Identification and effective regulation of scarb1 gene involved in pigmentation change in autotetraploid Carassius auratus

The autotetraploid Carassius auratus(4nRR,4n=200,RRRR)is derived from whole-genome duplication of Carassius auratus red var.(RCC,2n=100,RR).In the current study,we demonstrated that chromatophores and pigment changes directly caused the coloration and variation of 4nRR skin(red in RCC,brownish-yellow in4nRR).To further explore the molecular mechanisms underlying coloration formation and variation in 4nRR,we performed transcriptome profiling and molecular functional verification in RCC and 4nRR.Results revealed that scarb1,associated with carotenoid metabolism,underwent significant down-regulation in 4nRR.Efficient editing of this candidate pigment gene provided clear evidence of its significant role in RCC coloration.Subsequently,we identified four divergent scarb1 homeologs in 4nRR:two original scarb1 homeologs from RCC and two duplicated ones.Notably,three of these homeologs possessed two highly conserved alleles,exhibiting biased and allelespecific expression in the skin.Remarkably,after precise editing of both the original and duplicated scarb1homeologs and/or alleles,4nRR individuals,whether singly or multiply mutated,displayed a transition from brownishyellow skin to a cyan-gray phenotype.Concurrently,the proportional areas of the cyan-gray regions displayed a gene-dose correlation.These findings illustrate the subfunctionalization of duplicated scarb1,with all scarb1genes synergistically and equally contributing to the pigmentation of 4nRR.This is the first report concerning the functional differentiation of duplicated homeologs in an autopolyploidfish,substantiallyenrichingour understanding of coloration formation and change within this group of organisms.

水蛭提取液对人视网膜母细胞瘤细胞的抑制作用

目的:研究水蛭提取液对人视网膜母细胞瘤WERI-RB-1细胞的抑制作用。方法:采用不同浓度水蛭提取液(0.02、0.04、0.08、0.16U/mL)作用于体外培养的WERI-RB-1细胞0、24、48、72h,经CCK-8法筛选最佳药物干预浓度和时间进行后续实验。将体外培养的WERI-RB-1细胞分为对照组(正常培养基培养)和实验组(含水蛭提取液培养基培养),采用流式细胞仪检测药物对细胞周期和细胞凋亡的影响,Transwell侵袭实验检测药物对细胞侵袭能力的影响。结果:根据CCK-8法检测结果选择0.04、0.08U/mL水蛭提取液作用48h为最佳干预条件进行实验。水蛭提取液干预的细胞主要阻滞在G2/M期,其中0.04、0.08U/mL实验组处于G2/M期的阳性细胞率分别为(12.59±5.36)%、(14.79±4.12)%,均明显高于对照组[(3.00±2.32)%,P<0.01]。水蛭提取液可诱导细胞凋亡,其中0.04、0.08U/mL实验组细胞凋亡率分别(37.91±3.44)%、(33.05±2.25)%,均明显高于对照组[(4.64±2.56)%,P<0.01]。Transwell侵袭实验检测结果显示,实验组Transwell小室下细胞数明显少于对照组,表明水蛭提取液能够抑制细胞侵袭。结论:水蛭提取液在体外实验中能够抑制人视网膜母细胞瘤细胞的增殖、侵袭,并诱导细胞凋亡。

Optimization of battery life and capacity by setting dense mesopores on the surface of nanosheets used as electrode

Nanosheets with mesopores on the surface have been prepared using molybdenum trioxide(α-MoO3).The effect of mesopores on the performance of the electrode remains elusive.The MoO3 nanosheets obtained in this study exhibited great battery performance, including good capacity, prolonged recycling life cycles, and excellent rate performance;e.g., 780 mAh/g when charged under a super high current-density of 1000 m A/g.These nanosheets demonstrated excellent stability, maintaining a capacity of 1189 mAh/g after 20 cycles, and 1075 mAh/g after 50 cycles;thus preventing the capacity to decrease to values under the scanning rate of 100 mA/g.These high-purity MoO3 nanosheets are well-ordered and have dense mesopores on the surface;these micropores contribute to the excellent electrode performance of the host electrode materials;the performance parameters include prolonged battery life and capacity.Setting mesopores or active sites on the electrode surface can be an alternative way to obtain stable electrodes in the future.

