Species’ geographical range, environmental range and traits lead to specimen collection preference of dominant plant species of grasslands in Northern China

Many different factors,such as species traits,socio-economic factors,geographical and environmental factors,can lead to specimen collection preference.This study aims to determine whether grassland specimen collection in China is preferred by species traits(i.e.,plant height,flowering and fruiting period),environmental range(i.e.,the temperature and precipitation range)and geographical range(i.e.,distribution range and altitudinal range).Ordinary least squares models and phylogenetic generalized linear mixed models were used to analyze the relationships between specimen number and the explanatory variables.Random Forest models were then used to find the most parsimonious multivariate model.The results showed that interannual variation in specimen number between 1900 and 2020 was considerable.Specimen number of these species in southeast China was notably lower than that in northwest China.Environmental range and geographical range of species had significant positive correlations with specimen number.In addition,there were relatively weak but significant associations between specimen number and species trait(i.e.,plant height and flowering and fruiting period).Random Forest models indicated that distribution range was the most important variable,followed by flowering and fruiting period,and altitudinal range.These findings suggest that future floristic surveys should pay more attention to species with small geographical range,narrow environmental range,short plant height,and short flowering and fruiting period.The correction of specimen collection preference will also make the results of species distribution model,species evolution and other works based on specimen data more accurate.

Deciphering the population structure and genetic basis of growth traits from whole-genome resequencing of the leopard coral grouper(Plectropomus leopardus)

The leopard coral grouper(Plectropomus leopardus)is a species of significant economic importance.Although artificial cultivation of P.leopardus has thrived in recent decades,the advancement of selective breeding has been hindered by the lack of comprehensive population genomic data.In this study,we identified over 8.73 million single nucleotide polymorphisms(SNPs)through whole-genome resequencing of 326 individuals spanning six distinct groups.Furthermore,we categorized 226 individuals with high-coverage sequencing depth(≥14×)into eight clusters based on their genetic profiles and phylogenetic relationships.Notably,four of these clusters exhibited pronounced genetic differentiation compared with the other populations.To identify potentially advantageous loci for P.leopardus,we examined genomic regions exhibiting selective sweeps by analyzing the nucleotide diversity(θπ)and fixation index(FST)in these four clusters.Using these high-coverage resequencing data,we successfully constructed the first haplotype reference panel specific to P.leopardus.This achievement holds promise for enabling high-quality,cost-effectiveimputationmethods.Additionally,we combined low-coverage sequencing data with imputation techniques for a genome-wide association study,aiming to identify candidate SNP loci and genes associated with growth traits.A significant concentration of these genes was observed on chromosome 17,which is primarily involved in skeletal muscle and embryonic development and cell proliferation.Notably,our detailed investigation of growth-related SNPs across the eight clusters revealed that cluster 5 harbored the most promising candidate SNPs,showing potential for genetic selective breeding efforts.These findings provide a robust toolkit and valuable insights into the management of germplasm resources and genome-driven breeding initiatives targeting P.leopardus.

Optimization of Channel Structure of Alkaline Water Electrolyzer by Using an Expanded Mesh as a Bipolar Plate

Alkaline water electrolysis(AWE)is the most mature technology for hydrogen production by water electrolysis.Alkaline water electrolyzer consists of multiple electrolysis cells,and a single cell consists of a diaphragm,electrodes,bipolar plates and end plates,etc.The existing industrial bipolar plate channel is concave-convex structure,which is manufactured by complicated and high-cost mold punching.This structure still results in uneven electrolyte flow and low current density in the electrolytic cell,further increasing in energy consumption and cost of AWE.Thereby,in this article,the electrochemical and flow model is firstly constructed,based on the existing industrial concave and convex flow channel structure of bipolar plate,to study the current density,electrolyte flow and bubble distribution in the electrolysis cell.The reliability of the model was verified by comparison with experimental data in literature.Among which,the electrochemical current density affects the bubble yield,on the other hand,the generated bubbles cover the electrode surface,affecting the active specific surface area and ohmic resistance,which in turn affects the electrochemical reaction.The result indicates that the flow velocity near the bottom of the concave ball approaches zero,while the flow velocity on the convex ball surface is significantly higher.Additionally,vortices are observed within the flow channel structure,leading to an uneven distribution of electrolyte.Next,modelling is used to optimize the bipolar plate structure of AWE by simulating the electrochemistry and fluid flow performances of four kinds of structures,namely,concave and convex,rhombus,wedge and expanded mesh,in the bipolar plate of alkaline water electrolyzer.The results show that the expanded mesh channel structure has the largest current density of 3330 A/m^(2)and electrolyte flow velocity of 0.507 m/s in the electrolytic cell.Under the same current density,the electrolytic cell with the expanded mesh runner structure has the smallest potential and energy consumption.This work provides a useful guide for the comprehensive understanding and optimization of channel structures,and a theoretical basis for the design of large-scale electrolyzer.

