基于d电子理论的Ti-Nb-Cu三元形状记忆合金性能优化

基于d电子理论设计Ti-Nb-Cu形状记忆合金的相组成,以优化其性能。XRD分析和TEM观察表明,Cu添加导致键级(Bo)和金属d轨道能级(Md)值减小,从而使相组成发生演变。随着Cu含量的增加,相组成的变化可以总结如下:β+α"→β+ω→β+α"+ω→β。随着Cu含量的增加,Ti-Nb-Cu形状记忆合金的屈服强度、极限抗拉强度和伸长率均呈先增大后减小的趋势。通过优化Cu合金元素含量,Ti-Nb-Cu形状记忆合金具有优异的力学性能,其屈服强度为528 MPa,极限抗拉强度为742 MPa,这主要归因于固溶强化、晶粒细化以及析出强化的综合作用。

2021—2022年国际药物流行病学与治疗风险管理会议研究热点分析

目的描述2022年国际药物流行病学与治疗风险管理会议(ICPE)提及的药物流行病学领域研究热点和作者合作关系,并与2021年结果进行比较。方法以2021—2022年ICPE会议摘要为数据源,利用Python提取文献信息,利用R软件networkD3包绘制作者和机构合作关系网络图,tidytext包对词条频率进行加权统计,获得热点疾病、药物和数据库等。结果共纳入2086篇ICPE会议文献。与2021年相比,2022年文献、作者和机构数量分别增加了58.8%,42.3%,24.9%。2022年共387位核心作者(含中国14位,均来自港台地区),构成26个密切合作群(含国内合作群2个);共161个核心研究机构(含中国8个),构成18个密切合作群(含中外合作群和国内合作群各1个)。新型冠状病毒肺炎(COVID-19)、2型糖尿病、类风湿性关节炎等疾病热度一直很高,乳腺癌、帕金森病和痴呆的热度明显上升。阿片类药物、钠-葡萄糖共转运体2抑制剂、抗精神病药等药物热度一直很高,抗抑郁药、COVID-19疫苗和抗高血压药的热度明显上升。热点数据库为英国临床实践研究数据链、IBM MarketScan商业索赔与遭遇数据库、美国食品药品管理局不良事件报告系统等。结论2021—2022年间,ICPE会议规模有所扩大,学者合作更加广泛和深入。然而,中国内地学者的参会交流合作状况与国外仍存在较大差距。乳腺癌、帕金森病、痴呆、抗抑郁药和COVID-19疫苗是2022年ICPE的新热点话题。本文展示的研究热点、合作网络对国内药物流行病学学者的未来研究选题与合作对象选择有一定参考价值。

Metabolomics and network pharmacology reveal the mechanism of the Jiawei Yangshen pill in treatment of cyclophosphamide-induced dyszoospermia in mice

Background:The Jiawei Yangshen pill enhances sperm abundance.However,the pharmacological mechanism of action of the Jiawei Yangshen pill remains unclear.This study aimed to explore the therapeutic effect of the Jiawei Yangshen pill in the treatment of dyszoospermia and study the underlying mechanism.Methods:A dyszoospermia model was established by injecting mice with cyclophosphamide(50 mg/kg)consecutively for 7 days.Physiological and pathological indicators of the testis and hormone levels were examined after 4 weeks of treatment.Untargeted metabolomics using high-performance liquid chromatograph-mass spectrometry was performed on testis specimens.Network pharmacology analysis was used to construct an“ingredient-target-disease”interactive network,followed by metabolic pathway enrichment analysis.Western blotting was performed to examine the levels of the related proteins.Results:The Jiawei Yangshen pill significantly increased the testis index,epididymal index,sperm count,and testosterone level,while concurrently decreasing sperm mortality and luteinizing hormone levels.The spermatogenic cells in the Jiawei Yangshen pill-treated mice were well arranged with an increased number.Significantly different metabolites were identified.Western blotting showed that the expression levels of p-anti-adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase/anti-adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase and p-protein kinase B/protein kinase B were significantly increased after the Jiawei Yangshen pill treatment,whereas the expression levels of transforming growth factor-β1 and nuclear factor kappa B(p65)were remarkably decreased.Conclusion:The Jiawei Yangshen pill significantly improved testicular microcirculatory injury and overall metabolic levels in mice with dyszoospermia.