Risk of venous thromboembolism in children and adolescents with inflammatory bowel disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND A two-to three-fold increased risk of venous thrombotic events(VTE) has been demonstrated in patients with inflammatory bowel disease(IBD) compared to the general population, but less is known about the risk of VTE in child-and pediatric-onset IBD. In recent years, several studies have reported the rising incidence rate of VTE in juvenile patients with IBD, and the related risk factors have been explored.AIM To evaluate the risk of VTE in children and adolescents with IBD.METHODS Articles published up to April 2021 were retrieved from Pub Med, Embase, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, Sino Med, CNKI, and WANFANG. Data from observational studies and clinical work were extracted. The outcome was the occurrence of VTE according to the type of IBD. The available odds ratio(OR) and the corresponding 95% confidence interval(CI) were extracted to compare the outcomes. Effect size(P), odds ratio(OR), and 95%CI were used to assess the association between VTE risk and IBD disease. Subgroup analyses stratified by subtypes of VTE and IBD were performed.RESULTS Twelve studies(7450272 IBD patients) were included in the meta-analysis. Child and adolescent IBD patients showed increased VTE risk(P = 0.02, 95%CI: 0.01-0.03). Subgroup analyses stratified by IBD(ulcerative colitis(UC): P = 0.05, 95%CI: 0.03-0.06;Crohn’s disease(CD): P = 0.02, 95%CI: 0.00-0.04) and VTE subtypes(portal vein thrombosis: P = 0.04, 95%CI: 0.02-0.06;deep vein thrombosis: P = 0.03, 95%CI: 0.01-0.05;central venous catheter-related thrombosis: P = 0.23, 95%CI: 0.00-0.46;thromboembolic events: P = 0.02, 95%CI: 0.01-0.03) revealed a significant correlation between VTE risk and IBD. Patients with IBD were more susceptible to VTE risk than those without IBD(OR = 2.99, 95%CI: 1.45-6.18). The funnel plot was asymmetric, suggesting the presence of significant publication bias. Pediatric and adolescent IBD patients have an increased VTE risk. UC and CD patients exhibited a high risk of VTE. The risk of VTE subtypes was increased in IBD patients.CONCLUSION The current meta-analysis showed that the incidence and risk of VTE are significantly increased in pediatric and adolescent IBD patients. Thus, IBD might be a risk factor for VTE in children and young adults. High-quality prospective cohort studies are necessary to confirm these findings.

Safety of fecal microbiota transplantation in Chinese children: A single-center retrospective study

BACKGROUND Fecal microbiota transplantation(FMT) is the administration of fecal bacterial liquid from healthy donors to a recipient's digestive tract, which is recommended as a therapeutic method for recurrent Clostridium difficile infection(CDI). Many clinical trials focusing on different diseases are in progress. To date, scarce research and long-term follow-up have been conducted on FMT in children or on the proper guidelines. Our center first performed FMT to treat a 13-month-old boy with severe CDI in 2013. Until February 2018, our center had performed 114 pediatric FMT procedures in 49 subjects. AIM To investigate the safety of FMT in children. METHODS A retrospective study was conducted on 49 patientswho underwent 114 FMT treatments at our hospital. All FMT processes followed uniform standards. Adverse events(AEs) related to FMT were divided into shortterm(48 h post-FMT) and long-term(3 mo). All potential influencing factors for AEs, such as gender, age, time of FMT infusion, route of administration, disease type, immune function state, and donor relative genetic background, were analyzed as independent factors. The significant independent factors and risk ratio with 95% confidence interval(CI) were assessed by multivariate logistic regression analysis.RESULTS Forty-nine patients(mean age 68.1 mo, range 4 to 193 mo) were recruited. Their average follow-up time after the first FMT was 23.1 mo. The incidence of short-term AEs was 26.32%(30/114). The most common shortterm AEs were abdominal pain, diarrhea, fever, and vomiting, which were all self-limited and symptom-free within 48 h. Two severe AEs occurred, and one patient died in the fourth week after FMT. All-cause mortality was 2.04%. As independent factors, age(P = 0.006) and immune state(P = 0.002) had significant effects. Age greater than 72 mo seemed to be correlated with more AEs than age 13 to 36 mo(P = 0.04). In multivariate logistic regression analysis, immune state was an independent risk factor for AE occurrence(P = 0.035), and the risk ratio in immunodeficient patients was 3.105(95%CI: 1.080-8.923).CONCLUSION Although FMT was proven to be tolerated in children, we need to be more cautious with immunodeficient patients. The effect on children's long-term health is unpredictable.

