小规模农业生产易于出现不合理施肥导致的肥料利用率低等问题,严重影响到生态环境和农业可持续发展。研究建立适合我国小农户集约化农业生产特点且科学轻简的养分推荐方法尤为重要。中国农业科学院农业资源与农业区划研究所会同全国39...小规模农业生产易于出现不合理施肥导致的肥料利用率低等问题,严重影响到生态环境和农业可持续发展。研究建立适合我国小农户集约化农业生产特点且科学轻简的养分推荐方法尤为重要。中国农业科学院农业资源与农业区划研究所会同全国39个土壤肥料研究团队,研发了适合我国农业生态条件和种植体系的基于产量反应和农学效率的作物推荐施肥方法。该方法在汇总分析全国各作物主产区开展的肥料田间试验的基础上,建立了包含作物产量反应、农学效率及养分吸收与利用等信息的数据库。采用QUEFTS(quantitative evaluation of the fertility of tropical soils)模型模拟作物养分吸收,同时对数据库中土壤基础养分供应、作物农学效率与产量反应进行相关分析,建立基于产量反应和农学效率的作物推荐施肥模型。在此基础上,借助计算机技术和智能云计算,研发了“养分专家系统”(简称NE系统),用户只需提供种植地块的一些基本信息,如往年农民习惯措施下的作物产量、施肥历史、有机无机肥料投入以及秸秆还田情况,NE系统就能给出基于该地块的个性化施肥方案。NE系统在推荐施肥中除了考虑土壤基础地力外,还考虑了上季作物养分残效和秸秆还田带入的养分,以及作物轮作体系和有机肥施用情况等,提出的推荐施肥方案符合4R养分管理策略(最佳肥料品种、最佳用量、最佳施用时间和最佳施用位置),同时兼顾施肥的农学、经济和环境效应。多点田间验证试验证实,NE系统推荐施肥兼顾科学性和实用性,且易于掌握,是一种能够保障作物增产增收、提高肥料利用率和保护环境的科学推荐施肥方法。展开更多
To understand the long-term effects of combined organic and chemical nitrogen fertilization on soil organic C(SOC) and total N(TN), we conducted a 30-year field experiment with a wheat–maize rotation system on the Hu...To understand the long-term effects of combined organic and chemical nitrogen fertilization on soil organic C(SOC) and total N(TN), we conducted a 30-year field experiment with a wheat–maize rotation system on the Huang-HuaiHai Plain during 1990–2019. The experimental treatments consisted of five fertilizer regimes: no fertilizer(control), chemical fertilizer only(NPK), chemical fertilizer with straw(NPKS), chemical fertilizer with manure(NPKM), and 1.5 times the rate of NPKM(1.5NPKM). The NPK, NPKS, and NPKM treatments had equal N inputs. The crop yields were measured over the whole experimental duration. Soil samples were collected from the topsoil(0–10 and 10–20 cm) and subsoil(20–40 cm) layers for assessing soil aggregates and taking SOC and TN measurements. Compared with the NPK treatment, the SOC and TN contents increased significantly in both the topsoil(24.1–44.4% for SOC and 22.8–47.7% for TN) and subsoil layers(22.0–47.9% for SOC and 19.8–41.8% for TN) for the organically amended treatments(NPKS, NPKM and 1.5NPKM) after 30 years, while no significant differences were found for the average annual crop yields over the 30 years of the experiment. The 0–10 cm layer of the NPKS treatment and the 20–40 cm layer of the NPKM treatment had significantly higher macroaggregate fraction mass proportions(19.8 and 27.0%) than the NPK treatment. However, the 0–10 and 20–40 cm layers of the 1.5NPKM treatment had significantly lower macroaggregate fraction mass proportions(–19.2 and –29.1%) than the control. The analysis showed that the higher SOC and TN in the soil of organically amended treatments compared to the NPK treatment were related to the increases in SOC and TN protected in the stable fractions(i.e., free microaggregates and microaggregates within macroaggregates), in which the contributions of the stable fractions were 81.1–91.7% of the increase in SOC and 83.3–94.0% of the increase in TN, respectively. The relationships between average C inputs and both stable SOC and TN stocks were significantly positive with R2 values of 0.74 and 0.72(P<0.01) for the whole 40 cm soil profile, which indicates the importance of N for soil C storage. The results of our study provide key evidence that long-term combined organic and chemical nitrogen fertilization, while maintaining reasonable total N inputs, benefited soil C and N storage in both the topsoil and subsoil layers.展开更多
