Liquid metal in prohibiting polysulfides shuttling in metal sulfides anode for sodium-ion batteries

Metal sulfides are a class of promising anode materials for sodium-ion batteries(SIBs)owing to their high theoretical specific capacity.Nevertheless,the reactant products(polysulfides)could dissolve into electrolyte,shuttle across separator,and react with sodium anode,leading to severe capacity loss and safety concerns.Herein,for the first time,gallium(Ga)-based liquid metal(LM)alloy is incorporated with MoS_(2)nanosheets to work as an anode in SIBs.The electron-rich,ultrahigh electrical conductivity,and self-healing properties of LM endow the heterostructured MoS_(2)-LM with highly improved conductivity and electrode integrity.Moreover,LM is demonstrated to have excellent capability for the adsorption of polysulfides(e.g.,Na_(2)S,Na_(2)S_(6),and S_(8))and subsequent catalytic conversion of Na_(2)S.Consequently,the MoS_(2)-LM electrode exhibits superior ion diffusion kinetics and long cycling performance in SIBs and even in lithium/potassium-ion battery(LIB/PIB)systems,far better than those electrodes with conventional binders(polyvinylidene difluoride(PVDF)and sodium carboxymethyl cellulose(CMC)).This work provides a unique material design concept based on Ga-based liquid metal alloy for metal sulfide anodes in rechargeable battery systems and beyond.

Toward enhanced alkaline hydrogen electrocatalysis with transition metal‐functionalized nitrogen‐doped carbon supports

Superior catalyst supports are crucial to developing advanced electrocatalysts toward heterogeneous catalytic reactions.Herein,we systematically investigate the role of transition metal‐functionalized N‐doped carbon nanosheets(M‐N‐C,M=Mn,Fe,Co,Ni,Cu,Mo,and Ag)as the multifunctional electrocatalyst supports toward hydrogen evolution/oxidation reactions(HER/HOR)in alkaline media.The results demonstrate that all the M‐N‐C nanosheets,except Cu‐N‐C and Ag‐N‐C,can promote the alkaline HER/HOR electrocatalytic activity of Pt by accelerating the sluggish Volmer step,among which Mn plays a more significant role.Analyses reveal that the promotion effect of M‐N‐C support is closely associated with the electronegativity of the metal dopants and the relative filling degree of their d‐orbitals.For one,the metal dopant in M‐N‐C with smaller electronegativity would provide more electrons to oxygen and hence tune the electronic structure of Pt via the M‐O‐Pt bonds at the interface.For another,the transition metal in M‐N4 moieties with more empty d orbitals would hybridize with O 2p orbitals more strongly that promotes the adsorption of water/hydroxyl species.The results demonstrate the conceptual significance of multifunctional supports and would inspire the future development of advanced electrocatalysts.

2005-2019年西藏波密县结核病流行特征分析

目的分析西藏波密地区结核病流行特征,为西藏地区结核病疫情防控提供科学依据。方法采用描述性流行病学方法,系统收集波密县2005~2019年间传染病报告信息管理系统中结核病病例个案信息,描述结核病发病时间、空间和人群分布特征,采用集中度法和圆形分布法探索结核病季节性分布特征。结果2005~2019年间,西藏波密县共报告结核病病例833例,其中涂阳患者251(30.13%)例,非涂阳患者582(69.87%)例,年平均发病率194.94/10万,男性397例,女性436例,男女比1:1.098,报告病例数排在前三位的乡镇分别为扎木镇(201例)、倾多镇(147例)和玉许乡(95例),分别占总发病人数的24.42%、17.86%和11.54%。集中趋势和圆形分布趋势分析显示,集中趋势M=0.2479,发病高峰主要集中于4月~7月中旬,职业分布以农牧民和学生为主,分别占比67.35%和23.05%。结论西藏波密县的结核病发病率高于全国平均水平,病例较为分散,且存在学生人群发病构成不断增加的趋势。