球周注射尼莫地平对兔慢性高眼压致视网膜神经节细胞凋亡的干预作用

目的观察眼球周注射尼莫地平对慢性高眼压兔网膜视神经节细胞凋亡的干预作用。方法选用健康新西兰白兔30只,随机分为A、B、C、D、E 5组,每组6只。A组为正常组,其余各组均行复方卡波姆复制慢性高眼压模型,B组注射生理盐水,C、D、E组分别球周注射低(0.125 mg)、中(0.250 mg)、高(0.500 mg)剂量尼莫地平(NMD)注射液。第2周处死动物取视网膜组织行免疫组化、TUNEL法检测及HE形态学观察,比较各组间的差异。结果 B淋巴细胞瘤2基因(Bcl-2)在B、C组呈低表达,在D、E两组呈高表达,D、E两组均高于B、C两组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。B淋巴细胞瘤2基因相关蛋白X(Bax)在B、C组呈高表达,随NMD剂量增高阳性细胞表达量降低,D、E组呈低表达,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。TUNEL检测,在B、C组呈高表达,在D、E组呈低表达,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论尼莫地平注射液球周注射对兔慢性高眼压视网膜神经节细胞凋亡有积极的保护作用。

Recurrence of infectious mononucleosis in adults after remission for 3 years:A case report

BACKGROUND Infectious mononucleosis(IM)is a disease caused by Epstein–Barr virus(EBV).EBV infection is common in children;however,it can cause IM in adults.Studies on recurrence of IM in adults after remission are limited.CASE SUMMARY We report a 28-year-old man who presented with IM-like symptoms with mild liver damage after initial remission of IM for 3 years.He was first diagnosed with IM and treated in 2015.Follow-up tests in 2016 and 2017 did not show any abnormalities.In November 2018,he presented with swelling of the tonsils.He was misdiagnosed with acute suppurative tonsillitis and treated for 5 d.No signs of improvement were observed.He was readmitted with recurrent fever,pharyngalgia,fatigue,and systemic muscle pain.Examinations revealed enlargement of the tonsils and cervical lymph nodes.Blood tests revealed elevated transaminase levels.Anti-EBV test was positive,indicating virus reactivation.IM recurrence was confirmed on the basis of laboratory tests and clinical manifestations.He was treated with antiviral,anti-infective,and hepatoprotective drugs and vitamin supplements.His condition improved and no abnormalities were observed during follow-up.CONCLUSION Recurrence of IM after remission is possible in adults;therefore,long-term followup and monitoring are essential.

Study protocol:A cross-sectional study on psychology and behavior investigation of Chinese residents,PBICR

Objective:This study protocol identifies the basic research route and framework of psychological and behavioral surveys among Chinese residents,aims establishing a database through a multicenter,large-sample cross-sectional survey in China to provide strong data support for research development in various fields and a more comprehensive and systematic understanding of the physical and mental health status of the public.Method:The study was conducted from June 20,2022 to August 31,2022,using stratified sampling and quota sampling methods,a total of 148 cities,202 districts and counties,390 townships/towns/sub-districts,and 780 communities/villages(excluding Hong Kong,Macao,and Taiwan)from 23 provinces,5 autonomous regions,and 4 municipalities directly under the central government in China were selected.The questionnaire was distributed one-on-one and face-to-face to the public by trained investigators,and the questionnaire included eight aspects:personal basic information,personal health status,family basic information,social environment in which they were located,psychological level scale,behavioral level scale,other scales,and attitude towards social hot issues.Data analysis will be performed after questionnaire return.Results:Data collection is ongoing.These findings will support physical and mental health research and strategy development in China and even globally,guiding policy-makers and health care organizations to reform their programs to ensure the best interests of residents and their families.

Combination immunotherapy of glioblastoma with dendritic cell cancer vaccines,anti-PD-1 and poly I:C

