WRKY11 up-regulated dirigent expression to enhance lignin/lignans accumulation in Lilium regale Wilson during response to Fusarium wilt

Lilium are highly economically valuable ornamental plants that are susceptible to Fusarium wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum.Lilium regale Wilson,a wild lily native to China,is highly resistant to F.oxysporum.In this study,a WRKY transcription factor,WRKY11,was isolated from L.regale,and its function during the interaction between L.regale and F.oxysporum was characterized.The ectopic expression of LrWRKY11 in tobacco increased the resistance to F oxysporum,moreover,the transcriptome sequencing and UHPLC-MS/MS analysis indicated that the methyl salicylate and methyl jasmonate levels rose in LrWRKY11 transgenic tobacco,meanwhile,the expression of lignin/lignans biosynthesis-related genes including a dirigent(DiR)was up-regulated.The lignin/lignans contents in LrWRKY11-transgenic tobacco also significantly increased compared with the wild-type tobacco.In addition,the resistance of L.regale scales in which LrWRKY11 expression was silenced by RNAi evidently decreased,and additionally,the expression of lignin/lignans biosynthesis-related genes including LrDIR1 was significantly suppressed.Therefore,LrDIR1 and its promoter(PLrDIR1)sequence containing the W-box element were isolated from L.regale.The interaction assay indicated that LrWRKY11 specifically bound to the W-box element in PLrDIR1 and activated LrDIR1 expression.Additionally,β-glucuronidase activity in the transgenic tobacco co-expressing LrWRKY11/PLrDIR1-β-glucuronidase was higher than that in transgenic tobacco expressing PLrDIR1-β-glucuronidase alone.Furthermore,the ectopic expression of LrDIR1 in tobacco enhanced the resistance to F.oxysporum and increased the lignin/lignans accumulation.In brief,this study revealed that LrWRKY11 positively regulated L.regale resistance to F.oxysporum through interaction with salicylic acid/jasmonic acid signaling pathways and modulating LrDIR1 expression to accumulate lignin/lignans.

CEP192过表达可作为胃癌患者不良预后的生物标志物并通过调控G2/M期关键蛋白的表达影响肿瘤细胞恶性增殖

目的探讨CEP192在胃癌中的表达情况及其预后价值,进一步研究其对胃癌细胞生物学功能的影响。方法利用公共数据库探究CEP192在胃癌组织中的表达程度,通过免疫组织化学技术进一步验证CEP192在胃癌中的具体表达状态。通过构建Kaplan-Meier(K-M)生存曲线,探究CEP192蛋白表达与胃癌患者长期预后的关联性。同时,利用单因素和多因素Cox回归分析模型,深入分析影响胃癌患者根治术后5年生存率的风险因素。通过受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线分析评估CEP192表达水平在预测胃癌患者术后5年生存率的价值。生物信息学功能富集预测CEP192在胃癌发生发展中可能参与的生物学过程。采用慢病毒干扰及过表达CEP192,CCK-8法检测CEP192对胃癌细胞增殖能力的影响,免疫印迹法检测CEP192对胃癌细胞G2/M期关键蛋白PLK1、CDK1、Cyclin B1的影响。将慢病毒稳定转染的各组细胞接种于裸鼠背部皮下进行裸鼠成瘤实验,在体观察CEP192对小鼠体质量、瘤体大小及G2/M期关键蛋白的影响。结果CEP192在胃癌中高表达且与患者预后不良相关(P<0.05)。多因素Cox回归分析发现,CEP192高表达、CEA≥5 ng/mL、CA199≥37 IU/mL、T3-4期和N2-3期均为影响胃癌患者术后5年生存率的独立危险因素(P<0.05)。GO及REACTOME基因富集分析提示CEP192可能参与细胞周期等生物学过程,GSEA基因集富集分析结果显示CEP192对细胞周期过程呈现正向调控。CCK-8结果示干扰CEP192后MGC-803细胞的增殖能力减弱,过表达细胞增殖能力增强(P<0.05)。免疫印迹结果显示干扰CEP192后PLK1、CDK1、Cyclin B1蛋白表达水平下降,过表达呈上升趋势(P<0.05)。裸鼠皮下成瘤实验结果显示,与对照组相比,干扰CEP192小鼠体质量降低,肿瘤体积变小,PLK1、CDK1、Cyclin B1蛋白水平下调,过表达CEP192则呈现相反趋势(P<0.05)。结论CEP192在胃癌组织中高表达,与患者的不良预后相关,其可能通过调控G2/M期关键蛋白的表达影响肿瘤细胞恶性增殖。