Optimization and pharmacodynamic evaluation of stir-frying with bran for Tangshen processing

Background:Traditional Chinese medicine requires special processing before it can be effectively used for clinical treatment of diseases.In particular,Tangshen stir-fried with wheat bran smoke has been found to enhance the function of the stomach and spleen.However,there is limited research on the technology and pharmacodynamic effects of Tangshen fried with bran.Therefore,the objective of this article is to optimize the method of stir-frying with bran for Tangshen processing and to compare the anti-fatigue and hypoxia-resistance effects of Tangshen before and after bran-frying.Methods:The response surface methodology was utilized to optimize the frying temperature,frying time,and the bran-to-Tangshen ratio,using lobetyolin as the indicator.The swimming time of mice and the levels of blood urea nitrogen,lactate dehydrogenase,and blood glucose in fatigued mice were compared before and after Tangshen was fried with bran.Additionally,the hypoxic resistance ability of Tangshen before and after bran-frying was determined through normobaric hypoxia test and sodium nitrite poisoning test.Results:The optimal bran-frying conditions for Tangshen processing were determined as:frying temperature of 167°C,frying time of 2.67 min,and the bran-to-Tangshen ratio of 50:100.Pharmacodynamic analysis results indicated that Tangshen significantly increased the GLU content(P<0.01)and significantly reduced the LDH content(P<0.01)both before and after bran-frying.While both traditional and new bran-frying methods significantly increased the content of muscle glycogen(P<0.05),the optimized method in this study also significantly elevated the content of liver glycogen(P<0.05).The traditional method significantly prolonged the survival time of mice from sodium nitrite poisoning(P<0.05).Conclusion:The response surface model proved to be highly effective in optimizing the stir-frying process with bran for Tangshen processing.The results of this study indicate that Tangshen possesses anti-fatigue and hypoxia-resistance effects both before and after bran-frying,with bran-fried Tangshen exhibiting significantly stronger effects.

The dynamic changes and mechanisms of Rehmanniae radix processing based on Maillard reaction

Background:Traditional Chinese medicines are usually processed before they are used for clinical treatment.This is done in a way associated with the Maillard reaction.Methods:Based on the Maillard reaction,this paper analyzed the degree of processing of rehmannia root(Rehmanniae radix)relative to the dynamic variation rules of Maillard reaction index parameters,including pH,A420,amino acids,and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural.Furthermore,this study introduced thermal analysis techniques and pyrolysis kinetics to assess the influence of the correlation between processing raw rehmannia root and the Maillard reaction during carbonization.It then went through the whole process of transforming the raw material to end-product in order to explain the scientific connotation of processing it.Results:The results showed that each time rehmannia root was processed,its pH value and amino acid content decreased,while the A420 value and 5-HMF increased.Processing with wine shows a significant difference in these experimental indexes.The position and intensity of the maximum thermal weight loss rate peak of processed rehmannia root at different degrees of processing are different.Comprehensive quantitative 221±0.2°C for processed rehmannia root carbonization was the processing temperature limit.Moreover,the kinetic solution verified that the activation energy corresponding to the carbonization temperature was close to the maximum value of the activation energy of the whole carbonization process,and the optimal mechanism function was g(α)=((1−α)−1/3−1)2.Conclusion:The Maillard reaction occurred during the processing of rehmannia root mixed with carbonization.With each increase of the number of steaming and drying cycles involved in the processing,the level of Maillard reaction increased significantly.The wine-steaming method had a significant effect on the quality of the processed product.

