Remote sensing of subtropical tree diversity:The underappreciated roles of the practical definition of forest canopy and phenological variation

Tree species diversity is vital for maintaining ecosystem functions,yet our ability to map the distribution of tree diversity is limited due to difficulties in traditional field-based approaches.Recent developments in spaceborne remote sensing provide unprecedented opportunities to map and monitor tree diversity more efficiently.Here we built partial least squares regression models using the multispectral surface reflectance acquired by Sentinel-2 satellites and the inventory data from 74 subtropical forest plots to predict canopy tree diversity in a national natural reserve in eastern China.In particular,we evaluated the underappreciated roles of the practical definition of forest canopy and phenological variation in predicting tree diversity by testing three different definitions of canopy trees and comparing models built using satellite imagery of different seasons.Our best models explained 42%–63%variations in observed diversities in cross-validation tests,with higher explanation power for diversity indices that are more sensitive to abundant species.The models built using imageries from early spring and late autumn showed consistently better fits than those built using data from other seasons,highlighting the significant role of transitional phenology in remotely sensing plant diversity.Our results suggested that the cumulative diameter(60%–80%)of the biggest trees is a better way to define the canopy layer than using the subjective fixeddiameter-threshold(5–12 cm)or the cumulative basal area(90%–95%)of the biggest trees.Remarkably,these approaches resulted in contrasting diversity maps that call attention to canopy structure in remote sensing of tree diversity.This study demonstrates the potential of mapping and monitoring tree diversity using the Sentinal-2 data in species-rich forests.

等离激元光催化研究进展

近年来,等离激元光催化剂因其优异的可见光吸收性和光催化活性,成为光催化治理环境、纳米材料合成和半导体优化等学科领域的研究热点和重点之一。本文在对纳米贵金属参与光催化过程的等离激元光催化剂机理和光催化活性提高机理等光催化原理进行分析的基础上,对等离激元光催化剂进行分类探讨并阐述了等离激元光催化剂的合成方法,按照光催化剂的组成将等离激元光催化剂分为Ag@AgX(X=Cl/Br/I)等离激元光催化剂、贵金属/半导体等离子光催化剂等,最后对等离激元光催化剂在环境净化和能源利用等领域的原理和应用(废水处理、光解水制氢、CO_(2)还原、抗菌和空气净化等)进行综述,并对等离激元光催化剂未来发展进行展望。

Internalization of NK cells into tumor cells requires ezrin and leads to programmed cell-in-cell death

Cytotoxic lymphocytes are key players in the orchestration of immune response and elimination of defective cells. We have previously reported that natural killer （NK） cells enter target tumor ceils, leading to either target cell death or self-destruction within tumor cells. However, it has remained elusive as to the fate of NK cells after internalization and whether the heterotypic cell-in-cell process is different from that of the homotypic cell-in-cell event recently named entosis. Here, we show that NK cells undergo a cell-in-cell process with the ultimate fate of apoptosis within tumor cells and reveal that the internalization process requires the actin cytoskeletal regulator, ezrin. To visualize how NK cells enter into tumor cells, we carried out real-time dual color imaging analyses of NK cell internalization into tumor cells. Surprisingly, most NK cells commit to programmed cell death after their entry into tumor cells, which is distinctively different from entosis observed in the homotypic cell-in-cell process. The apoptotic cell death of the internalized NK cells was evident by activation of caspase 3 and DNA fragmentation. Furthermore, NK cell death after internalization is attenuated by the caspase inhibitor, Z-VAD-FMK, confirming apoptosis as the mode of NK cell death within tumor cells. To determine protein factors essential for the entry of NK cells into tumor cells, we car- ried out siRNA-based knockdown analysis and discovered a critical role of ezrin in NK cell internalization. Impor- tantly, PKA-mediated phosphorylation of ezrin promotes the NK cell internalization process. Our findings suggest a novel regulatory mechanism by which ezrin governs NK cell internalization into tumor cells.

Natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery in urology: The Chinese experience

Objective:To describe the Chinese experience of natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery(NOTES)in urology.Methods:From December 2008 to May 2017,35 animal experiments and 305 clinical surgeries of NOTES or natural orifices specimen extractions(NOSE)were performed in China.The animal experiments included five kidney biopsies,24 nephrectomies and six partial nephrectomies.The clinical surgeries included 12 transvaginal NOSE(TV-NOSE),266 hybrid transvaginal NOTES(TV-NOTES)and 27 pure TV-NOTES.The TV-NOSE procedure was performed in five transumbilical laparoendoscopic single-site(U-LESS)nephrectomies,four suprapubic-assisted laparoendoscopic single-site surgery(SA-LESS)nephroureterectomies,and three laparoscopic radical cystectomies.The hybrid TV-NOTES procedure included 210 nephrectomies,31 adrenalectomies,eight nephroureterectomies,13 partial nephrectomies,and four heminephrectomies.The pure TV-NOTES procedure included five renal cyst decortications and 22 nephrectomies.Results:A total of 29 animal experiments were successfully performed.One partial nephrectomy was converted to standard laparoscopic surgery.Two kidney biopsies and two nephrectomies were unsuccessful.A total of 297 clinical surgeries were successfully performed.Six patients who underwent hybrid TV-NOTES were converted to open surgery.Two patients who underwent pure TV-NOTES were converted to SA-LESS.There were 22 major complications,16 occurred intraoperatively and six postoperatively.The mean visual analog score(VAS)of 48 h after the operation was 2.5 points in TV-NOSE,2.3 points in hybrid TV-NOTES and 1.7 points in pure TV-NOTES.The mean follow-up of 50.6(3.0-87.0)months showed that all patients were in good condition.The umbilicus scars were nearly invisible in TV-NOSE and hybrid TV-NOTES.The vaginal incision healed well.Conclusions:TV-NOSE and TV-NOTES are feasible,safe,and effective with little injury,low pain,fast recovery,and good cosmetic outcomes in properly selected patients.They are worth consideration for urological clinical practice.

Correlation between Climatic Factors and Genetic Diversity of Phrynocephalus forsythii

Global climate change is a threat to animals in nearly all biomes and ecosystems, especially for ectotherm whose life activities highly depend on environmental thermal regime. Population genetic diversity which is essential for adaptation to environmental change is a useful index for long-term species survival. In this paper, genetic diversity of eight Phrynocephalus forsythii population which distributed in Tarim Basin, China, were evaluated based on three mtDNA gene and its correlation with environment factors were investigated using RDA. Our result revealed that, the level of genetic diversity of P. forsythii populations was related to its location but there was no significant correlation between genetic distances and geographic distances in P. forsythii. However, we find that mtDNA of P. forsythii was subjected to selection pressure during evolution and population genetic diversity was significantly positively related to variation coefficient of rainfall(VCR) and altitude(AL), while significantly negatively related to longitude(N) and annual average temperature(AAT). Our result supported the previous prediction that excessive ambient heat is a threat to P. forsythii.

How to Make Highly Rational Use of Modern Educational Technologies

Modern educational technology is playing a very important role in information engineering discipline in ordinary universities and colleges. The using of modern educational technology can be classified into instinctive stage and rational stage. In the instinctive stage, users have been aware of the importance of those modern assisted teaching methods and make full application already. In rational stage, the user should not only establish a best teaching environment by using all teaching methods, but also optimize the usage of these methods to get the most powerful effects in class based on specific educational goal. In this paper, how to make highly rational use of modern educational technologies in ordinary universities and colleges is the main topic we discussed. Authors investigate relative educational environment and consequences in their teaching experiences of many years, and conclude from those data by comparing, evaluating and analyzing relative situation.