Current Status of the Application of Surgical Specialty Nursing Quality Evaluation Indicators

This paper reviews the current status of the application of surgical specialty nursing quality evaluation indicators both domestically and internationally.It covers the related concepts,theoretical foundations,construction methods,construction fields,application research,and existing shortcomings of these indicators.It suggests that scholars and researchers in the nursing field in China should base their work on mature theories,use scientific research methods,and construct a quality indicator system that aligns with China’s surgical development,is practical,unified,suitable for the local context,and beneficial for the development of the surgical nursing discipline.

Enhanced Potassium‑Ion Storage of the 3D Carbon Superstructure by Manipulating the Nitrogen‑Doped Species and Morphology

Potassium-ion batteries(PIBs)are attractive for gridscale energy storage due to the abundant potassium resource and high energy density.The key to achieving high-performance and large-scale energy storage technology lies in seeking eco-efficient synthetic processes to the design of suitable anode materials.Herein,a spherical sponge-like carbon superstructure(NCS)assembled by 2D nanosheets is rationally and efficiently designed for K+storage.The optimized NCS electrode exhibits an outstanding rate capability,high reversible specific capacity(250 mAh g^(−1) at 200 mA g^(−1) after 300 cycles),and promising cycling performance(205 mAh g^(−1) at 1000 mA g^(−1) after 2000 cycles).The superior performance can be attributed to the unique robust spherical structure and 3D electrical transfer network together with nitrogen-rich nanosheets.Moreover,the regulation of the nitrogen doping types and morphology of NCS-5 is also discussed in detail based on the experiments results and density functional theory calculations.This strategy for manipulating the structure and properties of 3D materials is expected to meet the grand challenges for advanced carbon materials as high-performance PIB anodes in practical applications.

Oxygen-Containing Functional Groups Regulating the Carbon/Electrolyte Interfacial Properties Toward Enhanced K^(+)Storage

Oxygen-containing functional groups were found to e ectively boost the K^(+)storage performance of carbonaceous materials,however,the mechanism behind the performance enhancement remains unclear.Herein,we report higher rate capability and better long-term cycle performance employing oxygen-doped graphite oxide(GO)as the anode material for potassium ion batteries(PIBs),compared to the raw graphite.The in situ Raman spectroscopy elucidates the adsorption-intercalation hybrid K^(+)storage mechanism,assigning the capacity enhancement to be mainly correlated with reversible K^(+)adsorption/desorption at the newly introduced oxygen sites.It is unraveled that the C=O and COOH rather than C-O-C and OH groups contribute to the capacity enhancement.Based on in situ Fourier transform infrared(FT-IR)spectra and in situ electrochemical impedance spectroscopy(EIS),it is found that the oxygen-containing functional groups regulate the components of solid electrolyte interphase(SEI),leading to the formation of highly conductive,intact and robust SEI.Through the systematic investigations,we hereby uncover the K^(+)storage mechanism of GO-based PIB,and establish a clear relationship between the types/contents of oxygen functional groups and the regulated composition of SEI.

