Wetting sub-nanochannels via ionic hydration effect for improving charging dynamics

The ionic transport in sub-nanochannels plays a key role in energy storage,yet suffers from a high energy barrier.Wetting sub-nanochannels is crucial to accelerate ionic transport,but the introduction of water is challenging because of the hydrophobic extreme confinement.We propose wetting the channels by the exothermic hydration process of pre-intercalated ions,the effect of which varies distinctly with different ionic hydration structures and energies.Compared to the failed pre-intercalation of SO_(4)^(2-),HSO_(4)^(-) with weak hydration energy results in a marginal effect on the HOMO(Highest Occupied Molecular Orbital)level of water to avoid water splitting during the electrochemical intercalation.Meanwhile,the ability of water introduction is reserved by the initial incomplete dissociation state of HSO_(4)^(-),so the consequent exothermic reionization and hydration processes of the intercalated HSO_(4)^(-) promote the water introduction into sub-nanochannels,finally forming the stable confined water through hydrogen bonding with functional groups.The wetted channels exhibit a significantly enhanced ionic diffusion coef-ficient by~9.4 times.

Predicting dynamic compressive strength of frozen-thawed rocks by characteristic impedance and data-driven methods

In cold regions,the dynamic compressive strength(DCS)of rock damaged by freeze-thaw weathering significantly influences the stability of rock engineering.Nevertheless,testing the dynamic strength under freeze-thaw weathering conditions is often both time-consuming and expensive.Therefore,this study considers the effect of characteristic impedance on DCS and aims to quickly determine the DCS of frozen-thawed rocks through the application of machine-learning techniques.Initially,a database of DCS for frozen-thawed rocks,comprising 216 rock specimens,was compiled.Three external load parameters(freeze-thaw cycle number,confining pressure,and impact pressure)and two rock parameters(characteristic impedance and porosity)were selected as input variables,with DCS as the predicted target.This research optimized the kernel scale,penalty factor,and insensitive loss coefficient of the support vector regression(SVR)model using five swarm intelligent optimization algorithms,leading to the development of five hybrid models.In addition,a statistical DCS prediction equation using multiple linear regression techniques was developed.The performance of the prediction models was comprehensively evaluated using two error indexes and two trend indexes.A sensitivity analysis based on the cosine amplitude method has also been conducted.The results demonstrate that the proposed hybrid SVR-based models consistently provided accurate DCS predictions.Among these models,the SVR model optimized with the chameleon swarm algorithm exhibited the best performance,with metrics indicating its effectiveness,including root mean square error(RMSE)﹦3.9675,mean absolute error(MAE)﹦2.9673,coefficient of determination(R^(2))﹦0.98631,and variance accounted for(VAF)﹦98.634.This suggests that the chameleon swarm algorithm yielded the most optimal results for enhancing SVR models.Notably,impact pressure and characteristic impedance emerged as the two most influential parameters in DCS prediction.This research is anticipated to serve as a reliable reference for estimating the DCS of rocks subjected to freeze-thaw weathering.

Animal Safety Test of Bacillus thuringiensis BT Protein

[Objectives]To determine the biological safety of BT protein from Bacillus thuringiensis(Bt)fermentation broth to mammals at high doses.[Methods]Healthy mice were randomly divided into 4 groups with 10 mice in each group.The experimental groups were fed with Bt fermentation supernatant at 0.2,0.6 and 1.0 mL/kg,respectively,once a day for 7 consecutive days.The blank control group was fed normally without intragastric administration.[Results]There was no significant difference in blood routine and blood biochemical analysis between the experimental group and the control group.After intragastric administration,the mice were dissected,and no obvious pathological changes were found;the heart,liver,spleen,lung and kidney were taken to make tissue sections,and no pathological changes were found by microscopic observation.[Conclusions]Mice can tolerate high doses of BT protein from B.thuringiensis fermentation broth.