Clinical study of neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio and platelet-tolymphocyte ratio in hypertriglyceridemia-induced acute pancreatitis and acute biliary pancreatitis with persistent organ failure

BACKGROUND The neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio(NLR)and platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio(PLR)are novel inflammatory indicators that can be used to predict the severity and prognosis of various diseases.We categorize acute pancreatitis by etiology into acute biliary pancreatitis(ABP)and hypertriglyceridemia-induced acute pancreatitis(HTGP).AIM To investigate the clinical significance of NLR and PLR in assessing persistent organ failure(POF)in HTGP and ABP.METHODS A total of 1450 patients diagnosed with acute pancreatitis(AP)for the first time at Shanxi Bethune Hospital between January 2012 and January 2023 were enrolled.The patients were categorized into two groups according to the etiology of AP:ABP in 530 patients and HTGP in 241 patients.We collected and compared the clinical data of the patients,including NLR,PLR,and AP prognostic scoring systems,within 48 h of hospital admission.RESULTS The NLR(9.1 vs 6.9,P<0.001)and PLR(203.1 vs 160.5,P<0.001)were significantly higher in the ABP group than in the HTGP group.In the HTGP group,both NLR and PLR were significantly increased in patients with severe AP and those with a SOFA score≥3.Likewise,in the ABP group,NLR and PLR were significantly elevated in patients with severe AP,modified computed tomography severity index score≥4,Japanese Severity Score≥3,and modified Marshall score≥2.Moreover,NLR and PLR showed predictive value for the development of POF in both the ABP and HTGP groups.CONCLUSION NLR and PLR vary between ABP and HTGP,are strongly associated with AP prognostic scoring systems,and have predictive potential for the occurrence of POF in both ABP and HTGP.

2型糖尿病合并阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征病情严重程度与糖脂代谢、炎症因子及肾功能的相关性研究