A Molecular Foaming and Activation Strategy to Porous N-Doped Carbon Foams for Supercapacitors and CO2 Capture

Hierarchically porous carbon materials are promising for energy storage,separation and catalysis.It is desirable but fairly challenging to simultaneously create ultrahigh surface areas,large pore volumes and high N contents in these materials.Herein,we demonstrate a facile acid-base enabled in situ molecular foaming and activation strategy for the synthesis of hierarchically macro-/meso-/microporous N-doped carbon foams(HPNCFs).The key design for the synthesis is the selection of histidine(His)and potassium bicarbonate(PBC)to allow the formation of 3D foam structures by in situ foaming,the PBC/His acid-base reaction to enable a molecular mixing and subsequent a uniform chemical activation,and the stable imidazole moiety in His to sustain high N contents after carbonization.The formation mechanism of the HPNCFs is studied in detail.The prepared HPNCFs possess 3D macroporous frameworks with thin well-graphitized carbon walls,ultrahigh surface areas(up to 3200 m^2 g^-1),large pore volumes(up to 2.0 cm^3 g^-1),high micropore volumes(up to 0.67 cm^3 g^-1),narrowly distributed micropores and mesopores and high N contents(up to 14.6 wt%)with pyrrolic N as the predominant N site.The HPNCFs are promising for supercapacitors with high specific capacitances(185-240 F g^-1),good rate capability and excellent stability.They are also excellent for CO2 capture with a high adsorption capacity(~4.13 mmol g^-1),a large isosteric heat of adsorption(26.5 kJ mol^-1)and an excellent CO2/N2 selectivity(~24).

Toad-headed Lizard Phrynocephalus forsythii(Squamata,Agamidae)as a Potential Ring Species Inferred from Population Genetic Differentiation

Speciation has never been directly observed in nature because it is a lengthy phenomenon.Although rare,ring species are an optimal natural example of speciation and can be identified through the assessment of the geographical conditions of their potential habitat.Phrynocephalus forsythii is endemic to the Tarim Basin,which compnses the Taklamakan Desert and surrounded by mountains on three sides.This study aimed to determine whether P.forsythii had a ring-species-like divergence pattern through the characterization of the genetic features of 17 populations covering the major distribution of this species.Species distribution modelling revealed that P.forsythii had a continuous circular distribution around the Tarim Basin.Gene flow was observed in most adjacent populations except for two terminal populations of the ring,which exhibit the highest differentiation.Genetic distance and geographic distance were significantly correlated,indicating that the observed differentiation resulted from genetic variation gradually accumulating during population dispersion.Although our results do not definitively indicate that P.forsythii is a ring species,our results indicate a ring-shaped diversification This phenomenon elucidates the potential mechanism underlying speciation in the presence of gene flow,providing insight into this evolutionary process.

The Role of Environmental Stress in Determining Gut Microbiome:Case Study of Two Sympatric Toad-headed Lizards

The gut microbiota has gained attention because of its importance in facilitating host survival and evolution.However,it is unclear whether gut microbial communities are determined by the host(heritable factor) or environment(environmental factor).In this study,we investigated the gut microbial communities and potential functional signatures of two sympatric species distributed along an elevation gradient,the toadheaded lizards Phrynocephalus axillaris and P.forsythii.Our results indicated that at high elevations,the gut microbial communities of P.axillaris and P.forsythii did not significantly differ,and the phylogenetic relationships of gut microbial communities contradicted their hosts.At low altitudes,the two lizards could be distinguished based on their significantly different gut microbial communities.Compared to low-altitude populations,Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes(KEGG)pathway analysis showed that at higher altitudes,energy metabolism,such as carbohydrate,lipid,and amino acids metabolism were higher in both lizards.While a larger number of pathogenic bacteria were found in the lowaltitude population of P.forsythii.This suggests that the convergence of gut microbiota of two lizards at highaltitude stem from environmental factors,as they were exposed to the same environmental stress,whereas the divergence at low-altitude stemmed from heritable factors,as they were exposed to different environmental stresses.These results provide a new perspective regarding whether heritable or environmental factors dominate the gut microbiota during exposure to environmental stress.

