Bird species composition and conservation challenges in the Gaoligong Mountains, one of the most diverse bird areas in the world

The Gaoligong Mountains(GLGM),located in southwestern China,extend north to south along the western border of the Hengduan Mountains,spanning approximately 600 km.In this study,we consolidated findings from 17 bird surveys conducted in the GLGM between 2010 and 2022.We found that the GLGM harbors tremendous bird diversity,with a total of 796 documented bird species in the region.Nearly a quarter(23.0%)of these species are listed as state key protected species or as Chinese and global threatened species.Analysis of species richness at the county level showed a decreasing trend with increasing latitude,with the greatest diversity in Yingjiang(661 species).Observations indicated that the GLGM belongs to the Oriental realm,primarily composed of bird species from southern and southwestern China.The GLGM plays an important role in avian conservation by sheltering exceptional bird diversity,providing corridors and flyways for bird migration and dispersal,and mitigating the effects of climate change.In response to the conservation needs of birds and other wildlife,the Chinese government has established numerous protected areas within the GLGM.Despite these efforts,avian conservation still faces considerable challenges in the GLGM due to limitations in the protected area network,transboundary nature of the regions,and existing gaps in monitoring and research.

Metabolic syndrome and acute pancreatitis:Current status and future prospects

Rising incidence of a complicated disorder with a multifarious etiology is acute pancreatitis.Growing numbers of cases of acute pancreatitis are linked to obesity,hyperlipidemia,hyperglycemia,hypertension,and other metabolic diseases.Trends driven by better living standards and unhealthy lifestyle choices both in China and abroad.Furthermore common diagnosis for many patients is metabolic syndrome.Predicting the adverse effect of metabolic syndrome on the severity and prognosis of acute pancreatitis is a main focus of present clinical research.Our next studies seek to investigate the fundamental causes of this link and create preventative plans meant to lower the incidence of pancreatitis linked to meta-bolic syndrome and enhance the prognosis.

Present situation of minimally invasive surgical treatment for early gastric cancer

Minimally invasive surgery is a kind of surgical operation,which is performed by using professional surgical instruments and equipment to inactivate,resect,repair or reconstruct the pathological changes,deformities and wounds in human body through micro-trauma or micro-approach,in order to achieve the goal of treatment,its surgical effect is equivalent to the traditional open surgery,while avoiding the morbidity of conventional surgical wounds.In addition,it also has the advantages of less trauma,less blood loss during operation,less psychological burden and quick recovery on patients,and these minimally invasive techniques provide unique value for the examination and treatment of gastric cancer patients.Surgical minimally invasive surgical techniques have developed rapidly and offer numerous options for the treatment of early gastric cancer(EGC):endoscopic mucosal resection(EMR),underwater EMR(UEMR),endoscopic submucosal dissection(ESD),endoscopic full-thickness resection(EFTR),endoscopic submu-cosal excavation(ESE),submucosal tunnel endoscopic resection,laparoscopic and endoscopic cooperative surgery(LECS);Among them,EMR,EFTR and LECS technologies have a wide range of applications and different modific-ations have been derived from their respective surgical operations,such as band-assisted EMR(BA-EMR),conven-tional EMR(CEMR),over-the-scope clip-assisted EFTR,no-touch EFTR,the inverted LECS,closed LECS,and so on.These new and improved minimally invasive surgeries are more precise,specific and effective in treating different types of EGC.

Yiwei Xiaoyu granules for treatment of chronic atrophic gastritis with deficiency syndrome of the spleen and stomach

