Co-incorporating green manure and crop straw increases crop productivity and improves soil quality with low greenhouse-gas emissions in a crop rotation

In a nine-year field experiment in a wheat-maize-sunflower cropping system in Hetao Irrigation Area,Inner Mongolia,China,organic amendments applied as straw,manure,green manure,and the combination of green manure and straw increased wheat and maize yield,soil aggregate stability,and soil microbial activity in comparison with chemical fertilizer,without changing greenhouse gas emission intensity.

Effect of cAMP and cGMP on Connexin43 Expression in Isolated Human and Bovine Ciliary Epithelium

The aim of the study was to assess the distribution of connexin43 (Cx43) and connexin40 (Cx40) in human and bovine ciliary bodies. The effect of the second messengers cAMP and cyclic cGMP on Cx43 protein expression was also investigated. Enucleated human eyes (remnant after corneal transplantation) and bovine eyes were used. Tissue preparations of the anterior segments of the eyes have proceeded for immunohistochemical staining with polyclonal antibodies of Cx43 and Cx40. Isolated ciliary bodies of human and bovine eyes were incubated with cAMP analog 8-Bromo-cAMP or the cGMP analog 8-Bromo-cGMP, the expression of Cx43 protein in the tissues was then assessed by Western blot assay. Both in human and bovine ciliary bodies, strong immunoreactivity of Cx43, but not Cx40, was observed predominantly in the apical cytoplasmic portions of the pigment ciliary epithelial cells and non-pigmented ciliary epithelial cells. In human ciliary body both cAMP and cGMP up-regulated Cx43 expression, while in the bovine ciliary body, cGMP increased Cx43 expression but cAMP decreased it. Cx43 is the major component of human and bovine gap junctions in the ciliary epithelium. The regulation on the Cx43 expression by cAMP and cGMP in human and bovine ciliary bodies suggests the possibly different roles of these signal messengers in the intracellular communication.

Comparative Study of Genetic Structure and Genetic Diversity betweenWild and Cultivated Populations of Taxus cuspidata,Northeast China

Taxus cuspidata is a rare plant with important medicinal and ornamental value.Aiming at the obvious differences between wild and cultivated populations of T.cuspidata from Northeast China,a total of 61 samples,that is,33 wild yews and 28 cultivated yews were used to analyze the differences and correlations of the kinship,genetic diversity,and genetic structure between them by specific length amplified fragment sequencing(SLAF-seq).Finally,470725 polymorphic SLAF tags and 58622 valid SNP markers were obtained.Phylogenetic analysis showed that 61 samples were classified into 2 clusters:wild populations and cultivated populations,and some wild yews were categorized into the cultivated populations;the genetic diversity analysis showed that the Nei diversity index of wild populations(0.4068)was smaller than that of cultivated populations(0.4414),and the polymorphic information content(PIC)of wild populations(0.2861)was smaller than that of cultivated populations(0.3309).The genetic differentiation analysis showed that the total populations of gene diversity(H_(t))of cultivated and wild populations were respectively 0.8159 and 0.5685,the coefficient of gene differentiation(G_(st))of cultivated and wild populations was respectively 0.3021 and 0.1068,and the gene flow(N_(m))(2.4967)of wild populations was larger than cultivated populations(0.8199).The molecular variance(AMOVA)revealed that inter-population variation accounted for 29.57%of the total genetic variation,while intra-population variation accounted for 70.42% of the total genetic variation(p<0.001),this suggested that the genetic variation in the T.cuspidata is mainly attributed to within-population factors.In conclusion,the genetic distance between geographical ecological groups of wild populations was generally smaller than that of cultivated populations,and the degree of genetic diversity and genetic differentiation was smaller than that of cultivated populations.As evident,the utilization of SLAF-seq technology enables efficient and accurate development of SNP markers suitable for genetic analysis of T.cuspidata species.These developed SNP markers can provide a molecular foundation for T.cuspidata breeding,construction of genetic maps,variety identification,and association analysis of agronomic traits.