A Novel Pneumatic Soft Gripper with a Jointed Endoskeleton Structure

In current research on soft grippers,pneumatically actuated soft grippers are generally fabricated using fully soft materials,which have the advantage of flexibility as well as the disadvantages of a small gripping force and slow response speed.To improve these characteristics,a novel pneumatic soft gripper with a jointed endoskeleton structure(E-Gripper)is developed,in which the muscle actuating function has been separated from the force bearing function.The soft action of an E-Gripper finger is performed by some air chambers surrounded by multilayer rubber embedded in the restraining fiber.The gripping force is borne and transferred by the rigid endoskeleton within the E-Gripper finger Thus,the gripping force and action response speed can be increased while the flexibility is maintained.Through experiments,the bending angle of each finger segment,response time,and gripping force of the E-Gripper have been measured,which provides a basis for designing and controlling the soft gripper The test results have shown that the maximum gripping force of the E-Gripper can be 35 N,which is three times greater than that of a fully soft gripper(FS-Gripper)of the same size.At the maximum charging pressure of 150 kPa,the response time is1.123 s faster than that of the FS-Gripper.The research results indicate that the flexibility of a pneumatic soft gripper is not only maintained in the case of the E-Gripper,but its gripping force is also obviously increased,and the response time is reduced.The E-Gripper thus shows great potential for future development and applications.

Refreezing of cast-in-place piles under various engineering conditions

In the construction of the Qinghai-Tibet Power Transmission Line （QTPTL）, cast-in-place piles （CIPPs） are widely applied in areas with unfavorable geological conditions. The thermal regime around piles in permafrost regions greatly affects the stability of the towers as well as the operation of the QTPTL. The casting of piles will markedly affect the thermal regime of the surrounding permafrost because of the casting temperature and the hydration heat of cement. Based on the typical geological and engineering conditions along the QTPTL, thermal disturbance ofa CIPP to surrounding permafrost under different casting seasons, pile depths, and casting temperatures were simulated. The results show that the casting season （summer versus winter） can influence the refreezing process of CIPPs, within the first 6 m of pile depth. Sixty days after being cast, CIPPs greater than 6 m in depth can be frozen regardless of which season they were cast, and the foundation could be reffozen after a cold season. Comparing the refreezing characteristics of CIPPs cast in different seasons also showed that, without considering the ground surface conditions, warm seasons are more suitable for casting piles. With the increase of pile depth, the thermal effect of a CIPP on the surrounding soil mainly expands vertically, while the lateral heat disturbance changes little. Deeper, longer CIPPs have better stability. The casting temperature clearly affects the thermal disturbance, and the radius of the melting circle increases with rising casting temperature. The optimal casting temperature is between 2 ℃ and 9 ℃.

Trichosporon asahii ankle cavity effusion infection in a patient with severe aplastic anemia

Rationale:Trichosporon,an anamorphic fungus,proliferates under high humidity,causing serious opportunistic infections collectively called trichosporonosis.Among the Trichosporon species causing trichosporonosis are Trichosporon(T.)asahii,T.asteroides,T.cutaneum etc.Patient concerns:A 38-year-old Chinese male with severe aplastic anemia was admitted due to multiple joints pain,poor appetite,and right ankle swelling.One year earlier he had undergone allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.Diagnosis:T.asahii infection and severe aplastic anemia.Interventions:Combined treatment of amphotericin B liposomes(55 mg/24 h)and voriconazole(200 mg/12 h)for 8 days.Outcomes:The symptoms of the patient’s ankle were relieved and effusion cultures showed no T.asahii.Lessons:To the best of our knowledge,T.asahii ankle cavity effusion infections are rare.Trichosporon infections may be attributed to risk factors such as improper long-term use of antimicrobials for an underlying disease(e.g.,anemia,hypoalbuminemia).Attention should be paid to prevent and control Trichosporon infections in order to avoid comorbidities.

利用磁场加速析氧反应

无需额外的能源消耗,利用永磁体有望克服电解水的瓶颈问题.尽管近年来研究者在该方向付出了很多努力,但磁场效应的潜在机制仍然不明确.本文通过浸涂超亲水性γ-Fe_(2)O_(3)层,使其沉积在不同的电极基底上,并改变它们的表面润湿性和磁性,从而成功地揭示了磁场效应的作用机制.结果表明,在高电流密度下,磁场主要由额外施加在氧气气泡上的洛伦兹力和开尔文力产生,前者决定外加磁场的几何构型,后者则与电极的磁性密切相关.同时,本文还提出了通过优化磁场效应从而提高水电解整体效率的策略.