腮腺多形性腺瘤与腺淋巴瘤的CT影像特征及对比分析

目的探究腮腺多形性腺瘤与腺淋巴瘤的CT影像特征及对比分析。方法选取我院2015年9月-2018年8月收治治疗的腮腺多形腺瘤和腺淋巴瘤患者各20例作为研究对象,其中腮腺淋巴瘤共25个病灶,腮腺多形性腮腺瘤共21个病灶,所有患者都完成了CT平扫以及增强扫描。分析比较患者的CT影像资料及病理。结果腮腺多形性腺瘤与腺淋巴瘤的生长轴线、发病部位、平扫及增强扫描CT值、肿瘤内低密度、肿瘤内或附近血管影等均存在统计学差异(P<0.05);在肿瘤大小、形态、左右叶分布方面等差异并不明显(P>0.05)。结论在通过CT影像扫描后可有效鉴别腮腺多形性腺瘤以及腺淋巴瘤,可清楚显示腮腺多形性腺瘤与腺淋巴瘤的部位、数目、周围结构及形态情况。

Preparation and Crystallization of Carbon Nanotube/maleic Anhydride-grafted Polypropylene Composites

Carbon nanotube （CNT）/maleic acid anhydride （MAH）-grafted polypropylene （PP） composites were prepared by in situ grafting method. Infrared spectroscopy showed that the CNTs were linked to PP by MAH grafting. The microstructures and calorimetry analysis indicated that the crystallization behaviors of the filled and unfilled PP were quite different. The addition of CNTs dramatically reduced the spherulite size, increased crystallization rate and improved the thermal stability of PP. These results confirmed the expected nucleant effect of CNT on the crystallization of PP. Scanning and transmission electron microscopy showed that the CNTs were dispersed homogeneously, indicating that the original CNT bundles were separated into individual tubes by the grafting.

Diameters and form of skull base foramen ovale measured by three-dimensional spiral CT thin-slice scan in healthy adults

BACKGROUND： The accurate measurements of various data of the bone diameters of foramen ovale of living person can change the methods of puncturing trigeminal gasserian ganglion via foramen ovale for treating trifacial neuralgia from the experience of puncture operator only to puncture by taking the objective data of measurement as the evidence, which is good for improving the accuracy of puncturing trigeminal ganglion and reducing side effects. OBJECTIVE ： To observe the forms of foramen ovales in healthy adults displayed by volume rendering and multi-planar reconstruction after three-dimensional spiral CT thin-slice scan of skull base, and measure the longitudinal diameter and transverse diameter. DESIGN ： A repetitive observation and measurement SETTINGS ： Department of Neurosurgery and Department of Medical Imaging, Foshan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine. PARTICIPANTS： Fifty healthy adults （100 sides）, who were examined with three-dimensional spiral CT scan, were randomly selected from the Department of Medical Imaging, Foshan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine from January 2005 to January 2006, including 26 males and 24 females, aged 25-68 years with an average of 48 years old. They were all informed and agreed with the examination. METHODS ： The subjects were examined with the Philips 16-slice spiral CT-Mx 8000 IDT CT apparatus （Philips Company, Holland）, the scanning ranged from 2 cm below the canthomeatal line to the level of suprasellar cistem. The width of collimator was 0.75 mm, pitch was 0.663; tube current was 350 mA, voltage was 120 kV, resolution was 512×512 matrix; slice thickness of reconstruction was 1 mm, and interval was 0.5 mm. After the three-dimensional spiral CT thin-slice scan of skull base, the image post-processing techniques including volume rendering and multi-planar reconstruction were applied to observe the forms of foramen ovales, and measure the size, longitudinal diameter and transverse diameter of the foramen ovales. The figures of the foramen ovales were drawn with mouse along the boundary of bone porous margin and soft tissue. According to the indications, the diameters were measured with computer to observe the forms of foramen ovales. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES ： The longitudinal diameter, transverse diameter and form of foramen ovales were observed. RESULTS： All the 50 healthy adults （100 sides） were involved in the analysis of results. （1） It was observed in the volume rendering images that foramen ovales had four forms of oval shape （77 sides）, kidney shape （12 sides）, round shape （7 sides）, ribbon shape （4 sides）. （2） The longitudinal diameters of left and right foramen ovales were （7.67±1.32） and （7.98±1.45） mm, and the transverse diameters were （4.04±0.83）, （4.09±1.07） mm; There was no obvious difference between left and right longitudinal diameters （t = 1.63, P = 0.11 ）, and left and right transverse diameters were close （t = 0.45, P= 0.65）. CONCLUSION ： The non-invasive techniques of volume rendering and multi-planar reconstruction after three-dimensional spiral CT thin-slice scan can clearly display the formand size of foramen ovale in healthy adults.