2D Materials Boost Advanced Zn Anodes:Principles,Advances,and Challenges

Aqueous zinc-ion battery(ZIB)featuring with high safety,low cost,environmentally friendly,and high energy density is one of the most promising systems for large-scale energy storage application.Despite extensive research progress made in developing high-performance cathodes,the Zn anode issues,such as Zn dendrites,corrosion,and hydrogen evolution,have been observed to shorten ZIB’s lifespan seriously,thus restricting their practical application.Engineering advanced Zn anodes based on two-dimensional(2D)materials are widely investigated to address these issues.With atomic thickness,2D materials possess ultrahigh specific surface area,much exposed active sites,superior mechanical strength and flexibility,and unique electrical properties,which confirm to be a promising alternative anode material for ZIBs.This review aims to boost rational design strategies of 2D materials for practical application of ZIB by combining the fundamental principle and research progress.Firstly,the fundamental principles of 2D materials against the drawbacks of Zn anode are introduced.Then,the designed strategies of several typical 2D materials for stable Zn anodes are comprehensively summarized.Finally,perspectives on the future development of advanced Zn anodes by taking advantage of these unique properties of 2D materials are proposed.

The prevalence,associated factors,and impact of urinary incontinence in pregnant and postpartum women in Nanjing,China:A cross-sectional study

Objective:Urinary incontinence(UI)is highly prevalent in antenatal and postnatal women while the prevalence of UI varied largely from 3.84%to 38.65%.This study was to assess the prevalence of UI,the associated factors,and the impact of UI on daily life in pregnant and postpartum women in Nanjing,China.Methods:The prevalence of UI and the impact of UI on life were assessed by the validated Chinese version of International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire-urinary incontinence-short form and the validated Chinese version of urinary incontinence quality of life.The associated factors were estimated by using logistic regression analysis.Results:UI affected 37.80%of pregnant women and 16.41%of postpartum women of the study population.Among the pregnant participants,the prevalence rates of stress UI,urge UI,and mixed UI were 25.77%,4.47%,and 7.10%,respectively.Among the postpartum women,the prevalence rates of stress UI,urge UI,and mixed UI were 11.15%,1.92%,and 2.69%,respectively.In both pregnant women and postpartum women,vaginal delivery had significantly increased the odds of reporting UI(p=0.007,p=0.003,respectively).The impact of UI on daily life was significantly greater in postpartum women compared to pregnant women especially in social embarrassment(p=0.000).Conclusion:The prevalence rates of UI were high in pregnant women in Nanjing,China.Vaginal delivery significantly increased odds of reporting UI.UI has a great impact on pregnant and postpartum women’s life,especially in social embarrassment.

Genetic architecture of leaf morphology revealed by integrated trait module in Catalpa bungei

Leaves are crucial for maintaining plant growth and development via photosynthesis,and their function is simultaneously regulated by a suite of phenotypic traits.Although much is known about the genetic architecture of individual leaf traits,unraveling the genetic basis of complex leafmorphology remains a challenge.Based on the functional correlation and coordination ofmulti-traits,we divided 15 leaf morphological traits into three modules,comprising size(area,length,width,and perimeter),shape(leaf lobes,aspect ratio,circularity,rectangularity,and the relevant ratios),and color(red,green,and blue)for an ornamental tree species,Catalpa bungei.A total of 189 significant single-nucleotide polymorphisms were identified in the leaves of C.bungei:35,82,and 76 in the size,shape,and color modules,respectively.Four quantitative trait loci were common between the size and shape modules,which were closely related according to phenotype correlation,genetic mapping,and mRNA analysis.The color module was independent of them.Synergistic changes in the aspect ratio,leaf lobe,and circularity suggest that these traits could be the core indicators of the leaf shape module.The LAS and SRK genes,associated with leaf lobe and circularity,were found to function in plant defense mechanisms and the growth of leaves.The associations between the SRK and CRK2 genes and the leaf lobe and circularity traits were further verified by RT-qPCR.Our findings demonstrate the importance of integrating multi-trait modules to characterize leaf morphology and facilitate a holistic understanding of the genetic architecture of intraspecific leaf morphology diversity.

