Experimental study on the activation of coal gasification fly ash from industrial CFB gasifiers

Coal gasification fly ash(CGFA)is an industrial solid waste from the coal circulating fluidized bed(CFB)gasification process,and it needs to be effectively disposed to achieve sustainable development of the environment.To realize the application of CGFA as a precursor of porous carbon materials,the physicochemical properties of three kinds of CGFA from industrial CFB gasifiers are analyzed.Then,the activation potential of CGFA is acquired via steam activation experiments in a tube furnace reactor.Finally,the fluidization activation technology of CGFA is practiced in a bench-scale CFB test rig,and its advantages are highlighted.The results show that CGFA is characterized by a high carbon content in the range of 54.06%–74.09%,an ultrafine particle size(d50:16.3–26.1 μm),and a relatively developed pore structure(specific surface area SSA:139.29–551.97 m^(2)·g^(-1)).The proportion of micropores in CGFA increases gradually with the coal rank.Steam activation experiments show that the pore development of CGFA mainly includes three stages:initial pore development,dynamic equilibrium between micropores and mesopores and pore collapse.The SSA of lignite fly ash(LFA),subbituminous fly ash(SBFA)and anthracite fly ash(AFA)is maximally increased by 105%,13%and 72%after steam activation;the order of the largest carbon reaction rate and decomposition ratio of steam among the three kinds of CGFA is SBFA>LFA>AFA.As the ratio of oxygen to carbon during the fluidization activation of LFA is from 0.09 to 0.19,the carbon conversion ratio increases from 14.4%to 26.8%and the cold gas efficiency increases from 6.8%to 10.2%.The SSA of LFA increases by up to 53.9%during the fluidization activation process,which is mainly due to the mesoporous development.Relative to steam activation in a tube furnace reactor,fluidization activation takes an extremely short time(seconds)to achieve the same activation effect.It is expected to further improve the activation effect of LFA by regulating the carbon conversion ratio range of 27%–35%to create pores in the initial development stage.

Numerical Investigation of the Multiphase Flow Originating from the Muzzle of Submerged Parallel Guns

A two-dimensional model,employing a dynamic mesh technology,is used to simulate numerically the transient multiphaseflowfield produced by two submerged parallel guns.After a grid refinement study ensuring grid inde-pendence,five different conditions are considered to assess the evolution of cavitation occurring in proximity to the gun muzzle.The simulation results show thatflow interference is enabled when the distance between the par-allel barrels is relatively small;accordingly,the generation and evolution of the vapor cavity becomes more com-plex.By means of the Q criterion for vorticity detection,it is shown that cavitation causes the generation of vorticity and the evolution of the vapor cavity can result in an asymmetric distribution of vorticity for a certain distance of the barrels.In particular,the evolution of the vapor cavity can hinder the expansion of the gas and force it toflow outward,while an asymmetric distribution of vorticity can lead to a gas jetflowing outward and rotating simultaneously.

Discovery and intensity characterization of TDP and PRP based on temperature evolution history during the pyrolysis for large biomass particle

The pyrolysis behaviors and temperature evolution history of lignocellulosic biomass(Beech,BH)were characterized using a novel pyrolysis model-C-DAEM.The simulation results were validated through corresponding experimental data.Based on the simulation results,two distinct peaks were observed in the temperature difference between the surface and center(TDSC)curve,namely the thermal disturbance peak(TDP)and the pyrolysis reaction peak(PRP).The presence of TDP and PRP was confirmed by examining the heat flux ratio between the pyrolysis rate and the temperature rise rate.Moreover,the results indicated that three factors,namely heating temperature,particle size,and pyrolysis rate,influenced the relative intensity between TDP and PRP.By changing the values of each impact factor,conditions where TDP owns the same height with PRP were obtained under different working conditions.These findings have led to the development of a dimensionless number,naming the pyrolysis-heating surface-center number(PHSC number).This number could provide a comprehensive indication of the collective impact of the aforementioned factors when TDP and PRP exhibit equal peak heights.

Digital and global lithologic mapping of the Moon at a 1:2,500,000 scale

Scientific knowledge of lunar lithologies was first acquired in the 1960s-1970s.The space race between the United States(U.S.)and Soviet Union has promoted numerous manned and robotic lunar exploration missions.Utilizing datasets from these missions,the first series of lunar geologic maps was prepared and published by the U.S.Geological Survey(USGS)The definition of lunar geological features in these maps was mostly based on morphological characteristics but lacked lithological constraints owing to the incompleteness of the compositional datasets avail-able.After two decades of silence,a new era of lunar exploration began in the 1990s when the Galileo spacecraft flew by the Moon during its gravity-assisted maneuvers.The very successful orbital missions,the Clementine and Lunar Prospector(LP),provided the first global geochemical and mineralogical(multispectral,gamma ray,neutron,etc.)datasets of the lunar surface.

拉曼光谱技术在深空探测中的应用评述

拉曼光谱是激光激发物质产生光子非弹性散射形成的分子振动光谱.作为矿物和有机物识别的“指纹”光谱,拉曼光谱已被广泛应用于地球和地外样品研究中,以获得矿物种类、矿物化学、空间分布、岩矿成因等关键信息.在深空探测任务中,拉曼光谱通过采用主动激光激发获取光谱,在光谱信号获取方面具有独特的优势并可有效突破行星光照条件等环境的制约,因而被推荐用于月球、火星、小行星、金星、冰卫星等重要探测任务.我国嫦娥7号任务也将搭载拉曼光谱仪在月球南极区域开展就位物质成分探测.本文从拉曼光谱技术的物理原理和技术特点出发,阐述了拉曼光谱技术在月球和火星样品中的研究进展,归纳总结了主要组成矿物的拉曼光谱特征;梳理了拉曼光谱技术在深空探测领域的发展现状,简介了目前国际上主要拉曼光谱仪载荷设计情况,并分析了深空拉曼光谱探测中存在的难点约束;最后,对拉曼光谱技术在深空探测应用方面未来的发展趋势进行了展望,以期为未来相关载荷研发和应用提供有益参考.