Coseismic deformation and fault slip distribution of the 2023 M_(W)7.8 and M_(W)7.6 earthquakes in Türkiye

On February 6,2023,a devastating earthquake with a moment magnitude of M_(W)7.8 struck the town of Pazarcik in south-central Türkiye,followed by another powerful earthquake with a moment magnitude of M_(W)7.6 that struck the nearby city of Elbistan 9 h later.To study the characteristics of surface deformation caused by this event and the influence of fault rupture,this study calculated the static coseismic deformation of 56 stations and dynamic displacement waveforms of 15 stations using data from the Turkish national fixed global navigation satellite system(GNSS)network.A maximum static coseismic displacement of 0.38 m for the M_(W)7.8 Kahramanmaras earthquake was observed at station ANTE,36 km from the epicenter,and a maximum dynamic coseismic displacement of 4.4 m for the M_(W)7.6 Elbistan earthquake was observed at station EKZ1,5 km from the epicenter.The rupture-slip distributions of the two earthquakes were inverted using GNSS coseismic deformation as a constraint.The results showed that the Kahramanmaras earthquake rupture segment was distinct and exposed on the ground,resulting in significant rupture slip along the Amanos and Pazarcik fault segments of the East Anatolian Fault.The maximum slip in the Pazarcik fault segment was 10.7 m,and rupture occurred at depths of 0–15 km.In the Cardak fault region,the Elbistan earthquake caused significant ruptures at depths of 0–12 km,with the largest amount of slip reaching 11.6 m.The Coulomb stress change caused by the Kahramanmaras earthquake rupture along the Cardak fault segment was approximately 2 bars,and the area of increased Coulomb stress corresponded to the subsequent rupture region of the M_(W)7.6 earthquake.Thus,it is likely that the M_(W)7.8 earthquake triggered or promoted the M_(W)7.6 earthquake.Based on the cumulative stress impact of the M_(W)7.8 and M_(W)7.6 events,the southwestern segment of the East Anatolian Fault,specifically the Amanos fault segment,experienced a Coulomb rupture stress change exceeding 2 bars,warranting further attention to assess its future seismic hazard risk.

From Xu to the Development of L2 Interactional Competence: A Conversation Analytic Case Study

Dialogues are fundamentally driven by xu(C. Wang, 2016, 2017), a Chinese word meaning continuation that captures the process in which interlocutors participate in interaction through the actions of(utterance) completion,(content) extension, and(topic) creation(CEC). This article reports a conversation analytic case study designed to investigate how the continuation strategies of CEC are used in real-time communication to achieve mutual understanding, and thus to construct intersubjectivity(Verhagen, 2005) and promote the development of second language(L2)interactional competence. Our data consisted of audio and video recordings of a 25-minute conversation between two L2 English speakers, one expert and one novice, and a stimulated recall interview with them. Results revealed that the expert employed CEC at the early stage of interaction to maintain successful communication, and the novice gradually aligned with the expert and used CEC to achieve mutual understanding, construct intersubjectivity, and create opportunities for interaction and learning at the late stage, displaying her development of L2 interactional competence. Our findings have useful implications for theoretical and methodological development of the xu-argument studies as well as for xu-based L2 pedagogy.

Process Modeling and Control Simulation for a 500W@4.5K Helium Refrigerator

In order to investigate dynamic behaviors of a 500W@ 4.5K helium refrigerator,the process simulator has been completed. The cryogenic process model is described and main components are customized. The realtime communication between the process model and the control system has been achieved. Compared with the preliminary experimental data,the errors of temperatures during the process of 300 K-80 K are less than 10%.The process model is validated to predict the cool-down process very well. The controller parameters are tuned in simulation and applied to the actual refrigerator suitably. Based on the dynamic simulation,the operation of Joule-Thomson( JT) by pass valve has been optimized. And the cool- down process from 300 K to 4. 5 K has been simulated under the control programs. Simulation results indicate that this dynamic simulator based on actual control architecture is available to process control and operation optimization for the helium refrigerators.

Fully Discrete Orthogonal Collocation Method of Sobolev Equations

In this paper, the fully discrete orthogonal collocation method for Sobolev equations is considered, and the equivalence for discrete Garlerkin method is proved. Optimal order error estimate is obtained.

Characteristics Collocation Method of Compressible Miscible Displacement with Dispersion

The compressible miscible displacement in a porous media is considered in this paper. The problem is a nonlinear system with dispersion in non-periodic space. The concentration is treated by a characteristics collocation method, and the pressure is treated by an orthogonal collocation method. Optimal order estimates are derived.