轻掺杂硅基神经电极的光噪声消减

硅基神经电极是记录神经细胞放电活动的一种实用工具。使用标准的集成电路加工技术,在宽度仅为70μm的单个硅基针上能排布上千个电极记录位点。光遗传学的发展使控制神经元活动更加精确,通过在给予光刺激的同时记录神经元的电活动,可以获取更丰富的脑活动信息。当使用黄光或蓝光刺激神经元时,光子的能量大于硅衬底的禁带宽度,价带电子被激发到导带,从而生成电子-空穴对。因此,在光刺激下使用硅基神经电极时,硅基板中的光生载流子将严重干扰电极的信噪比。为满足在光刺激同时记录电活动的应用需求,必须减少光对硅基神经电极的噪声干扰。传统的降噪方法是使用重掺杂硅作为衬底材料,通过增加杂质浓度来降低载流子寿命,从而降低硅电极的光学噪声。但是,重掺杂的硅衬底比轻掺杂的硅衬底具有更多的晶格缺陷,这使得硅基电极更加脆弱,并且该方法与标准的集成电路加工技术不兼容。通过分析在轻掺杂硅衬底上制造电极的光致噪声机理,我们发现由光激发产生的载流子的不均匀分布将使轻掺杂硅衬底极化。由光致极化引起的电势将影响在其上制造的电极。将轻掺杂硅衬底金属化和接地将有效降低极化电位。使用这种方法,由光诱发的噪声幅度将下降到原始值的0.87%。为了确保神经元的放电率,将光刺激脉冲频率选择为20 Hz。在1 mW·mm^(-2)的光照下,电极的背景噪声可控制在45μV以下,可以满足一般光遗传学应用的需求。经过上述方式改造后的轻掺杂硅衬底将满足光遗传学应用对神经探针的要求。与传统的通过重掺杂整个衬底降低光噪声方法不同,该方法与标准的集成电路加工技术兼容,为利用标准集成电路加工技术制备高密度、高通量硅电极提供了噪声消除方法。

Microstructure and mechanical property of a high-strength Mg-10Gd-6Y-1.5Zn-0.5Zr alloy prepared by multi-pass equal channel angular pressing

In this work,a high-strength Mg–10Gd–6Y–1.5Zn–0.5Zr(wt.%)alloy was fabricated by successive multi-pass equal channel angular pressing(ECAP).The microstructure and mechanical property of as-cast and ECAP alloys were systematically researched by X-ray diffractometer,scanning electron microscopy,transmission electron microscopy and compression test.The results show that the microstructure of as-cast alloy consists ofα-Mg grains,Mg24Y5 networks,18R blocks,fine 14H lamellas,and fewY-rich particles.After 8 passes ECAP,dynamic recrystallization ofα-Mg is developed and their average grain size decreases to about 1μm.The network Mg_(24)Y_(5) phase at grain boundaries is broken into small particles with average diameter lower than 0.5μm.Moreover,18R blocks are kinked and delaminated,or broken into small particles and blended with Mg24Y5 particles.14H lamellas grow gradually or are dynamically precipitated within certainα-Mg grains.Compression tests indicate that 8p ECAP alloy exhibits excellent mechanical property with compressive strength of 537 MPa and fracture strain of 17.0%.The significant improvement for both strength and ductility of deformed alloy could be ascribed to DRX grains,refined Mg24Y5 particles,18R kinking and dynamical precipitation of 14H.

Engineering Sodium Metal Anode with Sodiophilic Bismuthide Penetration for Dendrite-Free and High-Rate Sodium-Ion Battery

Sodium(Na)metal batteries with a high volumetric energy density that can be operated at high rates are highly desirable.However,an uneven Na-ion migration in bulk Na anodes leads to localized deposition/dissolution of sodium during high-rate plating/stripping behaviors,followed by severe dendrite growth and loose stacking.Herein,we engineer the Na hybrid anode with sodiophilic Na_(3)Bi-penetration to develop the abundant phase-boundary ionic transport channels.Compared to intrinsic Na,the reduced adsorption energy and ion-diffusion barrier on Na_(3)Bi ensure even Na^(+)nucleation and rapid Na^(+)migration within the hybrid electrode,leading to uniform deposition and dissolution at high current densities.Furthermore,the bismuthide enables compact Na deposition within the sodiophilic framework during cycling,thus favoring a high volumetric capacity.Consequently,the obtained anode was endowed with a high current density(up to 5 mA∙cm^(−2)),high areal capacity(up to 5 mA∙h∙cm^(−2)),and long-term cycling stability(up to 2800 h at 2 mA∙cm^(−2)).

