长江源区沙化高寒草地植被群落特征及其与地形因子的关系

草地沙化与植物群落演替关系对高寒草地生态系统功能和结构的维持具有重要的意义。以长江源区七渡口沙化高寒草地为研究对象,基于野外植物群落物种组成及地形因子调查数据,运用数量分类与排序等方法,探究了沙化高寒草地植物群落特征及其与微地形环境因子的关系。结果表明:60个调查样方中出现29个植物种,隶属16科,27属。赖草、细叶亚菊、绳虫实等植物种的出现指示高寒草地沙化处于进展之中,植被群落向旱生方向演替。物种标准频度分布在不同微地形表现各异,总体上优势种比例低于稀有种,植被群落处于高度演替阶段。TWINSPAN将沙化高寒草地划分为7个群丛类型:Ⅰ赖草+阿尔泰狗娃花+牛耳风毛菊Leymus secalinus+Heteropappus altaicus+Saussurea woodiana,Ⅱ赖草+喜马拉雅嵩草+绳虫实Leymus secalinus+Kobresia royleana+Corispermum declinatum,Ⅲ赖草+披碱草+细叶亚菊Leymus secalinus+Elymus dahuricu+Ajania tenuifolia,Ⅳ赖草+高山野决明Leymus secalinus+Thermopsis alpina,Ⅴ老芒麦+早熟禾Elymus sibiricus+Poa annua,Ⅵ老芒麦+批碱草Elymus sibiricus+Elymus dahuricus,Ⅶ绳虫实Corispermum declinatum。7个群丛在DCA排序图上的分布呈现一定的规律性。CCA排序结果表明,坡度和坡向是沙化高寒草地物种分布的微地貌主导因子。

Wind-proof and sand-fixing effects of Artemisia ordosica with different coverages in the Mu Us Sandy Land,northern China

Wind erosion is a key global environmental problem and has many adverse effects.The Mu Us Sandy Land of northern China is characterized by an arid climate,where vegetation patches and bare sand patches are usually distributed mosaically,and aeolian activities occur frequently.Vegetation plays a significant role in controlling wind erosion.Artemisia ordosica is the most dominant native plant species in the Mu Us Sandy Land.It is urgent to study the wind-proof and sand-fixing effects of Artemisia ordosica in the Mu Us Sandy Land.This study analyzed the wind-proof and sand-fixing effects of Artemisia ordosica based on the field data of wind regimes,aeolian sediment transport,and surface change of Artemisia ordosica plots with four coverages(denoted as site A,site B,site C,and site D)in the Mu Us Sandy Land during the period from 1 June 2018 to 29 June 2019.The coverages of Artemisia ordosica at site A,site B,site C,and site D were 2%,16%,29%,and 69%,respectively.The annual average wind speeds at 2.0 m height above the ground for site A,site B,site C,and site D were 3.47,2.77,2.21,and 1.97 m/s,respectively.The annual drift potentials were 193.80,69.72,15.05,and 6.73 VU at site A,site B,site C,and site D,respectively.The total horizontal aeolian sediment fluxes during the period from 2-3 June 2018 to 6 June 2019 at site A,site B,site C,and site D were 4633.61,896.80,10.54,and 6.14 kg/m,respectively.Site A had the largest surface changes,and the surface changes at site B were significantly weaker than those at site A,whereas the surface changes at site C and site D were minimal.The results indicated that Artemisia ordosica significantly reduced the wind speed,drift potential,aeolian sediment transport,and surface changes.The higher the coverage of Artemisia ordosica is,the more obvious the effects of wind-proof and sand-fixing.Wind erosion would be effectively controlled in the Mu Us Sandy Land if the coverage of Artemisia ordosica is greater than 29%.These results provide a scientific basis for evaluating the ecosystem service function of Artemisia ordosica and the vegetation protection and construction projects in the Mu Us Sandy Land.

