Inertinite-rich coal is widely distributed in the Ordos Basin,represented by the No.2 coal seam of the Middle Jurassic Yan'an Formation.This paper combined coal petrology and geochemistry to analyze the origin of ...Inertinite-rich coal is widely distributed in the Ordos Basin,represented by the No.2 coal seam of the Middle Jurassic Yan'an Formation.This paper combined coal petrology and geochemistry to analyze the origin of inertinite,changes in the coal-forming environment and control characteristics of wildfire.Research has shown that there are two forms of inertinite sources in the study area.Alongside typical fusinization,wildfire events also play a substantial role in inertinite formation.There are significant fluctuations in the coal-forming environment of samples at different depths.Coal samples were formed in dry forest swamp with low water levels and strong oxidation,which have a high inertinite content,and the samples formed in wet forest swamp and limnic showed low inertinite content.Conversely,the inertinite content of different origins does not fully correspond to the depositional environment characterized by dryness and oxidation.Nonpyrogenic inertinites were significantly influenced by climatic conditions,while pyrofusinite was not entirely controlled by climatic conditions but rather directly impacted by wildfire events.The high oxygen level was the main factor causing widespread wildfire events.Overall,the combination of wildfire activity and oxidation generates a high content of inertinite in the Middle Jurassic coal of the Ordos Basin.展开更多
我国华北型煤田普遍受底板承压水威胁,底板注浆改造是承压水害防治的有效途径。但注浆改造层位多为非均质的灰岩,其注浆地质条件复杂多变,使得注浆工程效率有限。为了提高底板注浆水害防治的效率,开展基于承压水单孔放水实验的底板精准...我国华北型煤田普遍受底板承压水威胁,底板注浆改造是承压水害防治的有效途径。但注浆改造层位多为非均质的灰岩,其注浆地质条件复杂多变,使得注浆工程效率有限。为了提高底板注浆水害防治的效率,开展基于承压水单孔放水实验的底板精准注浆研究。以渭北煤田,特别是澄合矿区董家河煤矿为研究背景。在分析研究区底板水害防治特征的基础上,结合底板精准注浆内涵,针对性研发了单孔放水实验装置及配套使用技术。在开展单孔放水实验的基础上,结合突水优势面理论提出了底板分类注浆技术。研究结果表明:通过设置定流量控制阀,可以实现单孔放水实验,获取承压水的渗透系数 K 和富水系数 q 等参数。结合环向非完整井的设计,可以获取承压水水平方向上主要的径流方向。依据单孔放水实验获取的水文参数,结合突水优势面理论,注浆条件类型可以划分为5大类7小类,包括不富水型、 Q - S 曲线直线Ⅰ型、 Q - S 曲线直线Ⅱ型、 Q - S 曲线抛物线Ⅰ型、 Q - S 曲线抛物线Ⅱ型、 Q - S 曲线幂函数型、 Q - S 曲线对数型。依据钻孔注浆条件的重要性,给出了每种类型钻孔的注浆工艺。通过工程实践应用,采用分类注浆技术的注浆工程提高了注浆效率,有效控制了底板水害。研究成果为华北型煤田底板承压水害信息化防治提供了新的技术和设备。展开更多
频间偏差(Inter Frequency Bias,IFB)通常会给电离层延迟的解算带来误差.目前从电离层延迟中消除频间偏差的方法是基于GPS双频观测数据建立垂直电离层模型,利用卡尔曼滤波实时估算电离层模型系数和频间偏差.然而滤波过程中的测量噪声协...频间偏差(Inter Frequency Bias,IFB)通常会给电离层延迟的解算带来误差.目前从电离层延迟中消除频间偏差的方法是基于GPS双频观测数据建立垂直电离层模型,利用卡尔曼滤波实时估算电离层模型系数和频间偏差.然而滤波过程中的测量噪声协方差矩阵没有考虑系统观测量之间的相关性,这会导致滤波模型不准确,进而影响最后求解的电离层延迟的准确性.本文选取了美国19个参考站的GPS双频观测数据,利用卡尔曼滤波实时估算电离层模型系数以及频间偏差.在滤波过程中,通过将先验频间偏差的估计方差引入测量噪声方差,实现对测量噪声协方差矩阵的优化.计算结果表明,优化后得到的卫星频间偏差与欧洲定轨中心(Center for Orbit Determination in Europe,CODE)得到的频间偏差更接近.将优化后的电离层延迟代入伪距解算,得到的位置误差的标准差在东向和天顶向分别下降了12.5%和15.4%,天顶向误差平均值下降了17.6%,定位精度得到提高.展开更多