BACKGROUND The Correa sequence,initiated by Helicobacter pylori(H.pylori),commonly progresses to gastric cancer through the stage of chronic atrophic gastritis(CAG).Although eradication of H.pylori only reduces the risk of gastric cancer,it does not eliminate the risk for neoplastic progression.Yiwei Xiaoyu granules(YWXY)are a commonly used composite preparation in Chinese clinics.However,the pursuit of excellence in clinical trials and the establishment of standardized animal experiments are still needed to contribute to full understanding and application of traditional Chinese medicine in the treatment of CAG.AIM To demonstrate the effectiveness of YWXY in patients with CAG and spleenstomach deficiency syndrome(DSSS),by alleviating histological scores,improving response rates for pathological lesions,and achieving clinical efficacy in relieving DSSS symptoms.METHODS We designed a double-blind,randomized,controlled trial.The study enrolled seventy-two H.pylori-negative patients(mean age,52.3 years;38 men)who were randomly allocated to either the treatment group or control group in a 1:1 ratio,and treated with 15 g YWXY or 0.36 g Weifuchun(WFC)tablet combined with the respective dummy for 24 wk.The pre-randomization phase resulted in the exclusion of 72 patients:50 participants did not meet the inclusion criteria,12 participants declined to participate,and 10 participants were excluded for various other reasons.Seven visits were conducted during the study,and histopathological examination with target endoscopic biopsy of narrow-band imaging was requested before the first and seventh visits.We also evaluated endoscopic performance scores,total symptom scores,serum pepsinogen and gastrin-17.RESULTS Six patients did not complete the trial procedures.Treatment with YWXY improved the Operative Link on Gastric Intestinal Metaplasia Assessment(OLGIM)stage,compared with WFC(P<0.05).YWXY provided better relief from symptoms of DSSS and better improvement in serum gastric function,compared with WFC(P<0.05).CONCLUSION YWXY compared with WFC significantly reduced the risk of mild or moderate atrophic disease,according to OLGIM stage,significantly relieved symptoms of DSSS,and improved serum gastric function.

Refractory autoimmune hemolytic anemia in a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus and ulcerative colitis:A case report

BACKGROUND Ulcerative colitis(UC)and systemic lupus erythematosus(SLE)are both systemic immunoreactive diseases,and their pathogenesis depends on the interaction between genes and environmental factors.There are no reports of UC with SLE in China,but six cases of SLE with UC have been reported in China.The combination of these two diseases has distinct effects on the pathogenesis of both diseases.CASE SUMMARY A female patient(30 years old)came to our hospital due to dull umbilical pain,diarrhea and mucous bloody stool in August 2018 and was diagnosed with UC.The symptoms were relieved after oral administration of mesalazine(1 g po tid)or folic acid(5 mg po qd),and the patient were fed a control diet.On June 24,2019,the patient was admitted for treatment due to anemia and tinnitus.During hospitalization,the patient had repeated low-grade fever and a progressively decreased Hb level.Blood tests revealed positive antinuclear antibody test,positive anti-dsDNA antibody,0.24 g/L C3(0.9-1.8 g/L),0.04 g/L C4(0.1-0.4 g/L),32.37 g/L immunoglobulin(8-17 g/L),and 31568.1 mg/24 h total 24-h urine protein(0-150 mg/24 h).The patient was diagnosed with SLE involving the joints,kidneys and blood system.Previously reported cases of SLE were retrieved from PubMed to characterize clinicopathological features and identify prognostic factors for SLE.CONCLUSION The patient was discharged in remission after a series of treatments,such as intravenous methylprednisolone sodium succinate,intravenous human immunoglobulin,cyclophosphamide injection,and plasma exchange.After discharge,the patient took oral prednisone acetate tablets,cyclosporine capsules,hydroxychloroquine sulfate tablets and other treatments for symptoms and was followed up regularly for 1 month,after which the patient's condition continued to improve and stabilize.

Exploring choices of early nutritional support for patients with sepsis based on changes in intestinal microecology

BACKGROUND Sepsis exacerbates intestinal microecological disorders leading to poor prognosis.Proper modalities of nutritional support can improve nutrition,immunity,and intestinal microecology.AIM To identify the optimal modality of early nutritional support for patients with sepsis from the perspective of intestinal microecology.METHODS Thirty patients with sepsis admitted to the intensive care unit of the General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University,China,between 2019 and 2021 with indications for nutritional support,were randomly assigned to one of three different modalities of nutritional support for a total of 5 d:Total enteral nutrition(TEN group),total parenteral nutrition(TPN group),and supplemental parenteral nutrition(SPN group).Blood and stool specimens were collected before and after nutritional support,and changes in gut microbiota,short-chain fatty acids(SCFAs),and immune and nutritional indicators were detected and compared among the three groups.RESULTS In comparison with before nutritional support,the three groups after nutritional support presented:(1)Differences in the gut bacteria(Enterococcus increased in the TEN group,Campylobacter decreased in the TPN group,and Dialister decreased in the SPN group;all P<0.05);(2)different trends in SCFAs(the TEN group showed improvement except for Caproic acid,the TPN group showed improvement only for acetic and propionic acid,and the SPN group showed a decreasing trend);(3)significant improvement of the nutritional and immunological indicators in the TEN and SPN groups,while only immunoglobulin G improved in the TPN group(all P<0.05);and(4)a significant correlation was found between the gut bacteria,SCFAs,and nutritional and immunological indicators(all P<0.05).CONCLUSION TEN is recommended as the preferred mode of early nutritional support in sepsis based on clinical nutritional and immunological indicators,as well as changes in intestinal microecology.