The observation of single-agent gemcitabine maintenance therapy in patients with metastatic breast cancer

Objective:The aim of the study was to evaluate the efficacy and tolerability of single-agent gemcitabine in the maintenance treatment of histologically confirmed metastatic breast cancer cases.Methods:The 45 patients carried efficacious chemotherapy were divided into maintenance therapy group(n=23) and control group(n=22) according to the different treatment methods.Patients in the maintenance therapy group received gemcitabine therapy until 6 cycles,disease progression or adverse effect intolerance.Within the control group,the patients were given best supportive care.Follow-up was made until disease progression,death or 2 years.The short-term clinical efficacy and adverse effects,progression-free survival(PFS) and median survival of recurrence(MSR) of these two groups were compared and analyzed.Results:Compared with the control group,the experiment group had higher response rate(RR;73.9% vs 31.8%;P<0.05),and significantly progress of median PFS(13.1 vs 9.6 months;P<0.05).However,the progression of MSR had no statistically difference with the control group(23.3 vs 21.1 months;P>0.05).Most of the treatment-related adverse events were mild,and the most common adverse event was hematologic toxicity.The 3 cases occurred grades 3–4 neutropenia and 3 cases occurred grades 3–4 thrombocytopenia.The 1 patient stopped treatment because of grade 3 allergic reaction,and 4 patients required dose reduction for grade 4 adverse events.Other adverse effects were grades 1–2,and all were recovered after symptomatic treatment.There was no significant side effect which threatened the life.Conclusion:In the extension maintenance treatment,gemcitabine can consolidate the therapeutic effect in advance and significantly prolong median PFS of metastatic breast cancer patients.In conclusion,gemcitabine monotherapy with a favorable safety profile is an effective maintenance treatment in metastatic breast cancer patients.

A new method for predicting injection multiples of extreme displacement in waterflood reservoirs

The theoretical relationship between water injection multiple(i.e.injected pore volume)and water saturation is inferred from theoretical concepts of reservoir engineering.A mathematical model based on core displacement tests is established for the entire injection process that satisfies both initial displacement and extreme displacement,simultaneously.The results show that prior to the flooding,the water injection multiple has a linear relationship with the water saturation,and the utilization rate of the injected water is the highest.As water breakthrough at the production end,the water-cut increases,and the injection multiple increases exponentially while the utilization efficiency of the injected water gradually decreases.When the injection multiple approaches infinity,the utilization efficiency of the injected water gradually decreases to 0,by which time the water-cut at the production end is always 1.At this time,the water saturation no longer changes,and the water flooding recovery rate reaches its limit.Based on the experimental test data,a mathematical model of the entire process of injection multiple and water saturation is established,which has high fitting accuracy that can predict the injection multiple in the different stages of development of a mature oil reservoir.The dynamically changing index of the injection water utilization efficiency in reservoir development by reactive water flooding can be obtained through reasonable transformation of the mathematical model.This is of great significance in guiding evaluations of the effects of reservoir development and formulating countermeasures.

Functionalization of cellulose carbon dots with different elements(N,B and S)for mercury ion detection and anti-counterfeit applications

Mercury ion(Hg^(2+)),as one of the most toxic heavy metal ions,accumulates easily in the environment,which can generate potential hazards to the ecosystem and human health.To effectively detect and remove Hg^(2+),we fabricated four types of carbon dots(CDs)using carboxymethyl nanocellulose as a carbon source doped with different elements using a hydrothermal method.All the CDs exhibited a strong fluorescence emission,excitation-dependent emission and possessed good water dispersibility.Moreover,the four fluorescent CDs were used for Hg^(2+)recognition in aqueous solution,where the CDs-N exhibited better sensitivity and selectivity for Hg^(2+)detection,with a low limit of detection of 8.29×10^(-6)mol/L.It was determined that the fluorescence quenching could be ascribed to a photoinduced charge-transfer processes between Hg^(2+)and the CDs.In addition,the CDs-N were used as a smart invisible ink for anticounterfeiting,information encryption and decryption.Furthermore,the CDs-N were immersed into a cellulose(CMC)-based hydrogel network to prepare fluorescent hydrogels capable of simultaneously detecting and adsorbing Hg^(2+).We anticipate that this research will open possibilities for a green method to synthesize fluorescent CDs for metal ion detection and fluorescent ink production.