Effects of processing technology on essential oil and pharmacological action of frankincense

Background:According to the traditional Chinese medicine theory,the common processing methods for Ruxiang(frankincense)include stir-frying processing and vinegar processing.Methods:With network pharmacology and thermal analysis methods,we selected and identified the main and irritating ingredients,established the pyrolysis characteristic parameters for identifying frankincense quality,quantified the starting and optimum temperature limits for processing frankincense,and analyzed the influences of processing adjuvants(vinegar)on combustion pyrolysis characteristics of frankincense.By applying Fourier transformation infrared spectrometry,high performance liquid chromatography,gas chromatography and UV-visible spectrometry,we evaluated the processing technology developed in our study of frankincense and its processed products.Results:Based on network pharmacology,we can find that the classical compounds of essential oil are the main pharmacodynamics components of frankincense possessing the anti-inflammatory,analgesia,anti-tumor,anti-ulcer and ant-inflammatory bowel disease effects.The pyrolysis combustion rate peaks of frankincense at 285.27±7.05℃and 476.99±13.46℃were the characteristic peaks used to identify frankincense quality.The specific temperature of slow-fire processing,including the vinegar processing and stir-frying processing,was 148.72±5.09℃.Heating for 5.67±0.98 min after reaching processing temperature was needed for processing frankincense with vinegar.The kinetics analysis showed that both frankincense and its vinegar mixture exhibited good linear relationships.The feasibility and practicability for our processing technology were verified through the determination of medicinal compounds by Fourier transformation infrared spectrometry,high performance liquid chromatography,gas chromatography and UV.Conclusion:Frankincense essential oils were the main active components of frankincense,which also can be taken as the internal chemical control indexes to judge the quality control and to optimize the processing technology of frankincense.The pyrolysis combustion rate peaks of frankincense at 285.27±7.05℃and 476.99±13.46℃were the characteristic peaks that can be used to identify frankincense quality.The optimum processing conditions of vinegar-processed frankincense with were as follows:with vinegar,20%;heating temperature,148.72±5.09℃;and heating time,5.67±0.98 min.Under these conditions,frankincense essential oil could cause a moderate effect on combustion pyrolysis characteristics to exert its corresponding pharmacological effects.

Investigation of the processing technology and mechanism of Kansui radix by licorice based on response surface methodology and integrative pharmacology

Background:The herbs should be processed by different methods before use,and the efficacy and toxicity of Chinese herbal medicines may change,which may enhance efficacy and reduce toxicity after processing.Gansui(Kansui radix)is a common clinical herbal medicine,and there are considerable changes in its toxicity and efficacy after processing.Gaocao(Glycyrrhizae radix et rhizome)has a detoxifying effect.Methods:Using the contents of euphorbiadienol and the alcohol-soluble extract of Glycyrrhizae radix-processed Kansui radix as evaluation indexes,response surface methodology was used to optimize the processing technology of Kansui radix by exploring the effects of Glycyrrhizae radix et rhizoma-addition amount,frying temperature,and frying time on the processing technology of Kansui radix.Meanwhile,response surface software was used to analyze experimental data to determine the processing parameters of Kansui radix by Glycyrrhizae radix et rhizoma.Integrative Pharmacology-based Research Platform of Traditional Chinese Medicine is used to analysis the potential ingredients of Kansui radix and verify the potential ingredients by western blotting.Results:The technology of Glycyrrhizae radix et rhizoma-processed Kansui radix was optimized for the Glycyrrhizae radix et rhizoma-addition amount of 27%,frying temperature of 180℃,and frying time of 11 min.The network pharmacology analysis revealed that Kansui radix could cause kidney,liver,and heart injury by the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway.Kansui radix at high or low dose could decrease the ratio of p-AKT/AKT while Glycyrrhizae radix et rhizoma-processed Kansui could increase it.Conclusion:The model established by response surface methodology is relatively accurate and can predict the contents of euphorbiadienol and alcohol extract of processed Kansui radix.The toxic effects and its mechanism of action of Kansui radix and processed Kansui radix on kidney,liver,and heart,from the perspective of systems biology,have provided scientific evidence to its clinical application.