Laser speckle contrast imaging to predict the effect of temporary spinal cord stimulation in postherpetic neuralgia patients: A prospective observational study

Temporary spinal cord stimulation(tSCS)can effectively reduce the pain and severity of postherpetic neuralgia(PHN).However,there are no effective and objective methods for predicting the effects of tSCS on PHN.Laser speckle contrast imaging(LSCI)is frequently used in neurology to evaluate the effectiveness of treatment.To assess the accuracy of LSCI in predicting the impact of tSCS on PHN,14 adult patients receiving tSCS treatments for spinal nerve-innervated(C6-T2)PHN participated in this observational study.Visual analog scale(VAS)assessments and LSCI bloodflow images of the-ngers were recorded after the tSCS procedure.The results showed that the VAS scores of all patients decreased signi-cantly.Moreover,the bloodflow index(BFI)values were signi-cantly higher than they were before the procedure.Increased bloodflow and pain alleviation were positively correlated.The-ndings indicated that spinal nerve PHN(C6-T2)was signi-cantly reduced by tSCS.Pain alleviation by tSCS was positively correlated with increased bloodflow in the hand.The effect of tSCS on PHN may thus be predicted using an independent and consistent indicator such as LSCI.

CO_(2)超临界状态解析与课程思政设计

以CO_(2)超临界状态及制冷应用为例,展示如何以解析关键概念/技术背后的物理化学原理为纽带,在课堂教学中有机融入思政案例(如北京冬奥会制冰造雪)和开展课程思政“翻转课堂”教学;籍此使学生体会到物理化学原理在解决国家重大需求中发挥的关键作用,在强化学科自信的同时,增强学生学以致用、服务国家、绿色发展的意识和开拓创新的精神。CO_(2)超临界状态及应用是“物理化学”单组分相图中的知识难点和应用热点,在教材中常以知识拓展的形式出现,不仅与专业知识结合不紧密,学生对此也缺乏深刻理解。有鉴于此,我们以“讲透”CO_(2)超临界状态和制冷技术背后的物理化学原理为抓手,依据知识间内在关联,环环相扣、水到渠成地开展课程思政教学。为了提升思政教学效果,还综合采用了任务驱动的自主学习、翻转课堂及课后拓展相结合的多元思政教学手段,引导学生自主发掘思政素材,实现自我思政教育,从而达到了价值塑造、知识传授和能力培养三位一体的教学效果。

Synthesis of silica/metatitanic acid nanocomposite and evaluation of its catalytic performance for aquathermolysis reaction of extra-heavy crude oil

A lipophilic silica/metatitantic acid（denoted as Si O2/H2 TiO 3） nanocomposite was synthesized by hydrothermal reaction with surface-modified Si O2 as the lipophilic carrier. As-synthesized Si O2/H2 TiO 3nanocomposite was used as a catalyst to promote the aquathermolysis reaction of extra-heavy crude oil thereby facilitating the recovering from the deep reservoirs at lowered temperature. The catalytic performance of the as-synthesized Si O2/H2 TiO 3catalyst for the aquathermolysis reaction of the heavy oil at a moderate temperature of 150 °C was evaluated in relation to the structural characterizations by TEM,FTIR,XRD and FESEM as well as the determination of the specific surface area by N2adsorption–desorption method. Findings indicate that as-synthesized Si O2/H2 TiO 3nanocomposite exhibits an average size of about 20 nm as well as good lipophilicity and dispersibility in various organic solvents; and it shows good catalytic performance for the aquathermolysis reaction of the extra-heavy oil extracted from Shengli Oilfield of China. Namely,the assynthesized Si O2/H2 TiO 3catalyst is capable of significantly reducing the viscosity of the tested heavy oil from58,000 c P to 16,000 c P（referring to a viscosity reduction rate of 72.41%） at a mass fraction of 0.5%,a reaction temperature of 150 °C and a reaction time of 36 h,showing potential application in downhole upgrading heavy crude oils.