目的探讨2型糖尿病合并阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征(OSAS)病情严重程度与糖脂代谢、炎症因子及肾功能的相关性。方法按照每小时睡眠呼吸暂停次数(AHI)将2016年3月-2018年6月右江民族医学院附属医院收治的123例2型糖尿病患者分为单纯糖尿病组(39例,AHI<5次/h)、OSAS轻度组(32例,AHI5~15次/h)、OSAS中度组(28例,AHI 16~30次/h)和OSAS重度组(24例,AHI>30次/h),同期随机选取40例健康体检者为对照组。比较各组睡眠呼吸指标:AHI、最低动脉血氧饱和度(LSaO2)、夜间动脉平均血氧饱和度(MSaO2),血糖指标:空腹血糖(FBG)、餐后2 h血糖(2 h PBG)、糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c),血脂指标:总胆固醇(TC)、高密度脂蛋白(HDL)、低密度脂蛋白(LDL)、甘油三酯(TG),炎症因子指标:白细胞介素-6(IL-6)、白细胞介素-8(IL-8)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、高敏C反应蛋白(hs-CRP)、胞间黏附分子-1(ICAM-1),以及肾功能:血清肌酐(Scr)、肾小球滤过率(e GFR),并分析睡眠呼吸指标与糖脂代谢指标、炎症因子指标及肾功能指标的相关性。结果2型糖尿病患者体重指数(BMI)、FBG、HbA1c、TC、LDL、TG高于对照组,HDL低于对照组(P<0.05),OSAS轻、中、重度组患者FBG、HbA1c、TC、LDL、TG高于单纯糖尿病组,HDL低于单纯糖尿病组(P<0.05)。2型糖尿病患者血清IL-6、IL-8、TNF-α、hs-CRP、ICAM-1水平均高于对照组(P<0.05),OSAS轻、中、重度组患者上述指标高于单纯糖尿病组(P<0.05)。2型糖尿病患者e GFR水平低于对照组(P<0.05),OSAS轻、中、重度患者e GFR水平低于单纯糖尿病组(P<0.05)。糖尿病肾脏疾病(DKD)组患者AHI高于非DKD组,LSaO2、MSaO2低于非DKD组(P<0.05)。经Pearson相关分析,AHI与BMI、FBG、HbA1c、TC、LDL、TG、IL-6、IL-8、TNF-α、hs-CRP、ICAM-1呈正相关(P<0.05),LSaO2、MSaO2与上述指标呈负相关(P<0.05);AHI与HDL、e GFR呈负相关(P<0.05),LSaO2、MSaO2与HDL、eGFR呈正相关(P<0.05)。结论OSAS可致2型糖尿病患者糖脂代谢异常、炎症反应加剧及肾功能损伤,并且OSAS病情越严重,患者糖脂代谢异常越明显,炎症反应越重,肾功能损伤越严重。

不同加工方法对乙烯-辛烯共聚物/聚乳酸共混物相结构与性能的影响

采用普通共混方法及原位微纤技术制备了乙烯-辛烯共聚物(POE)/聚乳酸(PLA)共混物,通过扫描电镜、力学性能测试和动态流变性能测试对材料形貌及性能进行表征。结果表明,对于POE/PLA普通共混物,PLA以球形颗粒分布在POE基体中,材料的拉伸应力-应变曲线无明显的屈服行为,PLA质量分数为20%时,材料拉伸强度为6.6 MPa;PLA的加入提高了材料的储能模量(G′)和损耗模量(G″)。对于POE/PLA微纤共混物,PLA在POE中形成了PLA微纤,当微纤的质量分数为10%时,材料的拉伸应力应变呈现双屈服行为,随微纤含量增加双屈服行为更明显。POE-20试样在应变为23%发生第1次屈服,在应变为240%发生第2次屈服,材料拉伸强度为8.8 MPa,其拉伸强度比相同PLA含量的普通共混物高33.3%,G′在低频区出现1个平台。

髓内钉治疗不同类型转子间骨折的对比研究

目的探讨应用髓内钉内固定治疗难复性和易复性股骨转子间骨折的临床疗效。方法选取2013年2月—2015年7月在天津市北辰医院接受髓内钉治疗的60例老年股骨转子间骨折患者的临床资料,根据骨折类型分为难复组和易复组。难复组患者28例,利用骨膜剥离器辅助复位后行髓内固定;易复组患者32例,常规行闭合复位髓内钉内固定。记录两组患者手术时间、出血量、住院时间、复位优良率及并发症等指标。患者术后3个月、1及2年进行定期随访,采用ZUCKERMAN髋部骨折恢复量表(FRS)和欧洲五维健康量表(EQ-5D)评估患者关节功能和生活质量。末次随访时采用视觉疼痛模拟评分(VAS)评估患者髋部疼痛程度。结果易复组患者手术时间短于难复组(P<0.05),围术期总体出血量少于难复组(P<0.05)。两组患者住院日、复位优良率及并发症发生率比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);两组无患者发生切口感染、骨折不愈合、延迟愈合及内固定松动等并发症。末次随访时易复组患者关节功能优于难复组(P<0.05);但两组患者生活质量及独立行走能力比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论应用髓内钉内固定治疗股骨转子间骨折可取得满意的临床疗效。与易复性骨折比较,难复性骨折手术操作复杂,创伤较大,整体疗效略差。