Glioblastoma(GBM)is a lethal cancer with limited therapeutic options.Dendritic cell(DC)-based cancer vaccines provide a promising approach for GBM treatment.Clinical studies suggest that other immunotherapeutic agents may be combined with DC vaccines to further enhance antitumor activity.Here,we report a GBM case with combination immunotherapy consisting of DC vaccines,anti-programmed death-1(anti-PD-1)and poly I:C as well as the chemotherapeutic agent cyclophosphamide that was integrated with standard chemoradiation therapy,and the patient remained disease-free for 69 months.The patient received DC vaccines loaded with multiple forms of tumor antigens,including mRNA-tumor associated antigens(TAA),mRNA-neoantigens,and hypochlorous acid(HOCl)-oxidized tumor lysates.Furthermore,mRNA-TAAs were modified with a novel TriVac technology that fuses TAAs with a destabilization domain and inserts TAAs into full-length lysosomal associated membrane protein-1 to enhance major histocompatibility complex(MHC)class I and II antigen presentation.The treatment consisted of 42 DC cancer vaccine infusions,26 anti-PD-1 antibody nivolumab administrations and 126 poly I:C injections for DC infusions.The patient also received 28 doses of cyclophosphamide for depletion of regulatory T cells.No immunotherapy-related adverse events were observed during the treatment.Robust antitumor CD4t and CD8t T-cell responses were detected.The patient remains free of disease progression.This is the first case report on the combination of the above three agents to treat glioblastoma patients.Our results suggest that integrated combination immunotherapy is safe and feasible for long-term treatment in this patient.A large-scale trial to validate these findings is warranted.

Relevance on the diagnosis of malignant lymphoma of the salivary gland

Malignant lymphoma originates from the lymphohematopoietic system.It can occur in any lymphoid tissue.Malignant lymphoma of the salivary gland is rare,but its incidence has increased in recent years.Its clinical-presentations are nonspecific,and it is often manifested as a painless mass in a salivary gland,which can be accompanied by multiple swollen cervical lymph nodes.Confirmation of the diagnosis before an invasive procedure is difficult.Clinically,malignant lymphoma of the salivary gland tends to be misdiagnosed,leading to an inappropriate treatment plan and the ultimate delay in the optimal treatment of the disease.This article reviews the pathogenesis,clinical features,imaging findings,diagnosis,treatment and prognosis of malignant lymphoma of the salivary gland.

Two sequential surgeries in infant with multiple floor of the mouth dermoid cysts: A case report

BACKGROUND Multiple intraoral dermoid cysts of large magnitude generally appear in the second or third decade of life.They are rare in infants and are usually solitary.In this case,a large mass was identified in utero during prenatal exams.CASE SUMMARY We introduce a rare case on multiple dermoid cysts in the floor of the mouth of an infant who underwent two surgeries for this.Preoperative magnetic resonance imaging confirmed a large well-circumscribed cystic lesion that originated at the former midline region in the floor of the mouth in which a suspicious lesion of minute size was likely compressed by the bulkier mass and overlooked.Therefore,the infant underwent two surgeries by an intraoral approach within 9 mo.At 5 mo after the second operation,a routine follow-up ultrasound showed evidence of an additional cyst.No further surgery was planned because the tumor had no immediate effect.CONCLUSION This report demonstrates the importance of carefully analyzing preoperative imaging to avoid multiple operations for a seemingly isolated oral cyst.

Hemocholecyst caused by accidental injury associated with radiofrequency ablation for hepatocellular carcinoma:A case report

BACKGROUND Radiofrequency ablation(RFA)is an effective and safe treatment for hepatocellular carcinoma that features a lower incidence of serious complications than surgical resection.Hemocholecyst caused by RFA is a rare complication of secondary damage to the intrahepatic bile duct that results in hemobilia.CASE SUMMARY Here we report on a case of a hemocholecyst caused by accidental injury during RFA that induced hematemesis and melena.Digital subtraction angiography revealed no gallbladder arterial injuries.After conservative treatment and transcatheter arterial chemoembolization,the patient’s condition stabilized,and she was discharged 1 wk later.CONCLUSION Therefore,when performing interventional procedures such as RFA,clinicians must be vigilant because even minor injuries can lead to serious complications such as hemocholecyst.

Combined Effect of Uniaxial Strain and Magnetic Field on the Exciton States in Semiconducting Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes

The exciton states of semiconducting carbon nanotubes are calculated by a tight-binding model supplemented by Coulomb interactions under the combined effect of uniaxial strain and magnetic field. It is found that the excitation energies and absorption spectra of zigzag tubes（11,0） and（10,0） show opposite trends with the strain under the action of the magnetic field. For the（11,0） tube, the excitation energy decreases with the increasing uniaxial strain, with a splitting appearing in the absorption spectra. For the（10,0） tube, the variation trend firstly increases and then decreases, with a reversal point appearing in the absorption spectra. More interesting,at the reversal point the intensity of optical absorption is the largest because of the degeneracy of the two bands nearest to the Fermi Level, which is expected to be observed in the future experiment. The similar variation trend is also exhibited in the binding energy for the two kinds of semiconducting tubes.