SCFβ-TRCP E3 ubiquitin ligase targets the tumor suppressor ZNRF3 for ubiquitination and degradation

Wnt signaling has emerged as a major regulator of tissue development by governing the self-renewal and maintenance of stem cells in most tissue types. As a key upstream regulator of the Wnt pathway, the transmem- brane E3 ligase ZNRF3 has recently been established to play a role in negative regulation of Wnt signaling by targeting Frizzled （FZD） receptor for ubiquitination and degradation. However, the upstream regulation of ZNRF3, in particular the turnover of ZNRF3, is still unclear. Here we report that ZNRF3 is accumulated in the presence of proteasome inhibitor treatment independent of its E3-ubiquitin ligase activity. Furthermore, the Cullin f-specific SCF complex containing β-TRCP has been identified to directly interact with and ubiqui- tinate ZNRF3 thereby regulating its protein stability. Similar with the degradation of β-catenin by β-TRCP, ZNRF3 is ubiquitinated by β-TRCP in both CKI-phos- phorylation- and degron-dependent manners. Thus, our findings not only identify a novel substrate for β-TRCP oncogenic regulation, but also highlight the dual regu- lation of Wnt signaling by β-TRCP in a context-dependent manner where β-TRCP negatively regulates Wnt signaling by targeting β-catenin, and positively regulates Wnt signaling by targeting ZNRF3.

LaBr_(2)bilayer multiferroic moirésuperlattice with robust magnetoelectric coupling and magnetic bimerons

Two-dimensional(2D)van der Waals(vdW)materials provide the versatile playground to stack two or more vdW layers for creation of superior materials with desired properties.Here we theoretically adopt a twisted stack-engineering of two LaBr_(2)monolayers to break space inversion symmetry for ferroelectricity and ultimately multiferroism.The enhancement and reversal of electric polarization are accompanied with the transition from interlayer ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic orderings,demonstrating an effective magnetoelectric coupling effect with a mechanism dissimilar to that of the conventional multiferroics.Magnetization dynamics simulations show that such magnetic phase transition can excite topologically protected bimeron,and the skyrmion Hall effect can be suppressed by bilayer-bimeron stabilized in both ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic configurations.Moreover,in the small-angle twisted moirésuperlattice,the uniform polarization will evolve into a staggered domain structure,accompanied with the appearance of bimeron,which forms a significant discrepancy with the non-twisted stack-engineered multiferroic LaBr_(2)bilayer.This work provides a strategy for 2D multiferroic materials by twisted stack engineering of magnetic single layers.

Management of triplet excitons transition:fine regulation of Förster and dexter energy transfer simultaneously

Understanding and management of triplet excitons transition in the same molecule remain a great challenge.Hence,for the first time,by host engineering,manageable transitions of triplet excitons in a naphthalimide derivative NDOH were achieved,and monitored through the intensity ratio(ITADF/IRTP)between thermally activated delayed fluorescence(TADF)and room-temperature phosphorescence(RTP).Energy differences between lowest triplet excited states of host and guest were changed from 0.03 to 0.17 eV,and ITADF/IRTP of NDOH decreased by 200 times,thus red shifting the afterglow color.It was proposed that shorter conjugation length led to larger band gaps of host materials,thus contributing to efficient Dexter and inefficient Förster energy transfer.Interestingly,no transition to singlet state and only strongest RTP with quantum yield of 13.9%could be observed,when PBNC with loosest stacking and largest band gap acted as host.This work provides novel insight for the management and prediction of triplet exciton transitions and the development of smart afterglow materials.

链球菌病类活疫苗活菌计数参考品的研制

研制链球菌病类活疫苗活菌计数参考品,可以更加科学地评价活菌计数结果的准确性和有效性。首先,制备了一批链球菌病类活疫苗活菌计数参考品,对其物理性状、纯粹性、真空度、剩余水分进行检验,并对其均一性、运输稳定性、热稳定性进行测定,另组织3家单位通过协作标定的方式对参考品活菌数进行赋值,用协作标定法统计参考品在12个月内的保存期。参考品的性状检查、纯粹检验、真空度测定和剩余水分测定结果均符合《中国兽药典》的规定;均一性试验结果显示,参考品计数结果的变异系数小于10%,均一性良好;运输稳定性试验证明,参考品在夏季和冬季用泡沫盒加冰袋的方式运输3日内数值仍能保持稳定;加速热稳定性试验验证,参考品在–20℃条件下保存3个月、4℃条件下保存21 d内均可活菌数稳定;通过协作标定,统计出参考品活菌数的赋值范围为(8.5–12.1)×107CFU/支;保存期试验结果证实,参考品在–70℃以下保存一年内活菌数可维持稳定状态。链球菌病类活疫苗活菌计数参考品,不仅可以为链球菌病类活疫苗的活菌计数实验提供参照物,而且可以用于评价马丁琼脂培养基的质量,为兽用生物制品质量控制提供保障。