Clinical observation of Fufangchangtai decoction combined with FOLFOX4 regimen for postoperative colorectal cancers

Objective:The aim of the study was to observe the therapeutic effect of FOLFOX4 regimen plus Fufangchangtai decoction on postoperative colorectal cancers.Methods:Thirty postoperative colorectal cancer patients were allocated into control and experiment groups respectively.Patients in experiment group were given Fufangchangtai decoction combined with FOLFOX4 regimen.Patients in control group were given FOLFOX4 regimen alone.Efficacy was evaluated after 2 periods of treatment.Results:The improvement rate of symptoms were 86.6% in experiment group compared to 53.3% in control group.KPS was stable in experiment group,and decreased in control group.QOL was increased in experiment group,and stable in control group after the treatment.For impact of immunity parameters,there were enhancements of CD3+ and CD4+ in experiment group,while they did not change in control group.In experiment group,WBC reduction was slighter than that of control group.The differences were not remarkable in PLT reduction,alimentary response,and toxicity of liver and kidney and nervous system.Conclusion:The clinical observation showed that Fufangchangtai decoction plus FOLFOX4 regimen could effectively enhance KPS,improve the symptoms,the quality of life and the immunity state,and down-regulate the side effects.In conclusion,Fufangchangtai decoction can decrease the toxicity so as to increase the treatment effect.

Injection induced by coaxial laser interference in laser wakefield accelerators

We propose a new injection scheme that can generate electron beams with simultaneously a few permille energy spread, submillimeter milliradian emittance, and more than a 100 pC charge in laser wakefield accelerators. In this scheme, a relatively loosely focused laser pulse drivesthe plasma wakefield, and a tightly focused laser pulse with similar intensity triggers an interference ring pattern that creates onion-like multisheaths in the plasma wakefield. Owing to the change in wavefront curvature after the focal position of the tightly focused laser, the innermostsheath of the wakefield expands, which slows down the effective phase velocity of the wakefield and triggers injection of plasma electrons.Both quasicylindrical and fully three-dimensional particle-in-cell simulations confirm the generation of beams with the above mentionedproperties.

Research on the Online College English Teaching Mode from the Perspective of Autonomous Learning

In order to explore the online college English teaching mode from the perspective of autonomous learning and facilitate college students to better learn English independently as well as to master their English application skills,this article expounds the significance of online English teaching through theoretical analysis.At the same time,it expounds how to realize online English teaching in the perspective of autonomous learning,so as to improve the quality of English teaching and students’English skills.

CEPC Technical Design Report

The Circular Electron Positron Collider(CEPC)is a large scientific project initiated and hosted by China,fostered through extensive collaboration with international partners.The complex comprises four accelerators:a 30 GeV Linac,a 1.1 GeV Damping Ring,a Booster capable of achieving energies up to 180 GeV,and a Collider operating at varying energy modes(Z,W,H,and tt).The Linac and Damping Ring are situated on the surface,while the subterranean Booster and Collider are housed in a 100 km circumference underground tunnel,strategically accommodating future expansion with provisions for a potential Super Proton Proton Collider(SPPC).The CEPC primarily serves as a Higgs factory.In its baseline design with synchrotron radiation(SR)power of 30 MW per beam,it can achieve a luminosity of 5×10^(34)cm^(-2)s^(-1)per interaction point(IP),resulting in an integrated luminosity of 13 ab^(-1)for two IPs over a decade,producing 2.6 million Higgs bosons.Increasing the SR power to 50 MW per beam expands the CEPC's capability to generate 4.3 million Higgs bosons,facilitating precise measurements of Higgs coupling at sub-percent levels,exceeding the precision expected from the HL-LHC by an order of magnitude.This Technical Design Report(TDR)follows the Preliminary Conceptual Design Report(Pre-CDR,2015)and the Conceptual Design Report(CDR,2018),comprehensively detailing the machine's layout,performance metrics,physical design and analysis,technical systems design,R&D and prototyping efforts,and associated civil engineering aspects.Additionally,it includes a cost estimate and a preliminary construction timeline,establishing a framework for forthcoming engineering design phase and site selection procedures.Construction is anticipated to begin around 2027-2028,pending government approval,with an estimated duration of 8 years.The commencement of experiments and data collection could potentially be initiated in the mid-2030s.