Engineering graphene for high-performance supercapacitors: Enabling role of colloidal chemistry

The high electrical conductivity and high specific surface area of graphene are traditionally regarded as the most intriguing features for its promise as the electrode material for supercapacitors. In this perspective, we highlight that from the engineering point of view, the unique colloidal chemistry of chemically functionalized graphene is the key property that has made graphene stand out as a promising nanoscale building block for constructing unique nanoporous electrodes for capacitive energy storage, We present several examples to demonstrate bow the non-covalent colloidal forces between graphene sheets can be harnessed to engineer the nanostructure of graphene-based bulk electrodes for supercapacitors based on both the electrical double layer storage and the redox reaction or pseudo-capacitance mechanisms. The colloidal engineering strategy can be extended to enable other nanomaterials to achieve high energy storage performance.

Engineering two-dimensional pores in freestanding TiO_2/graphene gel film for high performance lithium ion battery

As the key component of electrochemical energy storage devices, an electrode with superior ions transport pores is the important premise for high electrochemical performance. In this paper, we developed a unique solution process to prepare freestanding TiO_2/graphene hydrogel electrode with tunable density and porous structures. By incorporating room temperature ionic liquids（RTILs）, even upon drying, the non-volatile RTILs that remained in the gel film would preserve the efficient ion transport channels and prevent the electrode from closely stacking, to develop dense yet porous structures. As a result, the dense TiO_2/graphene gel film as an electrode for lithium ion battery displayed a good gravimetric electrochemical performance and more importantly a high volumetric performance.

Precision motion control for electro-hydraulic axis systems under unknown time-variant parameters and disturbances

This article focuses on asymptotic precision motion control for electro-hydraulic axis systems under unknown time-variant parameters,mismatched and matched disturbances.Different from the traditional adaptive results that are applied to dispose of unknown constant parameters only,the unique feature is that an adaptive-gain nonlinear term is introduced into the control design to handle unknown time-variant parameters.Concurrently both mismatched and matched disturbances existing in electro-hydraulic axis systems can also be addressed in this way.With skillful integration of the backstepping technique and the adaptive control,a synthesized controller framework is successfully developed for electro-hydraulic axis systems,in which the coupled interaction between parameter estimation and disturbance estimation is avoided.Accordingly,this designed controller has the capacity of low-computation costs and simpler parameter tuning when compared to the other ones that integrate the adaptive control and observer/estimator-based technique to dividually handle parameter uncertainties and disturbances.Also,a nonlinear filter is designed to eliminate the“explosion of complexity”issue existing in the classical back-stepping technique.The stability analysis uncovers that all the closed-loop signals are bounded and the asymptotic tracking performance is also assured.Finally,contrastive experiment results validate the superiority of the developed method as well.

Bilayer borophene:an efficient catalyst for hydrogen evolution reaction

The electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution reaction is a crucial technique for green hydrogen production.However,finding affordable,stable,and efficient catalyst materials to replace noble metal catalysts remains a significant challenge.Recent experimental breakthroughs in the synthesis of two-dimensional bilayer borophene provide a theoretical framework for exploring their physical and chemical properties.In this study,we systematically considered nine types of bilayer borophenes as potential electrocatalysts for the hydrogen evolution reaction.Our first-principles calculations revealed that bilayer borophenes exhibit high stability and excellent conductivity,possessing a relatively large specific surface area with abundant active sites.Both surface boron atoms and the bridge sites between two boron atoms can serve as active sites,displaying high activity for the hydrogen evolution reaction.Notably,the Gibbs free energy change associated with adsorption for these bilayer borophenes can reach as low as−0.002 eV,and the Tafel reaction energy barriers are lower(0.70 eV)than those on Pt.Moreover,the hydrogen evolution reaction activity of these two-dimensional bilayer borophenes can be described by engineering their work function.Additionally,we considered the effect of pH on hydrogen evolution reaction activity,with significant activity observed in an acidic environment.These theoretical results reveal the excellent catalytic performance of two-dimensional bilayer borophenes and provide crucial guidance for the experimental exploration of multilayer boron for various energy applications.