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.42272209)the Natural Science Basic Research Program of Shaanxi(Grant No.2021JLM-12)the CNPC Major Science and Technology Project(Grant No.2021DJ3805)。
文摘Inertinite-rich coal is widely distributed in the Ordos Basin,represented by the No.2 coal seam of the Middle Jurassic Yan'an Formation.This paper combined coal petrology and geochemistry to analyze the origin of inertinite,changes in the coal-forming environment and control characteristics of wildfire.Research has shown that there are two forms of inertinite sources in the study area.Alongside typical fusinization,wildfire events also play a substantial role in inertinite formation.There are significant fluctuations in the coal-forming environment of samples at different depths.Coal samples were formed in dry forest swamp with low water levels and strong oxidation,which have a high inertinite content,and the samples formed in wet forest swamp and limnic showed low inertinite content.Conversely,the inertinite content of different origins does not fully correspond to the depositional environment characterized by dryness and oxidation.Nonpyrogenic inertinites were significantly influenced by climatic conditions,while pyrofusinite was not entirely controlled by climatic conditions but rather directly impacted by wildfire events.The high oxygen level was the main factor causing widespread wildfire events.Overall,the combination of wildfire activity and oxidation generates a high content of inertinite in the Middle Jurassic coal of the Ordos Basin.
文摘我国华北型煤田普遍受底板承压水威胁,底板注浆改造是承压水害防治的有效途径。但注浆改造层位多为非均质的灰岩,其注浆地质条件复杂多变,使得注浆工程效率有限。为了提高底板注浆水害防治的效率,开展基于承压水单孔放水实验的底板精准注浆研究。以渭北煤田,特别是澄合矿区董家河煤矿为研究背景。在分析研究区底板水害防治特征的基础上,结合底板精准注浆内涵,针对性研发了单孔放水实验装置及配套使用技术。在开展单孔放水实验的基础上,结合突水优势面理论提出了底板分类注浆技术。研究结果表明:通过设置定流量控制阀,可以实现单孔放水实验,获取承压水的渗透系数 K 和富水系数 q 等参数。结合环向非完整井的设计,可以获取承压水水平方向上主要的径流方向。依据单孔放水实验获取的水文参数,结合突水优势面理论,注浆条件类型可以划分为5大类7小类,包括不富水型、 Q - S 曲线直线Ⅰ型、 Q - S 曲线直线Ⅱ型、 Q - S 曲线抛物线Ⅰ型、 Q - S 曲线抛物线Ⅱ型、 Q - S 曲线幂函数型、 Q - S 曲线对数型。依据钻孔注浆条件的重要性,给出了每种类型钻孔的注浆工艺。通过工程实践应用,采用分类注浆技术的注浆工程提高了注浆效率,有效控制了底板水害。研究成果为华北型煤田底板承压水害信息化防治提供了新的技术和设备。
文摘频间偏差(Inter Frequency Bias,IFB)通常会给电离层延迟的解算带来误差.目前从电离层延迟中消除频间偏差的方法是基于GPS双频观测数据建立垂直电离层模型,利用卡尔曼滤波实时估算电离层模型系数和频间偏差.然而滤波过程中的测量噪声协方差矩阵没有考虑系统观测量之间的相关性,这会导致滤波模型不准确,进而影响最后求解的电离层延迟的准确性.本文选取了美国19个参考站的GPS双频观测数据,利用卡尔曼滤波实时估算电离层模型系数以及频间偏差.在滤波过程中,通过将先验频间偏差的估计方差引入测量噪声方差,实现对测量噪声协方差矩阵的优化.计算结果表明,优化后得到的卫星频间偏差与欧洲定轨中心(Center for Orbit Determination in Europe,CODE)得到的频间偏差更接近.将优化后的电离层延迟代入伪距解算,得到的位置误差的标准差在东向和天顶向分别下降了12.5%和15.4%,天顶向误差平均值下降了17.6%,定位精度得到提高.