Electron Reservoir MoO_(3-x)-Driven Cu^(+) Doped Nanozyme with Enhanced Antibacterial Activity via Disrupting Redox Homeostasis

Redox nanozymes offer an appealing reactive oxygen species(Ros)-based antibacterial strategy via disrupting intracellular homeostasis,however,they still face many obstacles such as low enzymic activity and irreversible loss of catalytic active center.Meanwhile,the antioxidant glutathione(GSH)overexpressed in infected sites would limit the therapy efficiency.Herein,we develop a multifunctional nanozyme based on copper(l)(Cut)ion doped MoO_(3-x)(Cut-MoO_(3-x))by a simple yet efficient oxygen vacancy-reduced strategy without any pretreatment or additional agents.The resultant Cu^(+)-MoO_(3-x) hybrid possesses enhanced peroxidase-like(POD-like)activity,rapid GSH-depleting function and biodegradable ability.It can achieve highly efficient elimination of Pseudomonas aeruginosa(P.aeruginosa)via disrupting cellular redox balance.

Emergent ultra-high temperature ferromagnetism in La_(2)CoO_(4±x) thin films

Searching for novel ferromagnetic oxides with high Curie temperature(TC)has been one of the main goals for oxide spintronics.The well-known perovskite cobaltate LaCoO_(3) is a classical ferromagnet in its thin-film form;however,it suffers from a low TC(~85 K).Here we report a new type of ferromagnetic La-Co-O films with an ultrahigh TC of~820 K.They are fabricated by pulsed laser deposition from a LaCoO_(3) target at low oxygen partial pressures.Detailed structural analysis indicates that they crystallize in terms of the Ruddlesden–Popper phase of La_(2)CoO_(4±x).In sharp contrast to the antiferromagnetism of bulk La_(2)CoO_(4),the strong ferromagnetism in the La_(2)CoO_(4±x) thin films is firmly demonstrated by magnetometry measurements,X-ray magnetic circular dichroism characterization,and magnetotransport experiments.More importantly,density functional theory calculations indicate that the nonstoichiometric oxygen induces an antiferromagnetic-to-ferromagnetic phase transition,accompanied by the orbital reconstruction of Co 3d electrons.Thus,our study provides an attractive strategy for designing or synthesizing exotic magnetic oxides with high ordering temperatures.

Rational design of unrestricted pRN1 derivatives and their application in the construction of a dual plasmid vector system for Saccharolobus islandicus

Saccharolobus islandicus REY15A represents one of the very few archaeal models with versatile genetic tools,which include efficient genome editing,gene silencing,and robust protein expression systems.However,plasmid vectors constructed for this crenarchaeon thus far are based solely on the pRN2 cryptic plasmid.Although this plasmid coexists with pRN1 in its original host,early attempts to test pRN1-based vectors consistently failed to yield any stable host-vector system for Sa.islandicus.We hypothesized that this failure could be due to the occurrence of CRISPR immunity against pRN1 in this archaeon.We identified a putative target sequence in orf904 encoding a putative replicase on pRN1(target N1).Mutated targets(N1a,N1b,and N1c)were then designed and tested for their capability to escape the host CRISPR immunity by using a plasmid inter-ference assay.The results revealed that the original target triggered CRISPR immunity in this archaeon,whereas all three mutated targets did not,indicating that all the designed target mutations evaded host immunity.These mutated targets were then incorporated into orf904 individually,yielding corresponding mutated pRN1 backbones with which shuttle plasmids were constructed(pN1aSD,pN1bSD,and pN1cSD).Sa.islandicus transformation revealed that pN1aSD and pN1bSD were functional shuttle vectors,but pN1cSD lost the capability for replication.These results indicate that the missense mutations in the conserved helicase domain in pN1c inactivated the replicase.We further showed that pRN1-based and pRN2-based vectors were stably maintained in the archaeal cells either alone or in combination,and this yielded a dual plasmid system for genetic study with this important archaeal model.

Palmitoylation regulates myelination by modulating the ZDHHC3-Cadm4 axis in the central nervous system