Emerging SARS-CoV-2 B.1.621/Mu variant is prominently resistant to inactivated vaccine-elicited antibodies

Although it first appeared almost two years ago,the COVID-19 pandemic continues to have an impact on a global scale,in part due to newly emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants such as Delta and Lambda.The B.1.621 variant,first identified in Colombia in January 2021,was classified as a variant of interest(VOI)and designated as Mu by the World Health Organization(WHO)in August 2021.However,its infectivity and resistance to neutralizing antibodies remain largely unknown.Here,in comparison to Delta,the Mu variant showed an unexpectedly enhanced immune resistance to inactivated vaccine-elicited antibodies.Nevertheless,Mu demonstrated less infectivity than Delta,implying a biological trade-off between viral transmission and immune escape.This study strongly calls for urgent evaluation of the protective efficacy of current COVID-19 vaccines against the Mu variant.Variants of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2)are of concern regarding control of the global COVID-19 pandemic(Wang et al.,2021).The SARS-CoV-2 B.1.621 variant was first identified in Colombia in January 2021.Considering its epidemiological prevalence,the WHO defined B.1.621(named Mu)as a VOI on 30 August 2021.As of September 2021,the WHO has classified four variants of concern(VOC),i.e.,Alpha(B.1.1.7),Beta(B.1.351),Gamma(P.1),and Delta(B.1.617.2),and two VOI,i.e.,Lambda(C.37)and Mu(B.1.621)(Supplementary Figure S1A).

Runtime reconfiguration of data services for dealing with out-of-range stream fluctuation in cloud-edge environments

The integration of cloud and IoT edge devices is of significance in reducing the latency of IoT stream data processing by moving services closer to the edge-end.In this connection,a key issue is to determine when and where services should be deployed.Common service deployment strategies used to be static based on the rules defined at the design time.However,dynamically changing IoT environments bring about unexpected situations such as out-of-range stream fluctuation,where the static service deployment solutions are not efficient.In this paper,we propose a dynamic service deployment mechanism based on the prediction of upcoming stream data.To effectively predict upcoming workloads,we combine the online machine learning methods with an online optimization algorithm for service deployment.A simulation-based evaluation demonstrates that,compared with those state-of-the art approaches,the approach proposed in this paper has a lower latency of stream processing.

Hewei Jiangni granule alleviates visceral hypersensitivity in a rat model of non-erosive reflux disease via transient receptor potential channel signaling

Objective:To uncover the underlying mechanism of Hewei Jiangni granule(HWJNG)on non-erosive reflux disease(NERD)treatment by examining histological changes,gastrointestinal neurochemicals release and visceral hypersensitivity-related receptor expression in NERD model rats.Methods:A NERD rat model was established via a combination of basal sensitization and acid perfusion.HWJNG treatments at different doses were then administered.Pathological changes to tissues,mast cell(MC)activation,serum levels of esophageal visceral hypersensitivity-related neurochemicals,and transient receptor potential(TRP)receptor mRNA and protein levels were investigated.Results:Compared with the control group,the expression of tryptase in MCs,the changes of intercellular space,and the serum levels of substance P(SP),calcitonin gene-related peptides(CGRP)and proteinaseactivated receptor 2(PAR2)increased in the model group(all P<.05).The expression of TRP vanilloid 1(Trpv1)mRNA decreased in esophagus and dorsal root ganglia(DRG)of the model group(P=.030&P=.013),and the expression of TRP melastatin channel subfamily member 8(Trpm8)mRNA decreased in the esophagus of model group(P<.01).The level of esophageal TRPV1 protein increased in the model group(P<.01)and the level of TRPM8 protein decreased in esophagus and DRG of the model group(both P<.05).Compared with the model group,the serum levels of SP,CGRP,and PAR2 in the mediumdose HWJNG group showed significant decreases(all P<.05).The expression of Trpv1 mRNA in esophagus and DRG of the HWJNG groups and the Omeprazole group remarkably decreased(all P<.05),as was the expression of Trpm8 mRNA in esophagus of the HWJNG groups(all P<.05).Conclusion:HWJNG alleviated visceral hypersensitivity in NERD model rats by regulating TRP-mediated signaling.Our results indicate that HWJNG has potential as a therapeutic agent for NERD.

Influence of Dust Weather on Air Quality in Lanzhou City

[Objective] The study aimed to discuss the effects of dust weather on air quality in Lanzhou City. [Met]hod] Under the influence of a strong sandstorm during March 8 -15, 2013 on air quality in Gansu Province, the changes of wind speed, atmospheric visibility and PM10 concentra- tion as well as air pollution in Lanzhou were analyzed. [ Result] The dust weather during March 8 -15, 2013 affected Lanzhou City for the longest time in recent 10 years, and the city suffered medium pollution on March 8 and heavy pollution during March 9 -15 under the influence of the dust weather, while PM10 was the pdmary pollutant. [ Condusion] The research could provide the corresponding technical support for the prevention and control of environmental pollution in Lanzhou City.

