian,Guizhou Province

Emplacement ages, geochemical characteristics and analysis of continental dynamics on gabbroic intrusions in Luodian County, Guizhou Province, have been discussed based on studies of isotopic chronology （the whole-rock Sm-Nd and Rb-Sr isochron methods）, major elements, trace elements and PGE. Intrusive activities of the gabbroic intrusions in the study area took place during the Late Yanshanian Orogenic Movement （the Cretaceous Period）, as indicated by the Sm-Nd isochron ages （t）=（99.6±4.5） （2σ） Ma and by the Rb-Sr isochron ages t=（97±1.6） （2σ） Ma. The gabbroic intrusions are attached to mafic rocks in cal-alkaline basaltic series. They occurred as dikes and might be formed under an extensional background of the continent. Differentiation of their magmatic crystallization resulted in obvious zonation of petrography. In the gabbroic intrusions of this study, large ion lithophile elements and LREE are enriched, and the chondrite-normalized REE distribution pattern is leftward inclined without anomalies of JCe or JEu, and there are high concentrations of PGE and ratios of Pd/Ir （averaging 4.21）. All of these imply that their source areas may be basaltic magma in the upper mantle with high-level partial melting, derived from EMl-type enriched mantle. It is different from Emeishan basalt, which may be related to the upper mantle at low-grade partial melting. Emplacement mechanism of the gabbroic intrusions in this study may suppose to be asthenosphere upheaving as an isolated hot wave in the presence of mantle fluid, resulting in basaltic magma intruded into the continental crust as a diapiric intrusion. Therefore, uplifting of faulting-block and extensional deformation could take place in the shallow part of the continental crust while vertical amassing and accretion of magmatic materials in the deep part of the continental crust. These special processes could supposed to be a special background of continental dynamics for this large-scale epithermal metallogenic domain, such as Au, As, Sb and Hg deposits, and vertical uplifting of the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau in the Cretaceous Period.

Lead isotope geochemical characteristics of Pb-Zn-Cu deposits on the southwestern margin of Tarim,and their significance

The polymetallic(Pb,Zn,Cu,etc) ore belt on the southwestern margin of Tarim is one of the major regions with the greatest prospecting potential in Xinjiang.Reported in this paper are the lead isotope data for 66 sulfide samples(including 50 galena samples,15 chalcopyrite samples and 1 pyrite sample) collected from such representative deposits as Tamu,Tiekelike,Kalangu,Abalieke,etc.in this ore belt.The Pb isotopic ratios of 206 Pb/204 Pb,207 Pb/204 Pb and 208 Pb/204 Pb in the galena samples range from 17.931 to 18.176,15.609 to 15.818 and 38.197 to 38.944,with the average values of 18.017,15.684 and 38.462,respectively.Those in the chalcopyrite samples range from 17.926 to 18.144,15.598 to 15.628 and 38.171 to 38.583,with the average values of 18.020,15.606 and 38.262,respectively.The pyrite sample has the Pb isotopic ratios of 206 Pb/204 Pb,207 Pb/204 Pb and 208 Pb/204 Pb to be 17.980,15.604 and 38.145,respectively.In combination with the previous Pb isotope data for sulfides,it is found that there is only a slight variation in the Pb isotopic composition of galena,chalcopyrite,sphalerite and pyrite in the ore belt.However,there is some difference in Pb isotopic characteristics between galena and chalcopyrite,especially the Pb isotopic composition of galena shows an obvious linear correlation with some other relevant parameters(e.g.β and γ).The comprehensive analysis suggested that lead in galena(maybe including sphalerite and pyrite) was derived principally from wall rocks and underlying basement,and that in chalcopyrite only originated from the basement.The single-stage model ages of these sulfides couldn't indicate the time limit of metallogenesis(Pb,Zn,Cu,etc.),and the positive linear correlations for the Pb isotopic composition of galena are of no single-stage and two-stage Pb-Pb isochron significance.Furthermore,there are significant differences in Pb isotopic composition characteristics between the genetic type of deposits in this polymetallic ore belt and the Mississippi Valley type(MVT).In addition,the authors also pointed out that there is a phenomenon of differentiation(not paragenesis) for lead and copper elements during the process of metallogenesis in this ore belt.