Simulating Error-Opening of Pressure Relief Valves of a Station on a Continuous Undulating Oil Pipeline with Large Elevation Difference

For oil pipeline in mountain areas,high hydrostatic pressure in the pipeline may cause error-opening of pressure relief valves,and oil is discharged from the pipeline to the pressure relief tanks,bringing spilling-over risk of the pressure relief tanks.Therefore,simulating the error-opening situations of the pressure relief valves and investigating the oil discharge process are necessary for checking the possibility of the spilling-over accident and then proposing measures to improve the pressure relief system.This research focuses on a continuous undulating oil pipeline with large elevation difference and a station along this pipeline,which is named B station in this paper,is studied.By OLGA software,simulation model of the pressure relief system of B station is established,and the accuracy of the model is verified by reconstructing a real accident and making a comparison with the actual accident data.The maximum discharge rate reached 8284 m3/h when the pressure relief valve was opened by mistake in the inlet and outlet of the station.The accumulated filling time of the two pressure relief tanks is 200 s,which is in good agreement with the accident data.On this basis,for error-opening of the pressure relief valves at the inlet and outlet of B station,simulation is performed to investigate variations of the discharge velocity,discharge flow rate,accumulated discharge volume and ventilation volume of the vent valve.The discharge velocity is found to be over the maximum velocity allowed for safety consideration.According to the accumulated discharge volume,it is inferred that spilling over of the pressure relief tanks will be caused once error-opening of the pressure relief valve occurs.Also it is judged that the existing breathing valve can not satisfy the ventilation requirement in case of failure of the pressure relief valves.From these simulation results,it is proposed that increasing the number of vent valves,replacing the manual valves with electrically operated valves,and employing security control interlock protection program are improvement measures to guarantee safe,efficient and reliable operation of the pressure relief system at B station.

Synthesis and Thermoelectric Property of 1D Flexible PEDOT: p-TSA/Glass Fiber

Exploiting the thermal insulation properties of glass fiber and excellent conductivity of conducting polymer, a novel one-dimensional (1D) composite thermoelectric material, based on poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene): p-toluenesulfonic acid (PEDOT: p-TSA)/glass fiber, is prepared by coating the PEDOT: p-TSA on the surface of glass fiber with in situ polymerization method. We hope the materials can bring out the performance of the “electron conductor, photon glass”. During the polymerization process, the effects of oxidant concentration and dopant mass fraction on thermoelectric properties of the materials are investigated. The group type of the polymer chain and the morphology of the samples were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), respectively. The maximal Seebeck coefficient (S) and electric conductivity (σ) of the pristine sample are 32 μVK-1 and 169 Sm-1, respectively. After further post-processing with methanol, the thermoelectric properties of materials were improved, and the maximum value of S and σ increased greatly to 48.5 μVK-1 and 3184 Sm-1, respectively. The maximal power factor (PF) of materials also increased from 0.12 μWm-1 K-2 to 6.74 μWm-1 K-2. Moreover, we have proposed a preliminary explanation on the carrier transport mechanism.