Observer-based motion axis control for hydraulic actuation systems

Unknown dynamics including mismatched mechanical dynamics(i.e.,parametric uncertainties,unmodeled friction and external disturbances)and matched actuator dynamics(i.e.,pressure and flow characteristic uncertainties)broadly exist in hydraulic actuation systems(HASs),which can hinder the achievement of high-precision motion axis control.To surmount the practical issue,an observer-based control framework with a simple structure and low computation is developed for HASs.First,a simple observer is utilized to estimate mismatched and matched unknown dynamics for feedforward compensation.Then combining the backstepping design and adaptive control,an appropriate observer-based composite controller is provided,in which nonlinear feedback terms with updated gains are adopted to further improve the tracking accuracy.Moreover,a smooth nonlinear filter is introduced to shun the“explosion of complexity”and attenuate the impact of sensor noise on control performance.As a result,this synthesized controller is more suitable for practical use.Stability analysis uncovers that the developed controller assures the asymptotic convergence of the tracking error.The merits of the proposed approach are validated via comparative experiment results applied in an HAS with an inertial load as well.

Flexible multichannel electrodes for acute recording in nonhuman primates

Flexible electrodes have demonstrated better biocompatibility than rigid electrodes in relieving tissue encapsulation and long-term recording.Nonhuman primates are closer to humans in their brains’structural and functional properties,thus making them more suitable than rodents as animal models for potential clinical usage.However,the application of flexible electrodes on nonhuman primates has rarely been reported.In the present study,a flexible multichannel electrode array for nonhuman primates was developed and implemented for extracellular recording in behaving monkeys.To minimize the window of durotomy for reducing possible risks,a guide-tube-compatible implantation solution was designed to deliver the flexible electrodes through the dura into the cortex.The proposed structure for inserting flexible electrodes was characterized ex vivo and validated in vivo.Furthermore,acute recording of multichannel flexible electrodes for the primates was performed.The results showed that the flexible electrodes and implantation method used in this study meet the needs of extracellular recording in nonhuman primates.Task-related neuronal activities with a high signal-to-noise ratio of spikes demonstrated that our whole device is currently a minimally invasive and clinically viable approach for extracellular recording.

Intravitreal brimonidine inhibits formdeprivation myopia in guinea pigs

Background:The use of ocular hypotensive drugs has been reported to attenuate myopia progression.This study explores whether brimonidine can slow myopia progression in the guinea pig form-deprivation(FD)model.Methods:Three-week-old pigmented male guinea pigs(Cavia porcellus)underwent monocular FD and were treated with 3 different methods of brimonidine administration(eye drops,subconjunctival or intravitreal injections).Four different concentrations of brimonidine were tested for intravitreal injection(2μg/μL,4μg/μL,20μg/μL,40μg/μL).All treatments continued for a period of 21 days.Tonometry,retinoscopy,and A-scan ultrasonography were used to monitor intraocular pressure(IOP),refractive error and axial length(AL),respectively.On day 21,guinea pigs were sacrificed for RNA sequencing(RNA-seq)to screen for associated transcriptomic changes.Results:The myopia model was successfully established in FD animals(control eye vs.FD eye,respectively:refraction at day 20,0.97±0.18 D vs.−0.13±0.38 D,F=6.921,P=0.02;AL difference between day 0 and day 21,0.29±0.04mm vs.0.45±0.03 mm,F=11.655,P=0.004).Among the 3 different brimonidine administration methods,intravitreal injection was the most effective in slowing myopia progression,and 4μg/μL was the most effective among the four different concentrations of brimonidine intravitreal injection tested.The AL and the refraction of the brimonidine intravitreal injection group was significantly shorter or more hyperopic than those of other 2 groups.Fourμg/μL produced the smallest difference in AL and spherical equivalent difference values.FD treatment significantly increased the IOP.IOP was significantly lower at 1 day after intravitreal injections which was the lowest in FD eye of intravitreal injection of brimonidine.At day 21,gene expression analyses using RNA-seq showed upregulation of Col1a1 and Mmp2 expression levels by intravitreal brimonidine.Conclusions:Among the 3 different administration methods,intravitreal injection of brimonidine was the most effective in slowing myopia progression in the FD guinea pig model.Intravitreal brimonidine at 4μg/μL significantly reduced the development of FD myopia in guinea pigs.Expression levels of the Col1a1 and Mmp2 genes were significantly increased in the retinal tissues of the FD-Inj-Br group.

Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinase in Nucleus Accumbens Mediates Propofol Self-Administration in Rats

Abstract Clinical and animal studies have indicated that propofol has potential for abuse, but the specific neurobi- ological mechanism underlying propofol reward is not fully understood. The purpose of this study was to inves- tigate the role of extracellular signal-regulated kinase （ERK） signal transduction pathways in the nucleus accumbens （NAc） in propofol self-administration. We tested the expression of p-ERK in the NAc following the maintenance of propofol self-administration in rats. We also assessed the effect of administration of SCH23390, an antagonist of the D1 dopamine receptor, on the expression of p-ERK in the NAc in propofol self-administering rats, and examined the effects of intra-NAc injection of U0126, an MEK inhibitor, on propofol reinforcement in rats. The results showed that the expression of p-ERK in the NAc increased significantly in rats maintained on propofol, and pre-treatment with SCH23390 inhibited the propofol self- administration and diminished the expression of p-ERK in the NAc. Moreover, intra-NAc injection of U0126 （4 μg/ side） attenuated the propofol self-administration. The data suggest that ERK signal transduction pathways coupledwith D1 dopamine receptors in the NAc may be involved in the maintenance of propofol self-administration and its rewarding effects.

Pt overlayer for direct oxidation of CH_(4)to CH_(3)OH

Highly selective conversion of methane(CH_(4))to methanol(CH_(3)OH)is an emerging attractive but challenging process for future development of hydrogen economy,which requires efficient catalysts.Herein,we systematically explore the catalytic properties of Pt(111)overlayer on transition metal oxides(TMOs)for CH_(4) conversion by first principles calculations.The Pt(111)monolayer supported by Ce-terminated CeO_(2)(111)substrate exhibits high activity and selectivity for CH_(4) conversion to CH_(3)OH,with the kinetic barrier of rate-limiting step of 1.05 eV.Intriguingly,the surface activity of Pt overlayer is governed by its d-band center relative to the energy of bonding states of adsorbed molecules,which in turn depends on the number of charge transfer between Pt(111)monolayer and underlying TMOs substrates.These results provide useful insights in the design of metal overlayers as catalysts with high-ultra performance and atomic utilization.

Facile and Economical Fabrication of Superhydrophobic Flexible Resistive Strain Sensors for Human Motion Detection

Superhydrophobic flexible strain sensors have great application value in the fields of personal health monitoring,human motion detection,and soft robotics due to their good flexibility and high sensitivity.However,complicated preparation processes and costly processing procedures have limited their development.To overcome these limitations,in this work we develop a facile and low-cost method for fabricating superhydrophobic flexible strain sensor via spraying carbon black(CB)nanoparticles dispersed in a thermoplastic elastomer(SEBS)solution on a polydimethylsiloxane(PDMS)flexible substrate.The prepared strain sensor had a large water contact angle of 153±2.83°and a small rolling angle of 8.5±1.04°,and exhibited excellent self-cleaning property.Due to the excellent superhydrophobicity,aqueous acid,salt,and alkali could quickly roll off the flexible strain sensor.In addition,the sensor showed excellent sensitivity(gauge factor(GF)of 5.4–7.35),wide sensing ranges(stretching:over 70%),good linearity(three linear regions),low hysteresis(hysteresis error of 4.8%),and a stable response over 100 stretching-releasing cycles.Moreover,the sensor was also capable of effectively detecting human motion signals like finger bending and wrist bending,showing promising application prospects in wearable electronic devices,personalized health monitoring,etc.

Defect Engineering:Can it Mitigate Strong Coulomb Effect of Mg^(2+)in Cathode Materials for Rechargeable Magnesium Batteries?

Rechargeable magnesium batteries(RMBs)have been considered a promising“post lithium-ion battery”system to meet the rapidly increasing demand of the emerging electric vehicle and grid energy storage market.However,the sluggish diffusion kinetics of bivalent Mg^(2+)in the host material,related to the strong Coulomb effect between Mg^(2+)and host anion lattices,hinders their further development toward practical applications.Defect engineering,regarded as an effective strategy to break through the slow migration puzzle,has been validated in various cathode materials for RMBs.In this review,we first thoroughly understand the intrinsic mechanism of Mg^(2+)diffusion in cathode materials,from which the key factors affecting ion diffusion are further presented.Then,the positive effects of purposely introduced defects,including vacancy and doping,and the corresponding strategies for introducing various defects are discussed.The applications of defect engineering in cathode materials for RMBs with advanced electrochemical properties are also summarized.Finally,the existing challenges and future perspectives of defect engineering in cathode materials for the overall high-performance RMBs are described.