Protective Effects of Polyphenol Extracts from Sea Buckthorn (Hippophaë rhamnoides L.) on Rat Hearts

The objective of present study was to investigate the antioxidative and cardioprotective effects of polyphenol extracts from sea buckthorn (PESB) against myocardial ischemia reperfusion injury (MIRI). PESB was analyzed using HPLC-DAD and their antioxidant activities were evaluated by measuring the intrinsic free radicals cavenging capacity and inhibiting the formation of hydroxyl radical capacity. Experiments on the isolated rat hearts were carried out according to the improved Langendorff retrograde perfusion technology. Coronary effluent of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and creatine kinase isoenzyme (CK-MB) activities were analyzed to determine the extent of myocardial injury. Protein expression levels of Beclin-1, microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 (LC3) I and II were measured to evaluate the degree of autophagy. In conclusion, coupled results from both in vivo and in vitro experiments have confirmed that PESB has potential health implications in both prevention and amelioration of MIRI, which may be attributed to the inhibition of autophagy.

组蛋白去乙酰化酶抑制剂对多发性骨髓瘤细胞的杀伤机制及临床应用现状

多发性骨髓瘤(multiple myeloma,MM)是恶性浆细胞瘤,至今无法治愈。在过去的20年中,蛋白酶体抑制剂(proteasome inhibitors,PIs)硼替佐米和免疫调节剂(immunomodulatory drug,IMi D)来那度胺显著改善了MM患者的预后,延长了MM患者的生存时间。组蛋白去乙酰化酶抑制剂(histone deacetylase inhibitors,HDACis)具有较好的抗MM活性,可以显著提高MM患者治疗的总有效率(overall response rate,ORR),延长MM患者的无进展生存期(progression free survival,PFS)和总生存期(overall survival,OS)。而对既往应用IMi D或PIs耐药的患者,HDACis仍能取得较好的疗效。本文就HDACis作用于MM细胞的杀伤机制以及临床中对MM的治疗效果进行综述。

离子液体中再生纤维素纤维的制备及表征

以离子液体为溶剂,采用干喷-湿纺法制备再生纤维素纤维,通过正交设计和系统试验考察了气隙长度、喷头拉伸比、凝固浴浓度和凝固浴温度等工艺参数对再生纤维素纤维力学性能的影响,探究了该体系的最佳纺丝工艺条件,并对此条件下的产物进行表征分析。结果表明,对于该体系,纺丝工艺参数中凝固浴浓度和拉伸比对纤维的拉伸强度、初始模量的影响较大,凝固浴温度对纤维断裂伸长影响较大。此外,最佳工艺条件下制备的再生纤维素纤维具有较高的结晶度,较好的热稳定性及光洁的表面形态。

Prostate cancer in Asia:A collaborative report

The incidence of prostate cancer(PCa)within Asian population used to be much lower than in the Western population;however,in recent years the incidence and mortality rate of PCa in some Asian countries have grown rapidly.This collaborative report summarized the latest epidemiology information,risk factors,and racial differences in PCa diagnosis,current status and new trends in surgery management and novel agents for castration-resistant prostate cancer.We believe such information would be helpful in clinical decision making for urologists and oncologists,health-care ministries and medical researchers.

Burden of colorectal cancer in China, 1990-2017: Findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017