The downregulation of Cadm4 (Cell adhesion molecular 4) is a prominent feature in demyelination diseases, yet, the underlying molecular mechanism remains elusive. Here, we reveal that Cadm4 undergoes specific palmitoylation at cysteine-347 (C347), which is crucial for its stable localization on the plasma membrane (PM). Mutation of C347 to alanine (C347A), blocking palmitoylation, causes Cadm4 internalization from the PM and subsequent degradation. In vivo experiments introducing the C347A mutation (Cadm4-KI) lead to severe myelin abnormalities in the central nervous system (CNS), characterized by loss, demyelination, and hypermyelination. We further identify ZDHHC3 (Zinc finger DHHC-type palmitoyltransferase 3) as the enzyme responsible for catalyzing Cadm4 palmitoylation. Depletion of ZDHHC3 reduces Cadm4 palmitoylation and diminishes its PM localization. Remarkably, genetic deletion of ZDHHC3 results in decreased Cadm4 palmitoylation and defects in CNS myelination, phenocopying the Cadm4-KI mouse model. Consequently, altered Cadm4 palmitoylation impairs neuronal transmission and cognitive behaviors in both Cadm4-KI and ZDHHC3 knockout mice. Importantly, attenuated ZDHHC3-Cadm4 signaling significantly influences neuroinflammation in diverse demyelination diseases. Mechanistically, we demonstrate the predominant expression of Cadm4 in the oligodendrocyte lineage and its potential role in modulating cell differentiation via the WNT-β-Catenin pathway. Together, our findings propose that dysregulated ZDHHC3-Cadm4 signaling contributes to myelin abnormalities, suggesting a common pathological mechanism underlying demyelination diseases associated with neuroinflammation.

新型患肢固定牵引带在肩关节镜手术侧卧牵引位中的应用

目的探讨新型患肢固定牵引带在肩关节镜手术侧卧牵引位中的应用效果。方法选择2021年1月至12月于上海交通大学医学院附属瑞金医院骨科病区行肩关节镜手术的317例患者作为研究对象,按照随机数字表法分为观察组和对照组。观察组患者肩关节镜手术中使用新型患肢固定牵引带固定牵引患肢,对照组患者肩关节镜手术中使用皮肤牵引带固定牵引患肢,对两组患者术前体位准备的时间、体位摆放术者的满意度、术后体位恢复的时间、牵引相关术后并发症的发生情况进行比较。结果两组患者术后均完成至少3个月随访。观察组患者术前体位准备的时间为(4.55±1.05)min,少于对照组(6.65±1.15)min,组间比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);观察组体位摆放术者的满意度为(47.00±1.34)分,优于对照组(41.58±2.18)分,组间比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);观察组术后体位恢复的时间为(2.96±0.83)min,少于对照组(4.54±1.11)min,组间比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);观察组患者术后牵引相关并发症为0例,对照组术后牵引相关并发症为3例;两组患者术前美国肩肘外科协会评分差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),术后2周、6周、3个月随访美国肩肘外科协会评分均较术前有明显提高,组间比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论新型肩关节镜患肢固定牵引带在侧卧牵引手术体位中的应用有利于肩关节镜手术的开展,缩短了手术术前体位安放的时间和术后体位恢复的时间,提高了体位摆放术者的满意度,降低了牵引相关的术后并发症的发生,具有临床推广价值。

Biomarkers of aging

Aging biomarkers are a combination of biological parameters to(i)assess age-related changes,(ii)track the physiological aging process,and(iii)predict the transition into a pathological status.Although a broad spectrum of aging biomarkers has been developed,their potential uses and limitations remain poorly characterized.An immediate goal of biomarkers is to help us answer the following three fundamental questions in aging research:How old are we?Why do we get old?And how can we age slower?This review aims to address this need.Here,we summarize our current knowledge of biomarkers developed for cellular,organ,and organismal levels of aging,comprising six pillars:physiological characteristics,medical imaging,histological features,cellular alterations,molecular changes,and secretory factors.To fulfill all these requisites,we propose that aging biomarkers should qualify for being specific,systemic,and clinically relevant.

反铁磁自旋电子学:迈向超高密度和超快响应的信息技术

Spintronics is a field focusing on the quantum spin degree of freedom of electrons in condensed matter physics and information technology.One of the major tasks in this field is to explore and utilize exotic magnetoelectronic effects,which are electrical outputs yielded by the variation of spin vectors or vice versa.For example,the anisotropic magnetoresistance effect is a prototypical magnetoelectronic effect,as the rotation of the magnetic vector of a magnetic material can yield a change in its resistivity.This effect is based on the resulting anisotropic density of states relative to the orientation of the magnetic vector due to the relativistic spin–orbit coupling and the potential distribution of defects.