文摘小规模农业生产易于出现不合理施肥导致的肥料利用率低等问题,严重影响到生态环境和农业可持续发展。研究建立适合我国小农户集约化农业生产特点且科学轻简的养分推荐方法尤为重要。中国农业科学院农业资源与农业区划研究所会同全国39个土壤肥料研究团队,研发了适合我国农业生态条件和种植体系的基于产量反应和农学效率的作物推荐施肥方法。该方法在汇总分析全国各作物主产区开展的肥料田间试验的基础上,建立了包含作物产量反应、农学效率及养分吸收与利用等信息的数据库。采用QUEFTS(quantitative evaluation of the fertility of tropical soils)模型模拟作物养分吸收,同时对数据库中土壤基础养分供应、作物农学效率与产量反应进行相关分析,建立基于产量反应和农学效率的作物推荐施肥模型。在此基础上,借助计算机技术和智能云计算,研发了“养分专家系统”(简称NE系统),用户只需提供种植地块的一些基本信息,如往年农民习惯措施下的作物产量、施肥历史、有机无机肥料投入以及秸秆还田情况,NE系统就能给出基于该地块的个性化施肥方案。NE系统在推荐施肥中除了考虑土壤基础地力外,还考虑了上季作物养分残效和秸秆还田带入的养分,以及作物轮作体系和有机肥施用情况等,提出的推荐施肥方案符合4R养分管理策略(最佳肥料品种、最佳用量、最佳施用时间和最佳施用位置),同时兼顾施肥的农学、经济和环境效应。多点田间验证试验证实,NE系统推荐施肥兼顾科学性和实用性,且易于掌握,是一种能够保障作物增产增收、提高肥料利用率和保护环境的科学推荐施肥方法。
基金supported by the Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Program (ASTIP) of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS-CSAL-202302 and GY2023-12-7)the Fundamental Research Funds for Central Non-Profit Scientific Institutions, China (1610132019014)the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2016YFD0200101 and 2018YFD0200804)。
文摘To understand the long-term effects of combined organic and chemical nitrogen fertilization on soil organic C(SOC) and total N(TN), we conducted a 30-year field experiment with a wheat–maize rotation system on the Huang-HuaiHai Plain during 1990–2019. The experimental treatments consisted of five fertilizer regimes: no fertilizer(control), chemical fertilizer only(NPK), chemical fertilizer with straw(NPKS), chemical fertilizer with manure(NPKM), and 1.5 times the rate of NPKM(1.5NPKM). The NPK, NPKS, and NPKM treatments had equal N inputs. The crop yields were measured over the whole experimental duration. Soil samples were collected from the topsoil(0–10 and 10–20 cm) and subsoil(20–40 cm) layers for assessing soil aggregates and taking SOC and TN measurements. Compared with the NPK treatment, the SOC and TN contents increased significantly in both the topsoil(24.1–44.4% for SOC and 22.8–47.7% for TN) and subsoil layers(22.0–47.9% for SOC and 19.8–41.8% for TN) for the organically amended treatments(NPKS, NPKM and 1.5NPKM) after 30 years, while no significant differences were found for the average annual crop yields over the 30 years of the experiment. The 0–10 cm layer of the NPKS treatment and the 20–40 cm layer of the NPKM treatment had significantly higher macroaggregate fraction mass proportions(19.8 and 27.0%) than the NPK treatment. However, the 0–10 and 20–40 cm layers of the 1.5NPKM treatment had significantly lower macroaggregate fraction mass proportions(–19.2 and –29.1%) than the control. The analysis showed that the higher SOC and TN in the soil of organically amended treatments compared to the NPK treatment were related to the increases in SOC and TN protected in the stable fractions(i.e., free microaggregates and microaggregates within macroaggregates), in which the contributions of the stable fractions were 81.1–91.7% of the increase in SOC and 83.3–94.0% of the increase in TN, respectively. The relationships between average C inputs and both stable SOC and TN stocks were significantly positive with R2 values of 0.74 and 0.72(P<0.01) for the whole 40 cm soil profile, which indicates the importance of N for soil C storage. The results of our study provide key evidence that long-term combined organic and chemical nitrogen fertilization, while maintaining reasonable total N inputs, benefited soil C and N storage in both the topsoil and subsoil layers.