Objective: Our goal is to analyze the trend of colorectal cancer(CRC) regarding the death, incidence and prevalence rates over time, and to provide epidemiological knowledge basis for health policy revision by comparing data about fatal outcomes of CRC in 2017 to those data in 1990, which was extracted from the Global Burden of Disease(GBD).Methods: The time trend and changes of CRC burden from 1990 to 2017 were measured by using the methods and results from the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation(IHME) GBD 2017, based on the rates of death,incidence and prevalence.Results: The death rate of CRC is 13.24/100,000, accounting for 1.79% of total deaths in China in 2017. In1990, CRC ranked 21 st in all causes of death in China compared to its 11 th ranking in 2017. The death, incidence and prevalence rate of CRC were standardized by the age scale of the global population in 2010, the change of standardized death rate of CRC was not significant, from 9.33/100,000 in 1990 to 10.10/100,000 in 2017. The standardized incidence rate of CRC significantly increased from 12.18/100,000 in 1990 to 22.42/100,000 in 2017.The standardized prevalence rate of CRC significantly increased from 44.55/100,000 in 1990 to 118.40/100,000 in2017. The trend of the prevalence rate in both genders grow higher in 2017 compared to the 1990, resulting in141.6%, 209.8% and 189.0% for the studied three age groups(15-49, 50-69 and 70+ years old), respectively. The death rate increased in the age groups of 50-69 and 70+ years in both genders(8.6% and 31.0% respectively), in contrast to a decrease of death rate in the age group of 15-49 years old(-10.8%).Conclusions: China experienced a stunning increase in terms of incidence and prevalence rate of CRC from1990 to 2017. To decrease the burden of CRC, prevention and management of known risk factors should be promoted through national polices.

Differential expression of VASA gene in ejaculated spermatozoa from normozoospermic men and patients with oligozoospermia

Aim： To detect the expression of VASA in human ejaculated spermatozoa, and to compare the expression of VASA between normozoospermic men and patients with oligozoospermia. Methods： Ejaculated spermatozoa were collected from normozoospermic men and patients with oligozoospermia by masturbation, and subsequently segregated through a discontinuous gradient of Percoll to obtain the spermatozoa. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction （RT- PCR）, quantitative RT-PCR （QRT-PCR）, immunoflurescence and Western blotting were used to detect the expression of VASA in mRNA and protein levels. Results： VASA mRNA was expressed in the ejaculated spermatozoa. QRT-PCR analysis showed that VASA mRNA level was approximately 5-fold higher in normozoospermic men than that in oligozoospermic men. Immunofluorescence and Western blotting analysis showed that VASA protein was located on the cytoplasmic membrane of heads and tails of spermatozoa, and its expression was significantly decreased in oligozoospermic men, which is similar to the result of QRT-PCR. Conclusion： The expression of VASA mRNA and protein was significantly decreased in the sperm of oligozoospermic men, which suggested the lower expression of the VASA gene might be associated with pathogenesis in some subtypes of male infertility and VASA could be used as a molecular marker for the diagnosis of male infertility.

Admission clinical characteristics and early clinical outcomes among acute ischemic stroke patients

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the association between admission clinical characteristics and outcomes at discharge among acute ischemic stroke patients in the Chinese population. A total of 2,673 patients with acute ischemic stroke were included in the present study. The clinical characteristics at admission and other study variables were collected for all patients. The study outcome was defined as neurological deficiency （National Institute of Health Stroke Scale score ≥ 10） at discharge or in-hospital death. Compared with the subjects without neurological deficiency at discharge or in-hospital death, the subjects with neurological deficiency at discharge or in-hospital death had a significantly higher prevalence of hyperglycemia or history of atrial fibrillation at admission. Age ≥ 80 years, hyperglycemia, hypertension, and history of atrial fibrillation were significantly associated with neurological deficiency at discharge or in-hospital death after adjustment for other variables. It is concluded that old age （ ≥ 80 years）, hyperglycemia, hypertension and history of atrial fibrillation are significantly associated with neurological deficiency at discharge or in-hospital death among patients with acute ischemic stroke.

Current status of diagnosis and treatment of bladder cancer in China-Analyses of Chinese Bladder Cancer Consortium database