Wind tunnel test on the effect of metal net fences on sand flux in a Gobi Desert, China

The Lanzhou-Xinjiang High-speed Railway runs through an expansive windy area in a Gobi Desert, and sand-blocking fences were built to protect the railway from destruction by wind-blown sand. However, the shielding effect of the sand-blocking fence is below the expectation. In this study, effects of metal net fences with porosities of 0.5 and 0.7 were tested in a wind tunnel to determine the effectiveness of the employed two kinds of fences in reducing wind velocity and restraining wind-blown sand. Specifically, the horizontal wind velocities and sediment flux densities above the gravel surface were measured under different free-stream wind velocities for the following conditions： no fence at all, single fence with a porosity of 0.5, single fence with a porosity of 0.7, double fences with a porosity of 0.5, and double fences with a porosity of 0.7. Experimental results showed that the horizontal wind velocity was more significantly decreased by the fence with a porosity of 0.5, especially for the double fences. The horizontal wind velocity decreased approximately 65% at a distance of 3.25 m（i.e., 13 H, where H denotes the fence height） downwind the double fences, and no reverse flow or vortex was observed on the leeward side. The sediment flux density decreased exponentially with height above the gravel surface downwind in all tested fences. The reduction percentage of total sediment flux density was higher for the fence with a porosity of 0.5 than for the fence with a porosity of 0.7, especially for the double fences. Furthermore, the decreasing percentage of total sediment flux density decreased with increasing free-stream wind velocity. The results suggest that compared with metal net fence with a porosity of 0.7, the metal net fence with a porosity of 0.5 is more effective for controlling wind-blown sand in the expansive windy area where the Lanzhou-Xinjiang High-speed Railway runs through.

Morphological characteristics and dynamic changes of seif dunes in the eastern margin of the Kumtagh Desert,China

The seif dune field over the gravel desert surface in the eastern margin of the Kumtagh Desert is a valuable experimental site for the observation of dune formation and dynamics.We used high-resolution remote sensing and station observation approaches,combined with wind and grain size data,to study the characteristics of the aeolian environment and the morphologies of and dynamic changes in seif dunes.We observed the ratio of the resultant drift potential(RDP)to the drift potential(DP),which was 0.37,associated with an obtuse bimodal wind regime.The drift potentials in the west-northwest(WNW)and east-northeast(ENE)directions were dominant,and the angle between the two primary DP directions was 135.00°.The dune orientations ranged from 168.75°-213.75°,which were parallel to the resultant drift direction(186.15°).The dune lengths ranged from 51.68 to 1932.1 m with a mean value of 344.91 m.The spacings of the dunes ranged from 32.34 to 319.77 m with a mean value of 93.39 m.The mean grain size of the sediments became finer,and the sorting became better from upwind tail to downwind tip,which indicated that the sediment of the seif dunes in the study region may be transported from northward to southward.The rate of increase in the length,the mean longitudinal migration rate of the dune tail,and the mean longitudinal extension rate of the dune tip(also called elongation rate)were 4.93,4.63,and 9.55 m/a,respectively.The mean lateral migration vector of the seif dunes was approximately 0.11 m/a towards the west(-0.11 m/a),while the mean amplitude of lateral migration was 0.53 m/a,ignoring the direction of lateral migration.We found that the seif dune field formed first beside seasonal rivers,which can provide sediment,and then expanded downwind.

高海拔冻土地区公路路基风流场特征研究

风流场对于局地条件下地-气能量交换过程与强度影响显著,同时也是多年冻土区对流调控类冷却路基的关键环境边界。结合现场监测与数值模拟,对高海拔冻土路基周边风流场进行特征区划研究并考察路基高度的影响。结果表明:坡前扰动区为低风速区,3m路基高度条件下迎风坡坡脚0.5~2.0m高度范围内风速约为环境风速的30%。路基上部为高风速区,迎风坡路肩风速明显大于环境、路面中部及背风坡风速。背风坡坡后扰动区为低风速区,靠近坡脚区域受气流辐散效应作用形成涡旋区,整体风速仅为环境风速的30%。涡旋区水平范围随路基高度增加呈线性增加,3m路基高度条件下涡旋区水平范围约为12m。分离式路基即两幅路基并行条件下,受前幅路基影响后幅路基坡前风速下降明显,以两幅路基坡前风速差值不超过环境风速的10%(0.35m·s^(-1))为标准,3m路基高度条件下两幅路基最小间距为60m。因此,在路基工程的修建过程中为减少路基间的遮挡所造成的两幅路基间的对流换热强度差异,分离式对流换热类冷却路基的现场修建间距应不低于60m。