Effect of neuropeptide Y on white matter demyelination and serum interleukin-4 and gamma-interferon levels in the guinea pig with experimental allergic encephalomyelitis

BACKGROUND： Neuropeptide Y （NPY） may influence differentiation of Th cells immunological pathology of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis （EAE） is differentiation of Th cells It is assumed that the related to abnormal OBJECTIVE： To investigate the effect of NPY on white matter demyelination, the serum levels interleukin-4 （IL-4） and gamma-interferon （IFN-γ ）, as well as EAE pathogenesis in an EAE guinea pig model following NPY injection into the lateral cerebral ventricle. DESIGN, TIME AND SETTING： A randomized controlled animal study, which was performed in the Infection Immunity Animal Laboratory, Affiliated Hospital of Luzhou Medical College, China, from October 2005 to April 2006. MATERIALS： Thirty healthy female guinea pigs of 8-12 weeks of age, and 10 healthy female rats of three months of age were used. NPY was provided by Sigma Company, USA. NPY kit was provided by Beijing Huaying Biotechnology Institute, China. METHODS： Thirty guinea pigs were randomly divided into three groups： normal control group, EAE model group, and NPY intervention group （n =10 per group）. Normal control group and EAE model group： Saline （10μ L, once） was injected into the lateral cerebral ventricle. After one week, the same volume of Freund＇s adjuvant complete was either injected subcutaneously into two post-palms or EAE was modeled. NPY intervention group： EAE was modeled after one week and NPY was injected （10 μ L of 6 nmol NPY, once） into the lateral cerebral ventricle. Myelin basic protein （MBP） antigen made from rat spinal cord homogenate and Freund＇s adjuvant complete were injected subcutaneously into both post-palms （0.2 mL per palm） to establish the EAE model. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES： White matter demyelination of the cerebrum, cerebellum, brain stem, and spinal cord were observed by light microscopy after HE staining. Levels of serum IFN-γ and IL-4 were detected by the double antibody sandwich ABC-ELISA technique. NPY content was detected by radioimmunoassay. RESULTS： Pathological alterations in the NPY intervention groups were reduced compared to those in the EAE model group, suggesting a reduction and remission of white matter demyelination with NPY treatment. When compared to the model group, the serum IL-4 level was increased in the NPY intervention group during the high-frequent EAE stage （P 〈 0.01）, but the serum IFN-γ level was decreased （P 〈 0.01）. Furthermore, the EAE latency was prolonged （P 〈 0.01）, the neurological scores were decreased in the high-frequent EAE stage （P 〈 0.01）, and the death rate was decreased （P 〈 0.05）. NPY content and the serum IL-4 level at the peak stage were positively correlated with those in the latent phase （r =0.863-0.900, P 〈 0.01）, but negatively correlated with neurological scores at the peak stage （r=- -0.068 to -0.863, P 〈 0.05-0.01）. The IFN-γ level at the peak stage was negatively correlated to that in the latent phase （r = -0.683-0.650, P 〈 0.05）, but positively correlated to neurological scores at the peak stage （r =0.975, 0.845, P 〈 0.05）. CONCLUSION： NPY injection into the lateral cerebral ventricle can promote the secretion of IL-4, inhibit the production of IFN-γ, relieve white matter demyelination, and inhibit EAE attack in an experimental model of EAE.

Strategic Path for the Development of Live Pig Healthy Breeding Industry in China

The objective of study in the paper was to analyze advantages, disadvantages, opportunities and threats of development of pig healthy agriculture in China, using systematic analysis and SWOT strategic analysis, as well as to show severe diseases, abnormal fluctuation, misplaced way and versatile environment confronted by pig breeding in China. The paper establishes ＂double-hug mode＂, from which pig breeding industry transforms and upgrades to modern breeding industry. Combing with the designed multi-party cooperation mechanism of advantageous regions, urban sale areas and group corporations, it sets up three paths for development of pig healthy agriculture in China, i.e., strategic paths of advantageous regions, urban sale areas and group corporations oriented, with an attempt to provide strategic path reference for transformation and upgrading of pig breeding in China and mode reference for breakthrough of development strategy for pig healthy industry.