Objective:To investigate current status of diagnosis and treatment of bladder cancer in China.Methods:A database was generated by Chinese Bladder Cancer Consortium(CBCC).From January 2007 to December 2012,14,260 cases from 44 CBCC centers were included.Data of diagnosis,treatment and pathology were collected.Results:The average age was 63.5 year-old and most patients were male(84.3%).The most common histologic types were urothelial carcinoma(91.4%),adenocarcinoma(1.8%),and squamous carcinoma(1.9%).According to 1973 and 2004 WHO grading system,42.0%,41.0%,and 17.0% of patients were grade 1,2,and 3,and 16.0%,48.7%,and 35.3% of patients were papillary urothelial neoplasms of low malignant potential,low,and high grade,respectively.Non-muscle invasive bladder cancer(NMIBC)and muscle invasive bladder cancer(MIBC)were 25.2% and 74.1%,respectively(0.8% not clear).Carcinoma in situ was only 2.4%.Most patients were diagnosed by white-light cystoscopy with biopsy(74.3%).Fluorescence and narrow band imaging cystoscopy had additional detection rate of 1.0% and 4.0%,respectively.Diagnostic transurethral resection(TUR)provided detection rate of 16.9%.Most NMIBCs were treated with TUR(89.2%).After initial TUR,2.6%accepted second TUR,and 45.7%,69.9%,and 58.7% accepted immediate,induced,and maintenance chemotherapy instillation,respectively.Most MIBCs were treated with radical cystectomy(RC,59.7%).Laparoscopic RCs were 35.1%,while open RC 63.4%.Extended and standard pelvic lymph node dissection were 7% and 66%,respectively.Three most common urinary diversions were orthotopic neobladder(44%),ileal conduit(31%),and ureterocutaneostomy(23%).Only 2.3% of patients accepted neo-adjuvant chemotherapy and only 18%of T3 and T4 patients accepted adjuvant chemotherapy.Conclusion:Disease characteristics are similar to international reports,while differences of diagnosis and treatment exist.This study can provide evidences for revisions of the guideline on bladder cancer in China.

Understanding the influence of microwave on the relative volatility used in the pyrolysis of Indonesia oil sands

In this paper, pyrolysis of Indonesian oil sands （lOS） was investigated by two different heating methods to develop a better understanding of the microwave-assisted pyrolysis. Thermogravimetric analysis was conducted to study the thermal decomposition behaviors of lOS, showing that 550 ℃ might be the pyrolysis final temperature. A explanation of the heat-mass transfer process was presented to demonstrate the influence of mi- crowave-assisted pyrolysis on the liquid product distribution. The heat-mass transfer model was also useful to explain the increase of liquid product yield and heavy component content at the same heating rate by two differ- ent heating methods. Experiments were carried out using a fixed bed reactor with and without the microwave irradiation. The results showed that liquid product yield was increased during microwave induced pyrolysis, while the formation of gas and solid residue was reduced in comparison with the conventional pyrolysis. Moreover, the liquid product characterization by elemental analysis and GC-MS indicated the significant effect on the liquid chemical composition by microwave irradiation. High polarity substances （ε 〉 10 at 25 ℃）, such as oxy- organics were increased, while relatively low polarity substances （ε 〈 2 at 25℃）, such as aliphatic hydrocarbons were decreased, suggesting that microwave enhanced the relative volatility of high polarity substances. The yield improvement and compositional variations in the liquid product promoted by the microwave-assisted pyrolysis deserve the further exploitation in the future,

CAS-ESM2.0 Model Datasets for the CMIP6 Ocean Model Intercomparison Project Phase 1 (OMIP1)

As a member of the Chinese modeling groups,the coupled ocean-ice component of the Chinese Academy of Sciences’Earth System Model,version 2.0(CAS-ESM2.0),is taking part in the Ocean Model Intercomparison Project Phase 1(OMIP1)experiment of phase 6 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project(CMIP6).The simulation was conducted,and monthly outputs have been published on the ESGF(Earth System Grid Federation)data server.In this paper,the experimental dataset is introduced,and the preliminary performances of the ocean model in simulating the global ocean temperature,salinity,sea surface temperature,sea surface salinity,sea surface height,sea ice,and Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation(AMOC)are evaluated.The results show that the model is at quasi-equilibrium during the integration of 372 years,and performances of the model are reasonable compared with observations.This dataset is ready to be downloaded and used by the community in related research,e.g.,multi-ocean-sea-ice model performance evaluation and interannual variation in oceans driven by prescribed atmospheric forcing.