Large potential of strengthening the land carbon sink in China through anthropogenic interventions

The terrestrial ecosystem in China mitigates 21%-45%of the national contemporary fossil fuel CO_(2) emissions every year.Maintaining and strengthening the land carbon sink is essential for reaching China’s target of carbon neutrality.However,this sink is subject to large uncertainties due to the joint impacts of climate change,air pollution,and human activities.Here,we explore the potential of strengthening land carbon sink in China through anthropogenic interventions,including forestation,ozone reduction,and litter removal,taking advantage of a well-validated dynamic vegetation model and meteorological forcings from 16 climate models.Without anthropogenic interventions,considering Shared Socioeconomic Pathways(SSP)scenarios,the land sink is projected to be 0.26-0.56 Pg C a^(-1) at 2060,to which climate change contributes 0.06-0.13 Pg C a^(-1) and CO_(2) fertilization contributes 0.08-0.44 Pg C a^(-1) with the stronger effects for higher emission scenarios.With anthropogenic interventions,under a close-to-neutral emission scenario(SSP1-2.6),the land sink becomes 0.47-0.57 Pg C a^(-1) at 2060,including the contributions of 0.12 Pg C a^(-1) by conservative forestation,0.07 Pg C a^(-1) by ozone pollution control,and 0.06-0.16 Pg C a^(-1) by 20%litter removal over planted forest.This sink can mitigate 90%-110% of the residue anthropogenic carbon emissions in 2060,providing a solid foundation for the carbon neutrality in China.

Potentiating CD8^(+) T cell antitumor activity by inhibiting PCSK9 to promote LDLR-mediated TCR recycling and signaling

Metabolic regulation has been proven to play a critical role in T cell antitumor immunity.However,cholesterol metabolism as a key component of this regulation remains largely unexplored.Herein,we found that the low-density lipoprotein receptor(LDLR),which has been previously identified as a transporter for cholesterol,plays a pivotal role in regulating CD8+T cell antitumor activity.Besides the involvement of cholesterol uptake which is mediated by LDLR in T cell priming and clonal expansion,we also found a non-canonical function of LDLR in CD8+T cells:LDLR interacts with the T-cell receptor(TCR)complex and regulates TCR recycling and signaling,thus facilitating the effector function of cytotoxic T-lymphocytes(CTLs).Furthermore,we found that the tumor microenvironment(TME)downregulates CD8+T cell LDLR level and TCR signaling via tumor cell-derived proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9(PCSK9)which binds to LDLR and prevents the recycling of LDLR and TCR to the plasma membrane thus inhibits the effector function of CTLs.Moreover,genetic deletion or pharmacological inhibition of PCSK9 in tumor cells can enhance the antitumor activity of CD8+T cells by alleviating the suppressive effect on CD8+T cells and consequently inhibit tumor progression.While previously established as a hypercholesterolemia target,this study highlights PCSK9/LDLR as a potential target for cancer immunotherapy as well.

Mesoporous iron oxide-silica supported gold catalysts for low-temperature CO oxidation

Mesoporous iron oxide-silica composite with a high silica content was synthesized by hydrothermal method,and another composite material with a high iron content was obtained by etching part of silica in alkaline solution.Gold catalysts were loaded onto both composites by a deposition-precipitation method,and used for CO oxidation.The samples were characterized by BrumauerEmmet-Teller(BET),X-ray diffraction(XRD),X-ray photoelectron spectra(XPS),transmission electron microscope(TEM)and scanning electron microscope(SEM)techniques.Both composites had high specific surface areas and were amorphous.The Au nanoparticles dispersed on the surface of the composites existed in metallic state.Composite with high silica content was not suitable for Au loading,and its supported gold catalyst showed poor performance in catalytic reaction.In contrast,composite with high iron content allowed efficient Au loading,and CO could be oxidized completely at low temperature on its supported gold catalyst.The effects of deposition-precipitation pH values on Au loading and activity of the catalyst were investigated,and the results indicated that Au loading was the highest and the catalyst was the most active for CO oxidation when the synthesis pH was adjusted to 8.

KDELR2 promotes breast cancer proliferation via HDAC3-mediated cell cycle progression