Analysis of the Chemical Safety Facility Investment Performance in China

This paper adopts the accident incidence, the gross industry output value, the investment in safety facilities, and per capita wage of employment as the indexes to empirically analyze the investment performance of chemical safety facilities using time series data by VECM in China. The empirical results indicate that for China’s chemical industry, increasing investment fails to improve the short-term safety level significantly because of the offsetting behavior of workers. Over the long term, the offsetting behavior tends to disappear, and the chemical accident incidence can be decreased through increasing investment. Poor safety awareness among workers is one of the causes of accident incidences. The conclusions provide theoretical support for China to perfect chemical industry safety management.

3DMKDR:3D Multiscale Kernels CNN Model for Depression Recognition Based on EEG

Depression has become a major health threat around the world,especially for older people,so the effective detection method for depression is a great public health challenge.Electroencephalogram(EEG)can be used as a biomarker to effectively explore depression recognition.Motivated by the studies that multiple smaller scale kernels could increase nonlinear expression compared to a larger kernel,this article proposes a model named the three-dimensional multiscale kernels convolutional neural network model for the depression disorder recognition(3DMKDR),which is a three-dimensional convolutional neural network model with multiscale convolutional kernels for depression recognition based on EEG signals.A three-dimensional structure of the EEG is built by extending one-dimensional feature sequences into a two-dimensional electrode matrix to excavate the related spatiotemporal information among electrodes and the collected electrode matrix.By the major depressive disorder(MDD)and the multi-modal open dataset for mental-disorder analysis(MODMA)datasets,the experiment shows that the accuracies of depression recognition are up to99.86%and 98.01%in the subject-dependent experiment,and 95.80%and 82.27%in the subjectindependent experiment,which are higher than alternative competitive methods.The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed 3DMKDR is potentially useful for depression recognition in older persons in the future.

Enzyme-like biomimetic oral-agent enabling modulating gut microbiota and restoring redox homeostasis to treat inflammatory bowel disease

Reactive oxygen species(ROS),immune dysregulation-induced inflammatory outbreaks and microbial imbalance play critical roles in the development of inflammatory bowel disease(IBD).Herein,a novel enzyme-like biomimetic oral-agent ZnPBA@YCW has been developed,using yeast cell wall(YCW)as the outer shell and zinc-doped Prussian blue analogue(ZnPBA)nanozyme inside.When orally administered,the ZnPBA@YCW is able to adhere to Escherichia coli occupying the ecological niche in IBD and subsequently release the ZnPBA nanozyme for removal of E.coli,meanwhile exhibiting improved intestinal epithelial barrier repair.Moreover,it is found that the ZnPBA nanozyme exhibits remarkable capability in restoring redox homeostasis by scavenging ROS and inhibiting NF-κB signaling pathway.More importantly,the 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing results indicate that post-oral of ZnPBA@YCW can effectively regulate gut microbiota by enhancing the bacterial richness and diversity,significantly increasing the abundance of probiotics with anti-inflammatory phenotype while downgrading pathogenic E.coli to the same level as normal mice.Such a novel nanomedicine provides a new idea for efficient treating those ROS-mediated diseases accompanying with flora disorders.

宁动颗粒对多巴胺能神经元代谢的影响

目的研究宁动颗粒对多巴胺能神经元细胞代谢的影响。方法将12只18 d胎龄胎鼠随机分为宁动颗粒组(NDG)、对照组(CTR)、氟哌啶醇组(Hal)、正常组(Normal),每组3只。将每组的多巴胺能神经细胞分别提取分离并培养,采用免疫荧光间接法对多巴胺能神经元细胞进行酪氨酸羟化酶(TH)抗染色;采用神经元轴突微管蛋白anti-Tau1结合FITC荧光(绿光)Ⅱ抗标记、神经元轴突微管蛋白anti-Tau1结合Cy 3荧光(红光)Ⅱ抗标记,分别对多巴胺能神经元细胞及神经元轴突进行荧光染色鉴定,采用酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)检测18 d胎龄胎鼠DA能神经细胞在药物干预前及干预1、6、12、24 h后多巴胺能神经元细胞培养液中单胺氧化酶(MAO)、DA、5-羟色胺(5-HT)、高香草酸(HVA)、5-羟吲哚乙酸(5-HIAA)含量,并记录各组DA能神经元细胞的代谢情况。结果与同组0 h比较,NDG组干预6、12 h后细胞培养液中MAO、DA、5-HT、HVA含量显著升高(P <0.05);与CTR组同期比较,Hal组干预0～24 h后细胞培养液中MAO、DA、5-HT、HVA含量差异无统计学意义(P> 0.05);干预0～24 h后,各组胎鼠培养液中5-HIAA含量差异无统计学意义(P> 0.05)。结论宁动颗粒能促进多巴胺能神经元代谢,但对5-HT的代谢无显著性影响。