3~12岁儿童静态屈光度的估算模型

目的:构建3~12岁儿童静态屈光度与主要屈光参数间的回归模型。方法:横断面研究。研究分两部分:①建立回归模型:随机选取2014年7月至2016年6月于长沙爱尔眼科医院进行屈光检查的245例儿童,测量其眼轴长度(AL)、角膜曲率(Km)及前房深度(ACD),行睫状肌麻痹检影验光并计算晶状体屈光力(LP)。分析静态屈光度(SE)与屈光参数的相关性并建立回归模型。②验证回归模型:另随机选取2016年712月于长沙爱尔眼科医院进行屈光检查的43例儿童,测量上述屈光参数,行睫状肌麻痹检影验光(SE),计算LP和静态屈光度(SE),通过Bland-Altman分析比较SE与SE实测估算实测估算的一致性。结果:①建立回归模型:SE与AL、Km及LP的相关系数分别是-0.95、-0.83和-0.62(均P<0.001);其回归模型为SE=110.56-2.51×AL-0.97×Km-0.44×LP(R2=0.95,F=2534.52,P<0.001)。②验证回归模型:SE与SE存在明显相关性(r=0.97,P<0.001),95%一致性界限范围实测估算为-1.00~0.63 D,平均误差为-0.19 D(95%可信区间:-0.28^-0.10 D),81.40%的点落在临床可接受范围内(-0.55~0.55 D)。结论:AL是屈光度的最主要影响因素,其次是角膜曲率和晶状体屈光力;屈光度回归模型可较准确估算3~12岁儿童的静态屈光度。

间歇性外斜视青少年不同类型优势眼与注视眼的关系

目的:探讨间歇性外斜视(IXT)青少年不同类型优势眼与注视眼(非偏斜眼)的关系。方法:系列病例研究。选取2018年7—12月于湖南爱尔眼视光研究所就诊的IXT青少年患者43例,屈光全矫后分别使用卡洞法测量注视性优势眼,使用集合近点法测量运动性优势眼,使用基于Gabor信号识别的连续闪烁抑制法测量知觉性优势眼,并采用眼位控制力评分观察受检者的远距离客观控制力来判定注视眼。采用Kappa一致性检验比较优势眼与注视眼的一致性,采用单因素Logistic回归分析双眼知觉性优势差异和优势眼与注视眼一致性程度的关系。结果:43例IXT患者中,注视性优势眼、运动性优势眼及知觉性优势眼均与注视眼呈现出中度一致性(Kappa值分别为0.46、0.43、0.68,均P<0.001)。30例有明确双眼知觉优势差异的患者,其知觉性优势眼与注视眼高度一致(Kappa值=0.86,P<0.001),而注视性优势眼、运动性优势眼与注视眼的一致性仍为中度一致性(Kappa值=0.57,P=0.002;Kappa值=0.44,P=0.006)。单因素Logistic回归分析显示IXT患者的双眼知觉性优势差异是知觉性优势眼与注视眼一致性程度的影响因素(B=0.53,OR=1.70,P<0.001),即双眼优势差异越大,知觉性优势眼与注视眼一致性的概率越高。结论:青少年IXT患者的注视性优势眼、运动性优势眼、知觉性优势眼均与注视眼有一致性,但知觉性优势眼与注视眼的一致性更为紧密,尤其当患者有明确知觉优势差异时,知觉性优势眼检查比注视性优势眼和运动性优势眼检查来确定注视眼更为可靠。

荧光水凝胶对汞离子的富集检测研究

汞离子在微生物的作用下可转化为易在生物体内积累的甲基汞,最终对人体造成损伤.因此,开发对废水中汞离子富集检测的异相传感器是监测控制水中重金属汞污染的关键.本文通过将水热反应合成的氮硫-碳点与水凝胶自组装制备了一种集富集检测一体化的荧光水凝胶.通过扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、傅里叶转换红外光谱(FTIR)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)等手段对AAH进行表征,结合静态吸附法研究了不同pH、温度、时间以及多种重金属离子共存等实验条件下AAH对Hg^(2+)的富集能力,并且通过荧光分析法研究了AAH对Hg^(2+)的检测能力.实验结果表明,AAH的多孔结构和丰富的化学基团对Hg^(2+)显示出良好的富集能力,最大吸附容量为606.06 mg/g.此外,通过荧光分析法研究了AAH对Hg^(2+)的检测能力,分析结果表明AAH中的氮硫-碳点对Hg^(2+)表现出了灵敏的荧光响应能力和高选择性.综上所述,AAH将在汞离子的富集监测等环境领域具有潜在的应用前景.