<i>STYK1/NOK</i>—A Potential Radiotherapeutic Target and Biomarker for Gastric Cancer and Cervical Cancer

This article introduced the STYK1/NOK, including its origin, chemical composition and biological function, and the expression of STYK1/NOK in various cancer cell lines was reviewed. Furthermore, our recent study showed that STYK1/NOK protein was also over expressed in gastric cancer and cervical cancer specimens, and STYK1/NOK expression increased after tumor cells were irradiated with γ ray. These results indicated that STYK1/NOK might be involved in the occurrence and progress of gastric cancer and cervical cancer, and contribute to the radioresistance of tumor cells. Thus, STYK1/NOK might be a potential therapeutic target and diagnostic marker for gastric cancer and cervical cancer.

Effect of Heat Treatment on Microstructure and Mechanical properties of high strength low alloy(HSLA)steel

In this paper,a Fe-based Mn-Ni–Cr–Mo high strength low alloy(HSLA)steel was prepared by using Vacuum melting,following by hot rolling with 78%deformation and various heat treatment processes.Microstructure were characterized by optical microscope(OM),scanning electron microscope(SEM)equipped with energy dispersive spectrometer.Tensile tests were performed.After direct quenching(Q)from 860℃,the samples were subjected to secondary quenching(L)at different intercritical temperatures within the two-phase region and various tempering temperatures(T).Results show that QLT treatment increases elongation and decreases yield ratio compared with conventional quenching and tempering process(QT).The optimum QLT heat treatment parameter in terms of temperature are determined as Q:860℃,L:700℃,and T:600℃,resulting in the better combined properties with yield strength of 756MPa,tensile strength of 820MPa,tensile elongation of 16.76%and yield ratio of 0.923.

Effect of Carbides and γ/γ' Eutectic on Crack Initiation and Propagation in Ni-based Superalloy

The Ni-based Udemit720Li superalloy tends to form largeγ/γ'eutectic on grain boundaries(GBs)during solidification due to the addition of excessive Al and Ti elements,which provides convenience to study the effect of carbide andγ/γ'eutectic on crack initiation and propagation during tensile process.In this paper,Udemit720Li superalloy samples were prepared by induction melting casting method,arc melting and suction casting method.The microstructure,tensile properties and mechanism of crack initiation and propagation in Ni-based superalloy fabricated by two methods are investigated.The results exhibitγ/γ'eutectic accelerates the stress concentration at GB and thus leads to premature fracture failure.The samples with grain-boundary eutectic have higher strain hardening rate,but their cumulative and local misorientations are lower.For samples without eutectic at GB,the primary crack initiates at grain-boundary carbide along GB and extends along GB or into grain matrix,and exhibits better deformation performance and dislocation storage capacity within grains.

用于精准蛋白降解和癌症治疗的刺激响应型PROTAC进展

刺激响应型蛋白质降解靶向嵌合体(PROTAC)前药可在特定刺激条件下激活PROTAC分子,实现特定区域和细胞的靶蛋白降解,从而克服不可控蛋白降解导致的毒副作用,是改善PROTAC疗效和成药性的有效策略.本文系统总结了目前用于特异性降解病灶组织目标蛋白从而精准治疗肿瘤的各种刺激响应型PROTAC前药策略.首先,本文介绍了PROTAC的发展历程和作用原理,以及目前进入临床试验阶段的PROTAC分子;然后,介绍了细胞内原位生成PROTAC的前药策略,以及各种刺激手段激活的PROTAC前药,包括外源性的光、X-射线以及内源性的肿瘤微环境的乏氧、活性氧和酶等;接着,概括了配体修饰型的主动靶向PROTAC前药,包括抗体、叶酸、适配体等修饰策略.本文重点强调了基于纳米递药系统的PROTAC前药策略,其可实现特异性肿瘤组织药物递送和精准蛋白降解.最后,本文对PROTAC的未来发展进行了探讨和展望.