The riddles of number nine in Chinese medicine processing method

The“nine cycles of steaming and shining”,“nine making”,“nine turns”and“nine cycles of calcining and quenching”methods that are recorded and used since ancient times are merely one aspect of the unique processing methods of traditional Chinese medicine.Inducing the Chinese medicine processing method“nine cycles of steaming and shining”from historical review and summarizing the practical wisdom based on the canonical aspects of traditional Chinese medicine and the experiences of ancient Chinese medicine sages to promote the new development of traditional Chinese medicine.After the long-term and multiple“nine”processing,the materials of traditional Chinese medicine exhibit significant beneficial changes in terms of taste,efficacy,and chemical composition contents,thus emphasizing that Chinese medicine processing plays a significant role in their efficacy enhancement and toxicity reduction.Heshouwu(Polygoni Multiflori Radix),Dihuang(Rehmanniae Radix),Huangjing(Rhizoma Polygonati),Dahuang(Radix et Rhizoma Rhei),and Xixiancao(Herba Siegesbeckiae)are representatives of Chinese medicinal materials prepared using the“nine-system”processing method.This review discovers the aim and the molecular mechanism of“nine”processing of the abovementioned herbs from the viewpoints of modern pharmacochemistry and pharmacology to provide a theoretical support for the“nine”processing method of traditional Chinese medicine and to promote the international market of traditional Chinese medicine.

East to west:research progress in traditional Chinese medicine for antiaging strategies

Delaying the onset of aging is considered an important tool for dealing with the global crisis of the aging population.Accordingly,several antiaging studies have been conducted using strategies of modern medicine and traditional Chinese medicine(TCM).In this review,we summarize the current state of antiaging research related to both modern medicine and TCM and provide suggestions for further research.Various theories related to the aging process have been proposed,including the free radical theory,mitochondrial DNA damage theory,telomere theory,cross-linking theory,and intestinal flora theory,and a number of antiaging chemical treatments have been developed using modern medicine.These theories and achievements have resulted in major advancements in antiaging research.TCM is based on practical experience and has a long history with unique advantages in antiaging research.Some antiaging practices such as moderate diet consumption,acupuncture,Tai Chi(a traditional Chinese martial art that can relax the nerves to slow down the aging process),and Wuqin Xi(a traditional Chinese exercise to strengthen the body)have been adopted to maintain health.Several TCMs and prescriptions,particularly those related to medicine food homology,have been used in antiaging treatment,and their antiaging properties have been demonstrated to be effective based on pharmacological experiments and clinical applications.

Is"Pangolin(Manis Squama)is not used in medicine"an improvement in the protection of precious and rare species or an improvement in the safety of using medicine?

Recently,a number of reports about pangolin have become hot news:The Chinese Pharmacopoeia(2020 edition)has not continued to include the drug-using standards for pangolin(Manis Squama),aristolochic(Aristolochia debilis Sieb.et Zucc),celestial vine(Fibraurea recisa Pierre),and Chinese patent drug Huanglian Yanggan pills(approval number by China State Food and Drug Administration:Z200113194).On June 5,2020,the China Forestry Administration Bureau and the Grassland Bureau co-issued an announcement to upgrade all the species of genus pangolins from the national second level of the protected wildlife to the first level.The new coronavirus(SARS-CoV-2)is also highly similar to the beta coronavirus isolated from pangolin[1].

Effect of Sn Content on the Microstructural Features, Martensitic Transformation and Mechanical Properties in Ti-V-Al-Based Shape Memory Alloys