Riparian plant community structure and assembly processes differed by variations in riverbank curvatures:implications for restoring habitats along the Three Gorges Reservoir

A meandering riverbank plays a vital role in maintaining natural river ecosystems,providing habitats for riparian vegetation.However,dams have significantly altered riverbank shapes.To restore the riparian ecosystems,it is imperative to understand how different riverbank curvatures influence them.This study aims to uncover the ecological impacts of riverbank curvature on the structure and assembly process of plant communities in the riparian zone of the Yangtze River,regulated by the Three Gorges Dam(TGD)in China.We categorized the riparian zones into four types:cove,lobe,wavy and linear shapes.We documented the composition and diversity of riparian plant communities.Our findings revealed that wavy and cove riverbanks exhibited greater species diversity(with Shannon–Wiener diversity index values 1.5×higher)compared to communities along linear riverbanks.Furthermore,the analysis of functional traits indicated that wavy riverbanks promoted the differentiation of plant functional traits,thus enhancing ecosystem functions,with functional dispersion index(FDis)values 1.3 times higher than those of linear riverbanks.Significant variations in the assembly of riparian communities were also observed among different riverbanks,with standardized effect size(SES)values indicating a higher degree of niche differentiation in cove riverbanks(SES=0.4)compared to linear riverbanks(SES=–0.6).These results highlight the ecological importance of diverse riverbank curvatures in influencing the diversity,structure and assembly of riparian communities along the waterway.In summary,this study underscores the necessity of maintaining or restoring various natural morphological curvatures when rehabilitating riparian communities along rivers impacted by human activities.

钩藤碱对LPS诱导的多巴胺能神经元及胶质细胞炎症及TNF-α和IL-1β影响

目的观察钩藤碱对脂多糖(LPS)诱导的多巴胺能神经元及胶质细胞产生的炎症的影响。方法体外培养胎鼠神经元及神经胶质细胞,通过免疫细胞荧光染色鉴定后,分为4组:空白对照组、LPS模型组、LPS+钩藤碱组、LPS+宁动颗粒组,在干预后0、1、3、6、12 h收集细胞培养液,并ELASA法检测细胞培养液中炎性因子TNF-α,IL-1β的含量。结果 LPS介导的炎性组中,在时间上3、6 h作用TNF-α,IL-1β的含量达到高峰;TNF-α,IL-1β浓度,与LPS模型组比较,空白对照组、LPS+钩藤碱组与LPS+宁动颗粒组培养液中IL-1β含量均显著降低(P<0.05),且LPS+钩藤碱组与LPS+宁动颗粒组间无显著性差异。结论钩藤碱可以显著抑制LPS诱导的神经元及神经胶质细胞的炎性因子TNF-α,IL-1β,起到抗炎而保护神经元作用。

钩藤碱对DAT基因敲除ADHD模型小鼠多巴胺能神经元代谢的影响

目的研究钩藤碱对多巴胺转运体(dopamine transporter,DAT)基因敲除注意力缺陷多动障碍(attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder,ADHD)模型小鼠多巴胺能神经元及其代谢产物的影响。方法体外ADHD模型小鼠及正常小鼠神经元细胞,分为4组:健康对照组、DAT模型组、DAT+钩藤碱组、DAT+宁动颗粒组,各组干预后0、1、3、6、12小时收集细胞及细胞培养液,并ELASA法检测细胞培养液中多巴胺(dopamin,DA)、多巴胺代谢产物高香草酸(homovanillic acid,HVA)、代谢酶单胺氧化酶(monoamine oxidase,MAO)及神经营养因子(brain derived neutrophil factor,BDNF)含量。结果 DAT模型组中,在时间上3、6小时作用多巴胺的代谢达到高峰;DA浓度与DAT模型组及健康对照组比较,DAT+钩藤碱组与DAT+宁动颗粒组培养液中含量均明显降低(P<0.05),HVA浓度、MAO浓度、BDNF浓度均显著增高,且DAT+钩藤碱组与DAT+宁动颗粒组间无显著性差异。结论钩藤碱可以通过调节MAO活性及BDNF活性促进多巴胺能神经元代谢。