Small molecules in the treatment of COVID-19

The outbreak of COVID-19 has become a global crisis,and brought severe disruptions to societies and economies.Until now,effective therapeutics against COVID-19 are in high demand.Along with our improved understanding of the structure,function,and pathogenic process of SARS-CoV-2,many small molecules with potential anti-COVID-19 effects have been developed.So far,several antiviral strategies were explored.Besides directly inhibition of viral proteins such as RdRp and M^(pro),interference of host enzymes including ACE2 and proteases,and blocking relevant immunoregulatory pathways represented by JAK/STAT,BTK,NF-κB,and NLRP3 pathways,are regarded feasible in drug development.The development of small molecules to treat COVID-19 has been achieved by several strategies,including computer-aided lead compound design and screening,natural product discovery,drug repurposing,and combination therapy.Several small molecules representative by remdesivir and paxlovid have been proved or authorized emergency use in many countries.And many candidates have entered clinical-trial stage.Nevertheless,due to the epidemiological features and variability issues of SARS-CoV-2,it is necessary to continue exploring novel strategies against COVID-19.This review discusses the current findings in the development of small molecules for COVID-19 treatment.Moreover,their detailed mechanism of action,chemical structures,and preclinical and clinical efficacies are discussed.

Single-cell transcriptome landscape and antigen receptor dynamic during SARS-CoV-2 vaccination

Vaccination by inactivated vaccine is an effective strategy to prevent the COVID-19pandemic.However,the detailed molecular immune response at single-cell level is poorly un-derstood.In this study,we systematically delineated the landscape of the pre-and post-vaccination single-cell transcriptome,TCR(T cell antigen receptor)and BCR(B cell antigen re-ceptor)expression profile of vaccinated candidates.The bulk TCR sequencing analysis of COV-ID-19 patients was also performed.Enrichment of a clonal CD8+T cell cluster expressingspecific TCR was identified in both vaccination candidates and COVID-19 patients.These clonalCD8+T cells showed high expression of cytotoxicity,phagosome and antigen presentationrelated genes.The cellecell interaction analysis revealed that monocytes and dendritic cellscould interact with these cells and initiate phagocytosis via ICAM1-ITGAM and ITGB2 signaling.Together,our study systematically deciphered the detailed immunological response duringSARS-CoV-2 vaccination and infection.It may facilitate understanding the immune responseand the T-cell therapy against COVID-19.

Biosorption of clofibric acid and carbamazepine in aqueous solution by agricultural waste rice straw

Due to their widespread use, clofibric acid （CA） and carbamazepine （CBZ） have been frequently detected simultaneously at relatively high concentrations in aquatic environments. In this study, agricultural waste rice straw was employed as a potentially low-cost, effective and easy-to-operate biosorbent （RSB） to remove CA and CBZ. The adsorption of both pharmaceuticals followed pseudo second-order kinetics, and intraparticle diffusion was an important rate-limiting step. The adsorption isotherms of both drugs were fit well with Freundlich model. The adsorption of CA onto RSB was exothermic and was more likely to be dominated by physical processes, while the adsorption of CBZ was endothermic. Solution pH was determined to be the most important factor for CA adsorption, such that the adsorption capacity of CA onto RSB increased with the decline of solution pH. In the lower range of solution pH below 3. l, the CA removal efficiency was enhanced with the increase of biosorbent dosage. The CBZ removal efficiency was enhanced with the increase of RSB dosage without pH control. The maximum adsorption capacities were 126.3 mg/g for CA and 40.0 mg/g for CBZ.