In the present study, it is expected to tailor the microstructural features, martensitic transformation temperatures and mechanical properties of Ti-V-Al shape memory alloys through adding Sn alloying elements, which further expands their applications. Sn addition results in the monotonous rising of average valence electron number (e/a). In proportion, the single α″ martensite phase directly evolves into merely β parent phase in present Ti-V-Al-based shape memory alloys, as Sn content increases from 0.5 to 5.0 at.%. Meanwhile, Sn addition causes the reduction in the grain size. Combined with transmission electron microscopy (TEM) observation and d electron theory analysis, it can be speculated that Sn addition can suppress the precipitation of ω phase. With increasing Sn content, fracture strength invariably decreases from 962 to 792 MPa, whereas the yield strength firstly decreases and then increases. The lowest yield stress for the stress-induced martensitic transformation of 220 MPa can be obtained in Ti-V-Al shape memory alloy by adding 3.0 at.% Sn. By optimizing 1.0 at.% Sn, the excellent ductility with a largest elongation of 42.1% can be gained in Ti-V-Al shape memory alloy, which is larger than that of the reported Ti-V-Al-based shape memory alloys. Besides, as a result of solution strengthening and grain refinement, Ti-V-Al-based shape memory alloy with 5.0 at.% Sn possesses the highest yield strength, further contributing to the excellent strain recovery characteristics with 4% fully recoverable strain.

Hyperbaric oxygen improves functional recovery of rats after spinal cord injury via activating stromal cell-derived factor-1/CXC chemokine receptor 4 axis and promoting brain-derived neurothrophic factor expression

Background: Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a worldwide medical concern. This study aimed to elucidate the mechanism underlying protective effect of hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) against SCI-induced neurologic defects in rats via exploring the stromal cell-derived factor-1 (SDF-1)/CXC chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) axis and expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). Methods: An acute SCI rat model was established in Sprague-Dawley rats using the Allen method. Sixty rats were divided into four groups (w = 15 in each group): sham-operated, SCI, SCI treated with HBO (SCI + HBO), and SCI treated with both HBO and AMD3100 (an antagonist of CXCR4;SCI + HBO + AMD) groups. The rats were treated with HBO twice a day for 3 days and thereafter once a day after the surgery for up to 28 days. Following the surgery, neurologic assessments were performed with the Basso-Bettie-Bresnahan (BBB) scoring system on postoperative day (POD) 7, 14, 21, and 28. Spinal cord tissues were harvested to assess the expression of SDF-1, CXCR4, and BDNF at mRNA and protein levels, using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, Western blot analysis, and histopathologic analysis. Results: HBO treatment recovered SCI-induced descent of BBB scores on POD 14,(1.25±0.75 vs. 1.03 ±0.66, P< 0.05), 21 (5.27± 0.89 vs. 2.56± 1.24, P< 0.05), and 28 (11.35±0.56 vs. 4.23± 1.20, P<0.05) compared with the SCI group. Significant differences were found in the mRNA levels of SDF-1 (mRNA: day 21, SCI + HBO vs. SCI + HBO + AMD, 2.89± 1.60 vs. 1.56±0.98, P<0.05), CXCR4 (mRNA: day 7, SCI + HBO vs. SCI, 2.99± 1.60 vs. 1.31 ±0.98, P<0.05;day 14, SCI + HBO vs. SCI + HBO + AMD, 4.18± 1.60 vs. 0.80±0.34, P<0.05;day 21, SCI + HBO vs. SCI, 2.10±1.01 vs.1.15±0.03, P<0.05), and BDNF (mRNA: day 7, SCI + HBO vs. SCI, 3.04±0.41 vs. 2.75±0.31, P<0.05;day 14, SCI + HBO vs. SCI, 3.88± 1.59 vs. 1.11 ±0.40, P<0.05), indicating the involvement of SDF-1/CXCR4 axis in the protective effect of HBO. Conclusions: HBO might promote the recovery of neurologic function after SCI in rats via activating the SDF-1/CXCR4 axis and promoting BDNF expression.

Contribution of the Alternative Respiratory Pathway to PSII Photoprotection in C3 and C4 Plants