A rare case of purulent pericarditis secondary to subdiaphragmatic abscess

Subdiaphragmatic abscess is the accumulation of pus in the space between the diaphragm and the transverse colon and its mesentery.[1]Subdiaphragmatic abscess is clinically characterized by fever and local pain.Its clinical manifestations are often vague and diverse,and its symptoms and signs together constitute thoracoabdominal syndrome,leading to delayed diagnosis and a high incidence rate and mortality.[2]Subdiaphragmatic abscess is often secondary to acute peritonitis or remote infection with hematogenous dissemination.The bacteriological characteristics of these abscesses include aerobic and facultative bacteria,such as Escherichia coli,group D Enterococcus and Staphylococcus aureus,as well as less common anaerobic organisms,such as Bacteroides.

越冬期黑颈鹤动物性食物的观察

黑颈鹤(Grus nigricollis)为杂食性鸟类,主要以植物性食物为主,同时也取食部分动物性食物。由于动物性食物富含脂肪和蛋白质,可以为黑颈鹤提供较高的能量,从而顺利完成越冬和迁徙。但目前对黑颈鹤的动物性食物尚缺乏了解。于2004—2012年,采用野外直接观察法,在黑颈鹤的越冬地(纳帕海湿地、大山包湿地)进行了动物性食物的观察研究。结果表明黑颈鹤取食鲫(Carassius auratus)、泥鳅(Misgurnus anguillicaudatus)、昭觉林蛙(Rana chaochiaoensis)和土壤中的昆虫幼虫。在不同的越冬地,黑颈鹤取食的动物性食物也有很大不同。在纳帕海湿地黑颈鹤主要取食鱼类,而在大山包湿地则主要取食土壤中的昆虫幼虫。

云南鹤类与研究现状

云南省共记录有7种鹤类:蓑羽鹤(Anthropoides virgo)、白鹤(Grus leucogeranus)、赤颈鹤(G.antigone)、灰鹤(G.grus)、白头鹤(G.monacha)、黑颈鹤(G.nigricollis)及丹顶鹤(G.japonensis),为中国记录鹤类种数最多的省份,其中赤颈鹤在中国仅记录于云南省。在这7种鹤类中,黑颈鹤的相关研究最多,灰鹤次之,其它鹤类则仅有分布记录。云南省共有39个县记录有鹤类分布,但其中25个县的观察记录仅见于2000年之前。栖息地丧失和改变是鹤类受到的主要威胁,尤其是湿地和农业耕作形式的改变,已经对鹤类的生存产生影响。

云南碧塔海地区黑颈鹤的数量和分布

掌握物种的数量和分布等基础信息在濒危物种保护和管理中具有重要价值。云南碧塔海地区是黑颈鹤(Grus nigricollis)中部越冬种群的重要分布地,但对其种群数量和分布仍缺乏详细数据。2004和2008年冬季,采用绝对数量统计法对碧塔海保护区以及周边沟谷沼泽的黑颈鹤分布和数量进行了调查。结果发现:越冬黑颈鹤总数量约为40只,其中82.5%~92.3%的个体分布在吉利古,其他个体分布在属都湖北、弥里淌、冈察坝、海头和五彩草甸。

胃癌前病变解痉多肽表达化生的研究进展

解痉多肽表达化生(spasmolytic polypeptide expressing metaplasia,SPEM)作为胃癌前病变的初始步骤,慢性炎症持续刺激可进展至异型增生甚至癌变.现有基于SPEM特性的动物模型研究显示,幽门螺杆菌感染所致的胃黏膜免疫应答失调可能为SPEM进展至肠化生直至胃癌的机制之一.因此,进一步研究SPEM的起源及进展机制,有望遏制SPEM病理形态的产生,阻断SPEM进展到肠化生,从而真正减少肠型胃癌的发病率.故本文将近10年来有关SPEM的研究进展进行简要综述.