"云夹"辅助老视验配方法的有效性

目的:应用"云夹"(杭州镜之镜公司)对不同年龄层、不同屈光状态患者进行习惯阅读距离测定。基于习惯阅读距离计算近附加值(ADD),与传统法ADD进行比较,评价"云夹"辅助老视验配方法的有效性。方法:横断面研究。共纳入2018年4月至2019年2月以爱尔眼视光研究所名义向社会招募的28~60岁矫正视力正常的受检者181例。受检者经框架眼镜矫正后,通过传统方法测试ADD,并利用"云夹"客观监测习惯阅读距离,进一步计算"云夹"法ADD。以年龄40岁为界,将受试者分为老视前组(<40岁)和老视组(≥40岁);以等效球镜-0.50 D为界,将受试者分为近视组(屈光度<-0.50 D)和正视组(屈光度为-0.50^+0.50 D),采用析因设计分析年龄及屈光度对习惯阅读距离的影响,应用配对t检验、相关性分析及Bland-Altman分析评价传统法ADD与"云夹"法ADD的一致性。结果:在所有受检者中,老视组习惯阅读距离大于老视前组[(0.37±0.06)m vs.(0.38±0.06)m,F=5.51,P=0.02],习惯阅读距离不受屈光状态影响(F=1.48,P=0.23);"云夹"法ADD与传统法ADD差异无统计学意义(t=-1.46,P=0.15),且呈现高度相关性(r=0.74,P<0.001),Bland-Altman分析显示,2种方法的平均偏差仅为-0.08 D。结论:习惯阅读距离受老视状态影响,"云夹"法ADD与传统法ADD具有较高的一致性,"云夹"辅助老视验配是一种客观、准确的个性化老视验配方法。

Different molecular conformation and packing determining mechanochromism and room-temperature phosphorescence

The phenomenon that different molecular packing modes in aggregates result in different optical properties has attracted intense attention,since it can provide useful information to establish the relationship between the micro-and macro-world.In this paper,DBTDO-DMAC was designed with 9,10-dihydro-9,9-dimethylacridine(DMAC)as electron donor.DBTDO-DPA and DBTDO-Cz were designed for comparison,which adopted diphenylamine(DPA)with twisted structure and carbazole(Cz)with planar structure as donors,respectively.As expected,two polymorphs(Crystal G and Crystal Y)of DBTDO-DMAC were obtained and exhibited distinct properties.Crystal G originating from planar conformation exhibited mechanochromism(MC)phenomenon and the emission color changed from green to yellow with a redshift of 35 nm after grinding.Nevertheless,Crystal Y with folded conformation displayed obvious room-temperature phosphorescence(RTP)with yellow afterglow.Careful single crystal analyses,powder X-ray diffraction and theoretical calculation reveal that the different emissive behaviors are highly related to the molecular conformation and packing modes.The successful adjustment of molecular conformation provides some guidance in the design of other MC and/or RTP luminogens,broadens the molecule family with the tunable molecular conformation and opens up a new avenue for exploring possible adjustment of molecular packing in aggregates.

Understanding the Mechanism of the Oxygen Evolution Reaction with Consideration of Spin

The oxygen evolution reaction(OER)with its intractably high overpotentials is the rate-limiting step in many devices,including rechargeable metal-air batteries,water electrolysis systems and solar fuel devices.Correspondingly,spin state transitions from spin singlet OH^(-)/H_(2)O reactants to spin triplet O_(2)product have not yet received enough attention.In view of this,this article will discuss electron behaviours during OER by taking into consideration of spin attribute.The main conclusion is that,regardless of the possible adopted mechanisms(the adsorbate evolution mechanism or the lattice oxygen mechanism),the underlying rationale of OER is that three in four electrons being extracted from adsorbates should be in the same spin direction before O=O formation,superimposing high requirements on the spin structure of electrocatalysts.Therefore,upon fully understanding of the OER mechanism with considerations of spin,the awareness of the coupling between spin,charge,orbital and lattice parameters is necessary in the optimization of geometric and electronic structures in transition metal systems.Based on this,this article will discuss the possible dependency of OER efficiency on the electrocatalyst spin configuration,and the relevance of well-recognized factors with spin,including the crystal field,coordination,oxidation,bonding,the e_(g) electron number,conductivity and magnetism.It is hoped that this article will clarify the underlying physics of OER to provide rational guidance for more effective design of energy conversion electrocatalysts.