The mechanism by which the mitochondrial alternative oxidase （AOX） pathway contributes to photosystem II （PSII） photoprotection is in dispute. It was generally thought that the AOX pathway protects photosystems by dissipating excess reducing equivalents exported from chloroplasts through the malate/oxaloacetate （Mal/OAA） shuttle and thus preventing the over-reduction of chloroplasts. In this study, using the aoxla Arabidopsis mutant and nine other C3 and C4 plant species, we revealed an additional action model of the AOX pathway in PSII photoprotection. Although the AOX pathway contributes to PSII photoprotection in C3 leaves treated with high light, this contribution was observed to disappear when photorespiration was suppressed. Disruption or inhibition of the AOX pathway significantly decreased the photorespiration in C3 leaves. Moreover, the AOX pathway did not respond to high light and contributed little to PSII photoprotection in C4 leaves possessing a highly active Mal/OAA shuttle but with little photorespiration. These results demonstrate that the AOX pathway contributes to PSII photoprotection in C3 plants by maintaining photo- respiration to detoxify glycolate and via the indirect export of excess reducing equivalents from chloro-plasts by the MaI/OAA shuttle. This new action model explains why the AOX pathway does not contribute to PSII photoprotection in C4 plants.

Quantification of Chinese yam processing methods based on pyrolysis characteristics and its relation to Maillard reaction

Objective:Chinese yam(Shanyao in Chinese,SY)as one of the representatives for Chinese medicines can be used as both of medicine and food with rich nutritional and medicinal value.Most of Chinese herbal medicines need to be processed prior to be used in clinical practice.SY was divided into Maoshanyao(Hairy Shanyao,MSY)and Guangshanyao(Smooth Shanyao,GSY)based on different processing methods at the place of origin,and it also could be processed as stir-fried SY and bran stir-fried SY to meet the different clinical use.Moreover,during the processing of Chinese herbal medicines,more complicated Maillard reaction occurs compared to food processing.Therefore,the objective of this research is to quantify the firepower of SY processing,and combined this with the relevant parameters of Maillard reaction.Methods:The MSY and GSY produced in Shanxi and Henan Provinces were chosen as the research objects.By using thermal analysis technology,we first established the correlation between pyrolysis and processing of SY and its mixtures.We also quantified the firepower of Shaoyao processing,and combined this with the relevant parameters of Maillard reaction(p H value,amino acid,and 5-HMF)and the changes in medicinal ingredients(allantoin).Results:The SY was mainly fried with moderate-fire(190°C-200°C),and the starting temperatures of different SY–ingredient mixtures were(176.3±5.33)°C for(honey)bran,and(205.9±8.05)°C for rice.The upper limits of processing temperature were(289.9±6.47)°C for(honey)bran and(298.9±1.15)°C for rice.The cooking time was(10.80±1.76)min for soil stir-fry,(10.31±1.06)min for bran stir-fry,and(8.43±0.68)min for rice stir-fry.Moreover,the p H values and the content of 5-HMF were increased(P<0.001),while the content of glycine was decreased significantly(P<0.001)after processing.Conclusion:The results verified and quantified the firepower of traditional processing of SY,and also provided scientific reference for other studies related to SY processing.

Deposition and characterization for high-quality Ti-Ni-Cu thin films with higher Cu content

In order to attain high-quality Ti-Ni-Cu film,the surface morphologies,chemical compositions and mechanical properties of Ti-Ni-Cu thin films prepared by direct current(DC)magnetron sputtering at various processes were characterized by scanning electron microscopy(SEM),X-ray diffractometer(XRD)and tensile tests.The type of substrates,Ar pressure and sputtering power had significant effects on the quality and chemical composition of Ti-Ni-Cu thin film.Compared with Si and SiO_(2) slides,it was easier to obtain freestanding films by adopting glass or piezoid slide as substrates.The Ti-Ni-Cu thin film deposited at lower pressure(0.10 Pa)had a better density.The surface was featured with porous structure in the Ti-Ni-Cu thin film prepared by higher Ar pressure of 0.36 Pa.In addition,both the tensile strength and strain of annealed Ti-Ni-Cu thin film continuously increased with Ar pressure decreasing.Higher density contributed to the superior mechanical properties.The deposition rate firstly increased and then decreased with Ar pressure and sputtering power increasing.The composition of deposited Ti-Ni-Cu film can be tailored by changing sputter power.The deposited Ti-Ni-Cu thin films at different processing parameters were in amorphous state.In short,the present study offered the important theoretical basis for the preparation of Ti-Ni-Cu thin film with higher quality and performance.