Chinese expert consensus on cytoreductive surgery and hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy for peritoneal malignancies

Locoregional spread of abdominopelvic malignant tumors frequently results in peritoneal carcinomatosis(PC). The prognosis of PC patients treated by conventional systemic chemotherapy is poor, with a median survival of < 6 mo. However, over the past three decades, an integrated treatment strategy of cytoreductive surgery(CRS) + hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy(HIPEC) has been developed by the pioneering oncologists, with proved efficacy and safety in selected patients. Supported by several lines of clinical evidence from phases Ⅰ, Ⅱ and Ⅲ clinical trials, CRS + HIPEC has been regarded as the standard treatment for selected patients with PC in many established cancer centers worldwide. In China, an expert consensus on CRS + HIPEC has been reached by the leading surgical and medical oncologists, under the framework of the China Anti-Cancer Association. This expert consensus has summarized the progress in PC clinical studies and systematically evaluated the CRS + HIPEC procedures in China as well as across the world, so as to lay the foundation for formulating PC treatment guidelines specific to the national conditions of China.

Anxiety and depression in patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease and their effect on quality of life

AIM: To explore the role of psychological factors in gastroesophageal reflux disease(GERD) and their effect on quality of life(Qo L) of GERD patients.METHODS: A total of 279 consecutive patients with typical symptoms and 100 healthy controls were enrolled in the study.All of the participants wereevaluated with the Zung Self-Rating Anxiety Scale(ZSAS), the Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale(ZSDS) and the SF-36 questionnaire.The scores for anxiety, depression and Qo L of the two groups were analyzed.The correlation between psychological factors and Qo L was also analyzed.RESULTS: Compared with healthy controls(34.70 ± 8.00), the scores of ZSAS in the non-erosive reflux disease( N E R D) group(48.27±10.34) and the reflux esophagitis(RE) group(45.38 ± 10.27) were significantly higher(P < 0.001).The mean ZSAS score of the NERD group was significantly higher than that of the RE group(P = 0.01).Compared with healthy controls(37.61 ± 8.44), the mean ZSDS scores were significantly higher in the NERD group(49.65 ± 11.09, P < 0.001) and the RE group(46.76 ± 11.83, P < 0.001).All dimensions of the SF-36 form were negatively correlated with the SAS and SDS scores in patients with NERD and RE(P < 0.05).According to the S F- 3 6 form, vitality, mentalhealth and social functioning were significantly correlated with symptoms of depression in patients with NERD and RE.General health was obviously affected by symptoms of depression in patients with NERD(P < 0.05).CONCLUSION: Anxiety and depression may play an important role in the occurrence of GERD and especially that of NERD.The Qo L of patients with GERD is reduced by anxiety and depression.

Mir-30d increases intracellular survival of Helicobacter pylori through inhibition of autophagy pathway

AIM: To determine if mir-30 d inhibits the autophagy response to Helicobacter pylori(H. pylori) invasion and increases H. pylori intracellular survival.METHODS: The expression of mir-30 d was detected by quantitative polymerase chain reaction(PCR), and autophagy level was examined by transmission electron microscopy, western blot, and GFP-LC3 puncta assay in human AGS cells and GES-1 cells. Luciferase reporter assay was applied to confirm the specificity of mir-30 d regulation on the expression of several core molecules involved in autophagy pathway. The expression of multiple core proteins were analyzed at both the m RNA and protein level, and the intracellular survival of H. pylori after different treatments was detected by gentamicin protection assay.RESULTS: Autophagy level was increased in AGS and GES-1 cells in response to H. pylori infection, which was accompanied by upregulation of mir-30 d expression(P < 0.05, vs no H. pylori infection). In the two gastric epithelial cell lines, mimic mir-30 d was found to repress the autophagy process, whereas mir-30 d inhibitor increased autophagy responseto H. pylori invasion. mir-30 d mimic decreased the luciferase activity of wild type reporter plasmids carrying the 3′ untranslated region(UTR) of all five tested genes(ATG2B, ATG5, ATG12, BECN1, and BNIP3L), whereas it had no effect on the mutant reporter plasmids. These five genes are core genes of autophagy pathway, and their expression was reduced significantly after mir-30 d mimic transfection(P < 0.05, vs control cells without mir-30 d mimic treatment). Mir-30 d mimic transfection and direct inhibition of autophagy increased the intracellular survival of H. pylori in AGS cells.CONCLUSION: Mir-30 d increases intracellular survival of H. pylori in gastric epithelial cells through inhibition of multiple core proteins in the autophagy pathway.