One-step controlled electrodeposition nickel sulfides heterointerfaces favoring the desorption of hydroxyl groups for efficient hydrogen generation

The heterointerface engineering involving different components or phases represents a desirable strategy for enhancing the sluggish kinetics of hydrogen evolution reaction(HER).However,constructing desired heterointerfaces and elucidating the reaction mechanisms on the interface remains a considerable challenge.In this work,we propose a straightforward electrochemical synthesis strategy to prepare the nickel sulfide-based heterointerfaces for HER.The mechanism of electrochemical synthesis is revealed,wherein metal-thiourea species can be formed at the cathode potential and subsequently oxidized to nickel sulfides at the anode potentials.Leveraging this mechanism,a range of nickel sulfides,including NiS,Ni_(3)S_(2)/NiS,Ni/Ni_(3)S_(2)and Ni_(3)S_(2),have been successfully synthesized by tuning the potential range of cyclic voltammetry.Among these,the obtained Ni_(3)S_(2)/NiS@CC(CC:carbon cloth)exhibits the smallest overpotential of84 mV at 10 mA·cm^(-2)and high stability.Theoretical calculations further reveal that the combination of NiS and Ni_(3)S_(2)induces electron redistribution at the interface,and thus the Volmer process is effectively promoted with faster water dissociation and OH desorption kinetics.Significantly,the simplicity method coupled with a clear synthesis mechanism and outstanding HER performance highlights its promising potential for practical applications.

Thermoelectric properties of (GeTe)_(1-x)[(Ag_(2)Te)_(0.4)(Sb_(2)Te_(3))_(0.6)]_(x) alloys

The(GeTe)_(x)(AgSbTe_(2))_(100-x)alloys(TAGS-x)have been demonstrated as a promising p-type candidate for thermoelectric applications,attracting numerous atten-tions on the advancements of thermoelectric performance.Manipulation of carrier concentration for optimizing ther-moelectric performance in TAGS can be achieved by varying the ratio of Ag to Sb,and the Ag/Sb ratio of~2/3 has been proven as the optimal composition.Therefore,this work focuses on the systematic investigation on ther-moelectric properties of(GeTe)_(1-x)[(Ag_(2)Te)_(0.4)(Sb_(2)Te_(3))_(0.6)]_(x) alloys.The crystal structure for the alloys transfers from rhombohedral to cubic at room temperature as x≥0.2.The evolution of band parameter is estimated using a single parabolic band(SPB)model with acoustic phonon scat-tering.The density of states effective mass increases with x increasing,which leads to an enhancement of Seebeck coefficient along with a reduction in Hall mobility due to the additional carrier scattering by point defects.Mean-while,the lattice thermal conductivity of lower than~0.7 W·m^(-1)·K^(-1) in the entire temperature range and the lowest one of only 0.45 W·m^(-1)·K^(-1) is achieved due to additional phonon scattering by point defects.As a result,a peak thermoelectric figure of merit(zT)of~1.80 and an average one of~1.37 in 300–800 K are realized in non-stoichiometric TAGS alloys here.

Associations of sex hormone levels with body mass index(BMI)in men:a cross-sectional study using quantile regression analysis

Body mass index(BMI)has been increasing globally in recent decades.Previous studies reported that BMI was associated with sex hormone levels,but the results were generated via linear regression or logistic regression,which would lose part of information.Quantile regression analysis can maximize the use of variable information.Our study compared the associations among different regression models.The participants were recruited from the Center of Reproductive Medicine,The First Hospital of Jilin University(Changchun,China)between June 2018 and June 2019.We used linear,logistic,and quantile regression models to calculate the associations between sex hormone levels and BMI.In total,448 men were included in this study.The average BMI was 25.7(standard deviation[s.d.]:3.7)kg m^(-2);29.7%(n=133)of the participants were normal weight,45.3%(n=203)of the participants were overweight,and 23.4%(n=105)of the participants were obese.The levels of testosterone and estradiol significantly differed among BMI groups(all P<0.05).In linear regression and logistic regression,BMI was associated with testosterone and estradiol levels(both P<0.05).In quantile regression,BMI was negatively associated with testosterone levels in all quantiles after adjustment for age(all P<0.05).BMI was positively associated with estradiol levels in most quantiles(≤80^(th))after adjustment for age(all P<0.05).Our study suggested that BMI was one of the influencing factors of testosterone and estradiol.Of note,the quantile regression showed that BMI was associated with estradiol only up to the 80^(th) percentile of estradiol.