Effects of preventive acupuncture or moxibustion at the Guanyuan acupoint on expression of interleukin-2 and its receptors in hypothalamus, serum, and uterus of menopausal rats

BACKGROUND： Previous studies have indicated preventive acupuncture and moxibustion at the Guanyuan point have positive effects on the immune system of menopausal rats. OBJECTIVE： To observe the effects of preventive acupuncture or moxibustion at the Guanyuan point on interleukin-2 （IL-2） and its receptor （IL-2R mRNA） levels in hypothalamus, serum, and uterus of menopausal rats. DESIGN： Randomized control animal experiment. SETTING： School of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine. MATERIALS： This study was performed at the Laboratory of Beijing University of Chinese Medicine from November 2004 to July 2005. The vaginal smear method was used to determine the estrus cycle of 9.5-month-old Sprague Dawley （SD） female rats. Three continuous estrus cycles were measured, and 160 rats with estrus cycle disorder, weighing （300 _＋ 20） g, were included in this study. The rats were randomly divided into four groups： preventive acupuncture group （n =48）, preventive moxibustion group （n =48）, model groups （n =48）, and 10-month-old group （n =16）. Sixteen 3.5-month-old healthy SD female rats, weighing （240 ± 20） g, were also assigned to the young group. All rats were clean grade and were purchased from the Laboratory Animal Center, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine. The experiment was in accordance with animal ethics standards. METHODS： Acupuncture was applied to the preventive acupuncture group at 10 months of age. The needle was inserted upward and perpendicularly two fen to a point that was two fen below the Guanyuan point. The rats freely moved around during needle retention （20 minutes）. Acupuncture was administered twice a week and continued for eight weeks. A moxa cone （small） moxibustion was applied to the preventive moxibustion group at 10 months of age. The rats were caught gently and kept at the same position as the preventive acupuncture group. The moxa cone was ignited and held to the Guanyuan point directly. Only one moxa cone was used each time. After moxibustion, the local skin turned slightly red. Moxibustion was used twice a week and continued for eight weeks. Nothing except gently catching and lying was administered to the model group and the young group. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES： Radioimmunoassay, in situ hybridization, and similar methods were employed to detect IL-2 in serum and the uterus, as well as IL-2R mRNA expression in the hypothalamus and uterus arcuate nuclei, of the preventive acupuncture group, preventive moxibustion group, model groups （at 12, 14, and 16 months）, 10 month old group （at 10 months）, and the young group （at 4 months）. RESULTS： All 176 rats were included in the final analysis. （1） IL-2R mRNA： IL-2R mRNA expression decreased significantly in the uterus of 12-, 14-, and 16-month-old model groups and in the hypothalamus of 14- and 16-month-old model groups （P 〈 0.05-0.01）. Compared to the same month-aged model groups, the expression of IL-2R mRNA increased significantly in the hypothalamus and uterus of 16-month-old preventive acupuncture or moxibustion groups （P 〈 0.05-0.01）.（2） IL-2：IL-2 in serum of 12- and 14-month-old model groups and in the uterus of 12-, 14-, and 16-month-old model groups decreased significantly compared to the young group （P 〈 0.05-0.01）. IL-2 serum levels increased significantly in the 16-month-old group with preventive moxibustion; in addition, IL-2 expression levels increased significantly in the uterus of the 12-month-old group with preventive moxibustion, as well as the 12- and 16-month-old groups with preventive acupuncture （P 〈 0.05-0.01）. CONCLUSION： As a rat ages and becomes menopausal, IL-2R mRNA expression in the hypothalamus and uterus, as well as IL-2 levels in the serum and uterus, decrease. However, preventive acupuncture and preventive moxibustion can repress the decrease to some extent. This effect is even greater in the late stages of menopause （16-month-old rats）.