Effect of postoperative early enteral nutrition on clinical outcomes and immune function of cholangiocarcinoma patients with malignant obstructive jaundice

BACKGROUND Most cholangiocarcinoma patients with malignant obstructive jaundice(MOJ)have varying degrees of malnutrition and immunodeficiency preoperatively.Therefore,perioperative nutritional support has important clinical significance in the treatment of cholangiocarcinoma.AIM To investigate the effects of postoperative early enteral nutrition(EEN)on immunity function and clinical outcomes of cholangiocarcinoma patients with MOJ.METHODS This prospective clinical study included 60 cholangiocarcinoma patients with MOJ who underwent surgery.The patients were randomly divided into an experimental group and a control group according to the nutrition support modes.The control group received postoperative total parenteral nutrition(TPN),whereas the experimental group received postoperative EEN and parenteral nutrition(PN;EEN+PN).The clinical outcomes,postoperative immune function,incidences of surgical site infection and bile leakage,intestinal function recovery time,average hospitalization days,and hospitalization expenses of the two groups were assessed on postoperative days(PODs)1,3,and 7.RESULTS The CD3+T,CD4+T,CD8+T,and CD4+T/CD8+T cell count and the immunoglobulin(Ig)G,IgM,and IgA levels in the EEN+PN group were significantly higher than those in the TPN group on PODs 3 and 7(P<0.05),whereas no significant differences in the CD3+T,CD4+T,CD8+T,and CD4+T/CD8+T cell counts and IgG,IgM,and IgA levels before operation and on POD 1 were found between the two groups(P>0.05).The intestinal function recovery time and postoperative hospital stay were shorter(P<0.001 for both)in the EEN+PN group than in the TPN group.The hospitalization expenses of the EEN+PN group were lower than those of the TPN group(P<0.001).However,the incidence of abdominal distension was higher than in the EEN+PN group than in the TPN group(P<0.05).The incidence rates of biliary leakage and surgical site infection were not significantly different between the two groups(P>0.05).CONCLUSION A postoperative EEN program could reduce the incidence of postoperative complications and improve the clinical outcomes and immune functions of cholangiocarcinoma patients with MOJ and is thus beneficial to patient recovery.

Effects of sepsis and its treatment measures on intestinal flora structure in critical care patients

BACKGROUND Sepsis is a common disease in intensive care units,with high morbidity and mortality.Intestinal microecology plays a vital part in the development and progression of this disease,possibly because sepsis and its treatment cause specific changes in the composition of the intestinal flora.AIM To investigate the characteristics of intestinal flora disturbance in sepsis patients treated with antibiotics.METHODS In this prospective comparative study,we enrolled ten patients with sepsis(sepsis group),hospitalized in the Department of Critical Care Medicine of the General Hospital,Ningxia Medical University,China(a class IIIa general hospital)from February 2017 to June 2017;ten patients without sepsis hospitalized in the same period(non-sepsis group)and ten healthy individuals(control group)were also enrolled.Fecal samples collected from the three groups were subjected to 16S rRNA gene sequencing and the intestinal flora diversity,structure,and composition were determined.Additionally,the dynamics of the intestinal flora diversity,structure,and composition in sepsis patients were investigated via 16S rRNA gene sequencing of samples collected 0 d,3 d,and 7 d after admittance to the intensive care unit.Correlations between the serum levels of procalcitonin,endotoxin,diamine oxidase,and D-lactic acid and the intestinal flora composition of sepsis patients were also investigated.RESULTS Compared with the healthy control group,sepsis and non-sepsis patients showed reduced intestinal floraα-diversity and a distinct flora structure,with Firmicutes as the dominant phylum,and significantly decreased proportions of Bacteroidetes,as well as Prevotella and Lachnospira,among other genera.Of note,the proportion of Enterococcus was significantly increased in the intestinal tract of sepsis patients.Interestingly,theα-diversity in the sepsis group decreased gradually,from days 1 to 7 of treatment.However,pairwise comparisons showed that both the diversity and structure of the intestinal flora were not significantly different considering the three different time points studied.Curiously,the serum levels of procalcitonin,endotoxin,diamine oxidase,and D-lactic acid in sepsis patients correlated with the prevalence of various bacterial genera.For example,the prevalence of Ruminococcus was positively correlated with serum procalcitonin,endotoxins,and diamine oxidase;similarly,the prevalence of Roseburia was positively correlated with serum procalcitonin,endotoxins,and D-lactic acid.CONCLUSION Sepsis patients in intensive care units show dysbiosis,lasting for at least 1 wk.