Optimizing Mechanical Properties of AlCoCrFeNiTi_x High-Entropy Alloys by Tailoring Microstructures

The effects of Ti additions and the heat treatment on the mechanical properties of AlCoCrFeNiTix （x = 0, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4 and 0.5） high-entropy alloys （HEAs） were studied. The results show that the dendrite phase with a body-centered-cubic （bcc） structure transforms into the interdendrite phase with a new bcc structure. With the increase of the Ti contents and heat-treatment temperature, the average hardness and yield strengths are greatly improved, and the highest hardness and yielding strength are 583 HV and 2.07 GPa, respectively in the investigated HEA system. The as-cast and annealed HEAs exhibit excellent mechanical properties, combining with high yielding strength and plasticity. The solid solution strengthening mechanism of Ti additions is responsible for the strengthening effect of AlCoCrFeNiTix HEAs.

DNA Extraction Protocol for Biological Ingredient Analysis of Liuwei Dihuang Wan

Traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） clinical practice. So far, the methods commonly preparations are widely used for healthcare and used for quality evaluation of TCM preparations mainly focused on chemical ingredients. The biological ingredient analysis of TCM preparations is also important because TCM preparations usually contain both plant and animal ingredients, which often include some mis-identified herbal materials, adulterants or even some biological contaminants. For biological ingredient analysis, the efficiency of DNA extraction is an important factor which might affect the accuracy and reliability of identification. The component complexity in TCM preparations is high, and DNA might be destroyed or degraded in different degrees after a series of processing procedures. Therefore, it is necessary to establish an effective protocol for DNA extraction from TCM preparations. In this study, we chose a classical TCM preparation, Liuwei Dihuang Wan （LDW）, as an example to develop a TCM-specific DNA extraction method. An optimized cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide （CTAB） method （TCM-CTAB） and three commonly-used extraction kits were tested for extraction of DNA from LDW samples. Experimental results indicated that DNA with the highest purity and concentration was obtained by using TCM-CTAB. To further evaluate the different extraction methods, amplification of the second internal transcribed spacer （ITS2） and the chloroplast genome trnL intron was carried out.

Using quantile regression to analyze the stressor–response relationships between nutrient levels and algal biomass in three shallow lakes of the Lake Taihu Basin, China

Understanding the stressor–response relationship between nutrient levels and algal biomass is a prerequisite for the management of eutrophication in lakes. In this study, a quantile regression(QR) approach was used to interpret the stressor–response relationships between nutrient(e.g., phosphorus, nitrogen) concentrations and algal biomass as measured by chlorophyll-a(Chl-a) levels. QR results indicated that Lake Dianshan and Lake Changdang,which are both heavily eutrophicated, were P-limited only.In contrast, Lake Kuilei, which has significantly lower nutrient levels and algal biomass than the other two lakes,was P- and N-limited. Moreover, in Lake Kuilei, N and P levels had significant interaction effects on the algal biomass at the upper quantiles(s [ 0.68). The degree to which the lakes were P-limited increased with rises in the mean total P concentration in the lakes. QR has many advantages over ordinary least squares regression for discriminating limiting factors and, in particular, allows us to estimate changes near the upper extremes of distributions associated with limiting factors. QR is adapted to more specialized risk management problems, such as early warnings of the risk of algal blooms.The probable value-at-risk of harmful algal blooms for Lake Kuilei, Lake Dianshan and Lake Changdang is s = 0.76(Chl-a = 9 mg/m3), s = 0.87(Chl-a = 24 mg/m3) and s = 0.72(Chl-a = 35 mg/m3), respectively. Given the results of the stressor–response relationship analysis, we conclude that reductions in P input represent the most feasible and least costly approach for managing eutrophication in the shallow lakes of the Lake Taihu Basin. To control the magnitude and duration of algal blooms in shallow lakes,reductions in P and N inputs are required. The 95 % CI bounds of slopes indicated that the interactions of nonnutrient factors with nutrients had strong impacts on the algal biomass in lightly eutrophicated Lake Kuilei. It is suggested that, in addition to reductions in nutrient loads,several ecological measures, such as an increase in the biomass of submerged macrophytes and the reduction of hydraulic retention time by flushing, could represent important components of an integrated approach to eutrophication management in the Lake Taihu Basin.