探索构建住房和城乡建设领域大数据平台

为解决住房和城乡建设大数据概念内涵不清晰,大数据未充分发挥价值等问题,本文在充分研究大数据概念内涵基础上,解析住房和城乡建设大数据的体量巨大、种类多样、价值很高等特征,剖析住房和城乡建设领域大数据平台建设缺乏顶层设计、统一平台、标准规范,以及建设难度大等问题,提出住房和城乡建设领域大数据平台总体架构及建设思路,指导住房和城乡建设领域大数据的研究和应用工作。

兰新高铁大风区风况特征及防风工程设计分区

兰新高铁是世界上穿越最长风区、防风工程规模最大的铁路。大风严重威胁高铁的运营安全,查明兰新高铁沿线大风分布特征及危害特性极为重要和迫切。利用气候分析、天气诊断及实测校验等方法,结合兰新高铁沿线大风观测资料,找出了微地貌、特定气候导致的局部特大风速区段,确定了沿线大风风速、风向在平面、剖面方向的时空变化规律。基于地形、风力、大风频率及危害程度,将兰新高铁线路划分为五大风区的防风工程设计分区,即:大风极少区、大风低发区、大风一般区、大风易发区和大风频繁区。大风区线路应以降高度、小夹角、大半径为主要选线原则。防风工程的设计,应以大风工程分区为基础,评估不同工程风区环境下的列车安全特性,建立以大风工程分区匹配为主导,适合不同风区,结合设置条件的系统工程对策。

青藏铁路高寒风沙环境特征与防治技术

自青藏铁路格尔木-拉萨段(简称格拉段)修建伊始,沙害问题就是危害铁路正常运营的一个不容忽视的问题,而对于高寒风沙活动规律及其防治等科学问题亟待研究.通过近年来持续对青藏铁路格拉段风沙环境及防沙工程的系统研究,本文分析了青藏铁路格拉段风沙危害特征,提出了防治思路与防护体系配置,进而分析了工程实施后的防护效益.通过对青藏铁路风沙灾害特征及其防治的系统总结,填补了高寒区风沙危害防治研究的盲区,更为青藏高原及类似地区铁路工程的风沙危害防治提供科学依据和技术支撑.

青海共和盆地固定支架式光伏阵列对阵内风场的影响

青海省共和盆地是中国最大的新能源基地之一,大规模光伏设施的建设对区域生态环境必然产生较大的影响。通过在光伏阵列内外建立风况观测断面,架设5套5梯度的自动气象站,实施同步监测,对不同风向条件下光伏阵列对阵内风场的影响进行观测研究。结果表明:(1)光伏阵列具有导向作用,使风向以顺光伏组串长轴方向的偏西风和偏东风为主。当旷野风向与光伏组串长轴方向夹角β≥45°时,光伏阵列内出现围绕光伏串的横向绕流,阵列内存在明显的双风向,且β越大,双风向特征越明显。(2)光伏阵列整体具有减速作用,且减速率随高度呈指数递增关系,但20 cm高度风速减弱作用具有很大的不确定性,甚至出现增强风速的作用。减速率随风向的变化呈三峰三谷的区间分布特征,三峰三谷区间的极大值出现在β=45°或β=67.5°处,极小值多出现在β=22.5°处。(3)受光伏组串北高南低的结构和光伏阵列内风程长度的影响,光伏阵列内风向和风速变化存在非对称性特征。光伏阵列对阵内风场的影响,一方面有利于光伏面板除尘,另一方面会增加阵内地表就地起尘的潜在风险。光伏场建设应更加注重光伏阵列内生态保护和修复,提高地表植被覆盖度,减少起尘量,提高发电效率。

New discoveries on the effects of desertification on the ground temperature of permafrost and its significance to the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