In vitro and in vivo protective effects of proteoglycan isolated from mycelia of Ganoderma lucidum on carbon tetrachlorideinduced liver injury

AIM： To investigate the possible mechanism of the protective effects of a bioactive fraction, Ganoderma lucidum proteoglycan （GLPG）isolated from Ganoderma luddum mycelia, against carbon tetrachloride-induced liver injury. METHODS： A liver injury model was induced by carbon tetrachloride. Cytotoxicity was measured by MTY assay. The activities of alanine aminotransferase （ALT） and aspartate aminotransferase （AST） were determined with an automatic multifunction-biochemical analyzer and the levels of superoxide dismutase （SOD） and TNF-α were determined following the instructions of SOD kit and TNF radioimmunoassay kit. Uver sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin （H＆E） for histological evaluation and examined under light microscope. RESULTS： We found that GLPG can alleviate the L-02 liver cells injury induced by carbon tetrachloride （CCh） through the measurements of ALT and AST activities and the administration of GLPG to L-02 cells did not display any toxicity. Furthermore, histological analysis of mice liver injury induced by CCh with or without GLPG pretreatment indicated that GLPG can significantly suppress the toxicity induced by CCh in mice liver. We also found that GLPG reduced TNF-α level induced by CCh in the plasma of mice, whereas increased SOD activity in the rat serum. CONCLUSION： GLPG has hepatic protective activity against CCl4 induced injury both in vitro and in vivo. The possible antihepatotoxic mechanisms may be related to the suppression of TNF-α level and the free radical scavenging activity.

Wireless esophageal pH capsule for patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease: A multicenter clinical study

AIM: To investigate the feasibility and safety of pH capsule to monitor pH in patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD).

Preventive and inhibitive effects of Yiwei Xiaoyu granules on the development and progression of spasmolytic polypeptideexpressing metaplasia lesions

BACKGROUND Spasmolytic polypeptide-expressing metaplasia(SPEM)is a potential preneoplastic lesion.AIM To elucidate the microRNA(miR)-7-mediated preventive and inhibitive effects of Yiwei Xiaoyu granules(YWXY)in SPEM lesions.METHODS Gastric mucosa biopsies were collected from chronic atrophic gastritis patients and healthy people with signed informed consent.YWXY was administered to the mice with induced SPEM by tamoxifen,and the gastric mucosa was harvested on the tenth day of the experiment.Then immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence were performed to validate the SPEM,lesions and the potential mechanism was investigated.RNA transcripts were detected with reverse transcriptionquantitative polymerase chain reaction.RESULTS The expression of miR-7 was downregulated in the SPEM lesions,and expression of trefoil factor 2(TFF2)and clusterin was high in the human gastric mucosa.In vivo experiments showed that YWXY could inhibit the cell proliferation in the tamoxifen-induced SPEM lesions by regulating Ki67.Simultaneously,YWXY could restore the expression of miR-7 by regulating TFF2 by detection with immunofluorescence but not with reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction,indicating its potential mechanism of targeting miR-7 by mediating TFF2.The expression of vascular endothelial growth factor-βand gastric intrinsic factor was restored within 3 d of YWXY administration for the SPEM lesions,speculating that the possible mechanism of YWXY is to inhibit the development and progression of SPEM by regulating vascular endothelial growth factor-βand gastric intrinsic factor.CONCLUSION miR-7 downregulation is an early event in SPEM through regulation of TFF2 in human gastric mucosa.YWXY is able to inhibit the cell proliferation and restore the expression of miR-7 by mediating TFF2 in the SPEM mouse model.

The breeding biology of Red-Whiskered Bulbul(Pycnonotus jocosus) in Xishuangbanna, southwest China

To fill the gap in breeding biology information about the Red-Whiskered Bulbul （Pycnonotus jocosus）, in 2013, we studied the breeding biology of this species in Xishuangbanna, southwest China. The breeding began from February and continued until early August. The breeding strategy of P. jocosus was more flexible and their nests were only built in cultivated landscapes, whereas, no nest building in native tropical rain forest was found. Small open cup nests were built on 50 different plant species, and at heights ranging from 2.1±0.6 m above the ground （n=102）. The mean clutch size was 2.53±0.51 eggs （n=40） and the mean egg mass was 2.81±0.25 g （n=60）. The average incubation period was 11.1±0.5 days （n=14）, and the average nestling period was 11.0±0.8 days （n=31）. The overall nest success was 34.22%.The hatching and fledging showed either asynchrony or synchrony. Invertebrate food decreased with nestling age, whereas, plant food increased with nestling age. Moreover, distinct parental roles of the parents in nestling period were found. Compared with other passerine species, P. jocosus spent less time in incubating （58%）. The clutch size, incubation and nestling period of the P. jocosus in southwest China were different from those of the R jocosus in India.