Background:Histone deacetylases(HDACs)engage in the regulation of various cellular processes by controlling global gene expression.The dysregulation of HDACs leads to carcinogenesis,making HDACs ideal targets for cancer therapy.However,the use of HDAC inhibitors(HDACi)as single agents has been shown to have limited success in treating solid tumors in clinical studies.This study aimed to identify a novel downstream effector of HDACs to provide a potential target for combination therapy.Methods:Transcriptome sequencing and bioinformatics analysis were performed to screen for genes responsive toHDACi in breast cancer cells.The effects of HDACi on cell viability were detected using the MTT assay.The mRNA and protein levels of genes were determined by quantitative reverse transcription-PCR(qRT-PCR)andWestern blotting.Cell cycle distribution and apoptosis were analyzed by flow cytometry.The binding of CREB1(cAMP-response element binding protein 1)to the promoter of the KDELR(The KDEL(Lys-Asp-Glu-Leu)receptor)gene was validated by the ChIP(chromatin immunoprecipitation assay).The association between KDELR2 and protein of centriole 5(POC5)was detected by immunoprecipitation.A breast cancer-bearing mouse model was employed to analyze the effect of the HDAC3-KDELR2 axis on tumor growth.Results:KDELR2 was identified as a novel target of HDAC3,and its aberrant expression indicated the poor prognosis of breast cancer patients.We found a strong correlation between the protein expression patterns of HADC3 and KDELR2 in tumor tissues from breast cancer patients.The results of the ChIP assay and qRT-PCR analysis validated that HDAC3 transactivated KDELR2 via CREB1.The HDAC3-KDELR2 axis accelerated the cell cycle progression of cancer cells by protecting the centrosomal protein POC5 from proteasomal degradation.Moreover,the HDAC3-KDELR2 axis promoted breast cancer cell proliferation and tumorigenesis in vitro and in vivo.Conclusion:Our results uncovered a previously unappreciated function of KDELR2 in tumorigenesis,linking a critical Golgi-the endoplasmic reticulum traffic transport protein to HDAC-controlled cell cycle progression on the path of cancer development and thus revealing a potential therapeutical target for breast cancer.

Correction to:Potentiating CD8^(+)T cell antitumor activity by inhibiting PCSK9 to promote LDLR-mediated TCR recycling and signaling

Figure 1.LDLR deficiency hinders the antitumor activity of CD8^(+)T cells.(A)Transcriptional level of genes involved in cholesterol transport in naïve CD8^(+)T cells,CTLs and CD8^(+)TILs(isolated at Day3 or Day7 post CTLs adoptive transfer),(n=4).(B)LDLR expression level on CTLs and CD8^(+)TILs(isolated at Day3 post CTLs adoptive transfer),(n=4).

Investigation of ultra-broadband terahertz time-domain spectroscopy with terahertz wave gas photonics

Recently, air plasma, produced by focusing an intense laser beam to ionize atoms or molecules, has been demonstrated to be a promising source of broadband terahertz waves. However, simultaneous broadband and coherent detection of such broadband terahertz waves is still challenging. Electroptical sampling and photoconductive antennas are the typical approaches for terahertz wave detection. The bandwidth of these detection methods is limited by the phonon resonance or carrier＇s lifetime. Unlike solid-state detectors, gaseous sensors have several unique features, such as no phonon resonance, less dispersion, no Fabry-Perot effect, and a continuous renewable nature. The aim of this article is to review the development of a broadband terahertz time-domain spectrometer, which has both a gaseous emitter and sensor mainly based on author＇s recent investigation. This spectrometer features high efficiency, perceptive sensitivity, broad bandwidth, adequate signal-to-noise ratio, sufficient dynamic range, and controllable polarization. The detection of terahertz waves with ambient air has been realized through a third order nonlinear optical process： detecting the second harmonic photon that is produced by mixing one terahertz photon with two fundamental photons. In this review, a systematic investigation of the mechanism of broadband terahertz wave detection was presented first. The dependence of the detection efficiency on probe pulse energy, bias field strength, gas pressure and third order nonlinear susceptibility of gases were experimentally demonstrated with selected gases. Detailed discussions of phase matching and Gouy phase shift were presented by considering the focused condition of Gaussian beams. Furthermore, the bandwidth dependence on probe pulse duration was also demonstrated. Over 240 times enhancement of dynamic range had been accomplished with n-hexane vapor compared to conventional air sensor. Moreover, with sub-20 fs laser pulses delivered from a hollow fiber pulse compressor, an ultra-broad spectrum covering from 0.3 to 70 THz was also showed. In addition, a balanced detection scheme using a polarization dependent geometry was developed by author to improve signal-to-noise ratio and dynamic range of conventional terahertz air-biased-coherent-detection （ABCD） systems. Utilizing the tensor property of third order nonlinear susceptibility, second harmonic pulses with two orthogonal polarizations was detected by two separated photomultiplier tubes （PMTs）. The differential signal from these two PMTs offers a realistic method to reduce correlated laser fluctuation, which circumvents signal-to-noise ratio and dynamic range of conventional terahertz ABCD systems. A factor of two improvement of signal-to-noise ratio was experimentally demonstrated. This paper also introduces a unique approach to directly produce a broadband elliptically polarized terahertz wave from laser-induced plasma with a pair of double helix electrodes. The theoretical and experimental results demonstrated that velocity mismatch between excitation laser pulses and generated terahertz waves plays a key role in the properties of the elliptically polarized terahertz waves and confirmed that the far-field terahertz emission pattern is associated with a coherent process. The results give insight into the important influence of propagation effects on terahertz wave polarization control and complete the mechanism of terahertz wave generation from laserinduced plasma. This review provides a critical understanding of broadband terahertz time-domain spectroscopy （THz-TDS） and introduces further guidance for scientific applications of terahertz wave gas photonics.