贵州施秉喀斯特世界自然遗产地地质遗迹类型和特征

贵州省施秉县云台山世界自然遗产地,因其独特的白云岩喀斯特地貌而备受关注。遗产地内地质遗迹类型多样、特征明显。研究发现,云台山世界自然遗产地及周边地质遗迹可分为地质地貌遗迹、沉积地质遗迹、构造地质遗迹、地球生物遗迹和水文地质遗迹5个大类。其中,典型地质遗迹为白云岩峰丛、峰林地貌,与灰岩地貌相比较,其由于总体溶蚀相对较低,而岩石节理、裂隙广泛发育,故溶蚀作用相对较弱,而崩塌作用较为显著,故形成陡峻的峰丛-峰林景观以及高耸孤立的石柱景观等。

贵州北部五峰组烃源岩沉积环境及页岩气资源潜力

黔北上奥陶统五峰组黑色泥岩层段的Mo、V、U的富集系数都大于1,Ce异常的平均值为-0.07,说明泥岩形成于缺氧环境,特定元素比值(V/Cr、Ni/Co、V/V+Ni)和Ce/La显示泥岩形成于贫氧-缺氧环境。总体上,五峰组黑色泥岩沉积环境的特点是水体相对较深、沉积速率较低、呈贫氧-缺氧状态。五峰组黑色泥岩的TOC含量变化于1.31%~2.89%之间,平均值为1.98%;镜质组反射率(Ro)变化于1.93~2.25之间,平均值为2.07,反映有机质已达成熟-过成熟的干气阶段;有效厚度多在10 m之下,脆性矿物含量15%~35%之间,埋深大概在0~4000 m。这些特征表明五峰组黑色泥岩层段具备一定的形成页岩气的条件,具有形成页岩气藏的可能性,但由于厚度较薄,其页岩气资源远景目前尚不能确定。

Formation and Evolution of a Paleosol across the Lower Silurian-Lower Permian Boundary in Zunyi District,Northern Guizhou,China and Its Paleoenvironment and Paleoclimate Implications

This paper presents a set of bulk geochemical and mineralogical data from a paleoweathering profile located in Zunyi District, Northern Guizhou, China. It was formed at the top of the Hanjiadian Formation of the Lower Silurian. A truncated, argillic, gleyed, kryptic paleospodosol is recognized in the paleoweathering profile. Ratios of immobile elements（Ti/Zr, Ti/Al） and their binary（e.g., Nb vs. Zr/TiO_2 and Th/Sc vs. Zr/Sc）, triangular diagrams（La-Th-Sc, Th-ScZr/10, Zr-Cr-Ga） reflect that the Gaojiayan paleosol is the product of in-situ weathering of gray-green silty mudstone of the underlying Hanjiadian Formation. Mass balance calculations indicate K enrichment and Na enrichment in the upper and lower portions of paleosol, respectively. These findings both are the results of transgression, which brings substantial concentrations of such elements as K, Na, and Sr. In particular, K enrichment is achieved by the illitization of kaolinite. The biological processes of terrestrial vascular plants also enhance K concentration, especially at the top of the paleosol. Na enrichment is a consequence of albitization and/or adsorption by clay minerals through cation exchange. The mass distributions and relative mass changes of rare earth elements（REEs） in the studied profile display characteristics of vertical zonation. Three peaks in total REEs content are observed, indicating two paleoclimatic or paleoenvironmental changes. Mineralogical characteristics indicate that the paleoclimate changed first from warm and humid to cold and dry and later, to dry and lightly warmer. The corresponding soil environment varies from weakly acidic to strongly alkaline and later, to weakly acidic. Mass translocation characteristics of REEs and several transition metals suggest that the Gaojiayan paleosol may have undergone top erosion.

Study of the Mineralization Process of granular apatites in Weng'an Baidou Phosphate Deposit Using Microbeam Analyses

1 Introduction Studies of marine sedimentary phosphate rock have lasted decades,scholars proposed some standpoints about mineralization,however,the genesis of mineral deposits remains to be a controversial question(She et al.,2013).There are many viewpoints of mineralization about the Doushantuo phosphorites,Central Guizhou,including biological mineralization(Mi et al.,2010;Shi et al.,2005),