Late-onset Juvenile Myoclonic Epilepsy or Frontal Lobe Epilepsy with Myoclonus

To the Editor：The term myoclonus refers to a form of fast,transient,lightning-like muscle twitch that originates in the nervous system.It is usually a manifestation of neurological dysfunction or intractable epilepsy and is clinically divided into cortical myoclonus,spinal myoclonus,physiological myoclonus,etc.It is also categorized as epileptic myoclonus or nonepileptic myoclonus.Juvenile myoclonic epilepsy （JME） is the most common form of epileptic myoclonus,while frontal lobe epilepsy （FLE） with myoclonus is relatively rare.The clinical manifestations of these two forms of epilepsy include shock-like muscle activity appearing in the upper limbs or involving the shoulder and arms together,with irregular and arrhythmic clonus in the morning after waking up that typically results in an involuntary hurtling of objects held in the hands.It is hard to make a distinction between the two conditions clinically.Herein,we report a case of FLE with myoclonus to provide clues to distinguish between the two.

改性呼吸图法一步制备2D微半球结构

通过引入预相分离过程对传统呼吸图法过程进行改进,改变了PEG在聚合物共混溶液中的初始分布,从而以一步法制备出含有2D微半球结构的聚合物微结构薄膜.通过设计预相分离时间分别为10、20及30 min,PEG的分子量为2000、6000及10000,不同PEG分子的含量配比为1:9、2:8及3:7,以及小分子量PS18000的引入,探讨了制备条件的改变对微结构的形貌及尺寸的影响,并详细分析了条件对于微结构影响的原因.最终设定预相分离时间为10 min、PEG分子配比为3:7及使用小分子PS18000,通过一步法制备含有较多2D微半球结构.该制备方法将为快速、大面积地制备2D微半球结构提供一种新思路.

Polymer-free versus permanent polymer drug eluting stents in coronary artery disease: A meta-analysis of 10 RCTs with 6575 patients

Background:Permanent polymer drug eluting stents (PP-DES) may induce inflammation of the vessel wall due to the existence of the polymer,which may delay intimal healing.Polymer-free DES (PF-DES) that eliminate the polymeric carrier may potentially lead to safer DES.However,the safety and efficacy of PF-DES remains controversial.Methods:Randomized controlled trials comparing PF-DES with PP-DES were searched in online database including MEDLINE,Excerpta Medica Database (EMBASE) and Cochrane Library.Studies reporting late lumen loss (LLL),all-cause death,myocardial infarction (MI),target lesion revascularization (TLR) and late stent thrombosis (LST) were enrolled and quantitatively analyzed.Results:Ten studies enrolling 6575 patients were included in this meta-analysis.The PF-DES showed a benefit in reducing all-cause death (OR =0.77,95％ CI:0.61 to 0.98,P =0.03) and long-term LLL (weighted mean difference (WMD)-0.16 mm,95％ CI:-0.22 to -0.11 mm,P ＜ 0.001),while no superiority was found in reducing short-term LLL (WMD 0.03 mm,95％ CI:-0.07-0.13 mm,P =0.57),MI (OR =1.12,95％ CI:0.19 to 23.18,P=0.39),TLR (OR =1.19,95％ CI:0.42 to 3.38,P=0.83)and LST (OR =0.92,95％CI:0.05 to 5.71,P =0.74).Conclusion:PF-DES showed benefits in reducing long-term LLL and mortality compared with PP-DES,but no superiority was found in short-term LLL,MI,TLR and LST.These findings provide a sound basis for the wide application of PF-DES in the future.

Recent advances in glycerol valorization through electrocatalytic methods

The recent tremendous growth of biodiesel production from vegetable oils or waste fats has led to increased glycerol accumulation as a by-product of this process.This sparked attention towards glycerol use and valorization of this largely available and cheap compound.Among several methods for glycerol valorization,electrochemical glycerol oxidation reaction(EGOR)is an attractive alternative anodic reaction to oxygen evolution reaction for a variety of electrolytic synthesis,due to the low thermodynamic potential.Consequently,the EGOR at the anode can be coupled with a cathodic hydrogen evolution reaction to achieve efficient energy conversion in an aqueous electrolytic cell.This review provides a comprehensive summary and critical analysis of glycerol electrochemical oxidation research during the last 5 years.This review focuses on the recent development and prospects of electrochemical pathways(indirect or direct routes)for application in the EGOR.In particular,the recent development and prospects of using noble and non-noble group metal catalysts for glycerol electro-oxidation are discussed.Eventually,reaction product selectivity analysis and conversion efficiency are also highlighted.