Genetic diversity and temporal changes of an endemic cyprinid fish species, Ancherythroculter nigrocauda,from the upper reaches of Yangtze River

Small populations with low genetic diversity are prone to extinction. Knowledge on the genetic diversity and structure of small populations and their genetic response to anthropogenic effects are of critical importance for conservation management. In this study, samples of Ancherythroculter nigrocauda, an endemic cyprinid fish from the upper reaches of Yangtze River, were collected from five sites to analyze their genetic diversity and population structure using mitochondrial cytochrome b gene and 14 microsatellite loci. Haplotype diversity, nucleotide diversity, and expected heterozygosity indicated that the A. nigrocauda populations had low genetic diversity, and decreased heavily from 2001 to 2016. Significant genetic differentiation was found among different populations in the cyt b gene and SSR markers based on the genetic differentiation index (F ST), whereas no differentiation was found in 2001. Haplotype genealogy showed that eight out of 15 haplotypes were private to one population. The SSR STRUCTURE analysis showed that there were four genetic clusters in the A. nigrocauda samples, with each population forming a single cluster, except for the Chishui River (CSR) and Mudong River (MDR) populations, which formed a common cluster. Therefore, loss of genetic diversity and increased genetic differentiation were found in the A. nigrocauda populations, which could be attributed to dam construction, overfishing, and water pollution in the upper Yangtze River. It is therefore recommended that the government should ban fishing, control water pollution, increase river connectivity, and establish artificial breeding and stocking.

Experimental and numerical investigations of interface properties of Ti6Al4V/CP-Ti/Copper composite plate prepared by explosive welding

Explosive welding technique is widely used in many industries.This technique is useful to weld different kinds of metal alloys that are not easily welded by any other welding methods.Interlayer plays an important role to improve the welding quality and control energy loss during the collision process.In this paper,the Ti6Al4V plate was welded with a copper plate in the presence of a commercially pure titanium interlayer.Microstructure details of welded composite plate were observed through optical and scanning electron microscope.Interlayer-base plate interface morphology showed a wavy structure with solid melted regions inside the vortices.Moreover,the energy dispersive spectroscopy analysis in the interlayer-base interface reveals that there are some identified regions of different kinds of chemical equilibrium phases of CueTi,i.e.CuTi,Cu_(2)Ti,CuTi_(2),Cu_(4)Ti,etc.To study the mechanical properties of composite plates,mechanical tests were conducted,including the tensile test,bending test,shear test and Vickers hardness test.Numerical simulation of explosive welding process was performed with coupled Smooth Particle Hydrodynamic method,Euler and Arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian method.The multi-physics process of explosive welding,including detonation,jetting and interface morphology,was observed with simulation.Moreover,simulated plastic strain,temperature and pressure profiles were analysed to understand the welding conditions.Simulated results show that the interlayer base plate interface was created due to the high plastic deformation and localized melting of the parent plates.At the collision point,both alloys behave like fluids,resulting in the formation of a wavy morphology with vortices,which is in good agreement with the experimental results.

CAS-ESM2.0 Model Datasets for the CMIP6 Flux-Anomaly-Forced Model Intercomparison Project (FAFMIP)

The second version of the Chinese Academy of Sciences Earth System Model(CAS-ESM2.0)is participating in the Flux-Anomaly-Forced Model Intercomparison Project(FAFMIP)experiments in phase 6 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project(CMIP6).The purpose of FAFMIP is to understand and reduce the uncertainty of ocean climate changes in response to increased CO2 forcing in atmosphere-ocean general circulation models(AOGCMs),including the simulations of ocean heat content(OHC)change,ocean circulation change,and sea level rise due to thermal expansion.FAFMIP experiments(including faf-heat,faf-stress,faf-water,faf-all,faf-passiveheat,faf-heat-NA50pct and faf-heat-NA0pct)have been conducted.All of the experiments were integrated over a 70-year period and the corresponding data have been uploaded to the Earth System Grid Federation data server for CMIP6 users to download.This paper describes the experimental design and model datasets and evaluates the preliminary results of CAS-ESM2.0 simulations of ocean climate changes in the FAFMIP experiments.The simulations of the changes in global ocean temperature,Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation(AMOC),OHC,and dynamic sea level(DSL),are all reasonably reproduced.