The desert and permafrost conditions of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau are unique.However,the effects of desertification on the ground temperature of permafrost are currently unclear.Recently,understanding this problem has become more urgent because of increasing desertification on the plateau.For this reason,an observational field experiment was undertaken by the authors at Honglianghe on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.Thermistor ground temperature probes were used,and synchronized contrasting observations were made in an open area.Observations of the ground temperature of permafrost below sand layers with a range of thicknesses were made from May 2010 to April 2011.The sand layers were found to play a key role in the protection of the underlying permafrost.The ground temperature below a permafrost table overlain by a thick sand layer was lower than that of the average annual temperature for the natural ground surface,and the temperature drop was roughly constant at 0.2°C.During the warmer part of the year (May to September),the maximum temperature drops over the five months were 3.40,3.72,4.85,3.16,and 1.88°C,respectively.The ground temperature near a permafrost table overlain by a thin sand layer was also lower than that of the average annual temperature for the natural ground surface.However,in this case the average of the annual maximum temperature drop was significantly less,0.71°C.The scientific significance of our preliminary conclusions is not only to present an exploration of the interaction between desertification and permafrost,but also to provide new engineering ideas for protecting the permafrost in regions where construction is required on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.

Experimental definition and its significance on the minimum safe distance of blown sand between the proposed Qinghai-Tibet Expressway and the existing Qinghai-Tibet Railway

The Qinghai-Tibet Expressway is a major strategic project planned by China that will be built along the Qinghai-Tibet Engineering Corridor. At present,important traffic line projects,such as the Qinghai-Tibet Railway,have been built within this narrow corridor,particularly at the blown sand sections. How to ensure that the wind speed and its flow field between the new expressway and existing railway subgrades are not affected by each other is a priority to prevent breaking the dynamic balance of the blown sand movement of the existing subgrade,thereby avoiding aggravating or inducing new blown sand hazards and ensure the safe operation of the existing Qinghai-Tibet Railway. Therefore,defining the minimum distance of the wind speed and its flow field,which are not affected by each other,between the subgrades become a scientific problem that should be solved immediately to implement the construction of the Qinghai-Tibet Expressway. For this purpose,the minimum safe distance between the subgrades of the Qinghai-Tibet Expressway and Qinghai-Tibet Railway was investigated from the perspective of blown sand by making subgrade models for conducting wind tunnel experiments and combining the observation data of the local field. Results indicated that the minimum safe distance between the two subgrades is 45–50 times the subgrade height when the Qinghai-Tibet Expressway is located at the downwind direction of the Qinghai-Tibet Railway,and 50 times the subgrade height when the former is located at the upwind direction of the latter. These results have guiding significance for the route selection,survey,and design of the Qinghai-Tibet Expressway at the blown sand sections and for the traffic line projects in other similar sandy regions.

通天河七渡口风沙环境特征及沙害防治

通天河七渡口位于长江上游楚玛尔河和通天河交汇处,属于长江的水源涵养区和补给区,近年来该地区草场在风力侵蚀作用下出现沙漠化趋势。为控制沙化草地的进一步蔓延,我们在通天河七渡口进行了风沙环境观测,并开展了机械和植物固沙试验。结果表明:通天河七渡口年平均风速为1.95 m·s^(-1),最大风速20.63 m·s^(-1),主起沙风向为偏西风(包括W、WSW、WNW),次起沙风向为东北风(包括NNE、NE),年输沙势为93.06 VU,年合成输沙方向为107.54°,年总输沙量为3 007.30 g·cm^(-1)。经过两年的机械和植物固沙试验,沙障内形成了稳定的蚀积凹曲面,使沙层表面得到固定,有效控制了沙丘移动。随着沙障内人工植被的逐渐生长,试验区内地表微环境逐渐得到改善:(1)土壤颗粒变细,沙样粒径组分中粉沙和黏土增多,沙障内未种草地和沙障内人工种草地粉沙和黏土含量分别是流沙地的6.4倍和9.1倍;(2)表土有机质增多,流沙地、沙障内未种草地、沙障内人工种草地表土有机质含量分别为0.91、1.48、2.02 g·kg^(-1);(3)沙层表面形成土壤结皮,土壤硬度增强,流沙地、沙障内未种草地、沙障内人工种草地土壤硬度分别为0.52、1.25、2.12 k Pa。