Research on a Comprehensive Monitoring System for Tunnel Operation based on the Internet of Things and Artificial Intelligence Identification Technology

This article proposes a comprehensive monitoring system for tunnel operation to address the risks associated with tunnel operations.These risks include safety control risks,increased traffic flow,extreme weather events,and movement of tectonic plates.The proposed system is based on the Internet of Things and artificial intelligence identification technology.The monitoring system will cover various aspects of tunnel operations,such as the slope of the entrance,the structural safety of the cave body,toxic and harmful gases that may appear during operation,excessively high and low-temperature humidity,poor illumination,water leakage or road water accumulation caused by extreme weather,combustion and smoke caused by fires,and more.The system will enable comprehensive monitoring and early warning of fire protection systems,accident vehicles,and overheating vehicles.This will effectively improve safety during tunnel operation.

Novel Water-Based Drilling and Completion Fluid Technology to Improve Wellbore Quality During Drilling and Protect Unconventional Reservoirs

The efficient exploration and development of unconventional oil and gas are critical for increasing the self-sufficiency of oil and gas supplies in China.However,such operations continue to face serious problems(e.g.,borehole collapse,loss,and high friction),and associated formation damage can severely impact well completion rates,increase costs,and reduce efficiencies.Water-based drilling fluids possess certain advantages over oil-based drilling fluids(OBDFs)and may offer lasting solutions to resolve the aforementioned issues.However,a significant breakthrough with this material has not yet been made,and major technical problems continue to hinder the economic and large-scale development of unconventional oil and gas.Here,the international frontier external method,which only improves drilling fluid inhibition and lubricity,is expanded into an internal-external technique that improves the overall wellbore quality during drilling.Bionic technologies are introduced into the chemical material synthesis process to imitate the activity of life.A novel drilling and completion fluid technique was developed to improve wellbore quality during drilling and safeguard formation integrity.Macroscopic and microscopic analyses indicated that in terms of wellbore stability,lubricity,and formation protection,this approach could outperform methods that use typical OBDFs.The proposed method also achieves a classification upgrade from environmentally protective drilling fluid to an ecologically friendly drilling fluid.The developed technology was verified in more than 1000 unconventional oil and gas wells in China,and the results indicate significant alleviation of the formation damage attributed to borehole collapse,loss,and high friction.It has been recognized as an effective core technology for exploiting unconventional oil and gas resources.This study introduces a novel research direction for formation protection technology and demonstrates that observations and learning from the natural world can provide an inexhaustible source of ideas and inspire the creation of original materials,technologies,and theories for petroleum engineering.

ON BONNESEN-STYLE SYMMETRIC MIXED ISOHOMOTHETIC INEQUALITY IN R^2

In this paper,we investigate the translative containment measure for a convex domain K_i to contain,or to be contained in the homothetic copy of another convex domain tK_j(t≥0).Via the formulas of translative Blaschke and Poincare in integral formula,we obtain a Bonnesen-style symmetric mixed isohomothetic inequality.The Bonnesen-style symmetric mixed isohomothetic inequality obtained is known as Bonnesen-style inequality if one of the domains is a disc.As a direct consequence,we attain an inequality which strengthen the result proved by Bonnesen,Blaschke and Flanders.Furthermore,by the containment measure and Blaschke’s rolling theorem,we obtain the reverse Bonnesen-style symmetric mixed isohomothetic inequalities.These inequalities are the analogues of the known Bottema’s result in 1933.

Glycerol carbonate synthesis from glycerol and dimethyl carbonate using guanidine ionic liquids

A large number of surplus glycerol from the biodiesel production can be used as renewable feedstock to produce glycerol carbonate. In this paper, a series of guanidine-based ionic liquids were synthesized to catalyze the transesterification of glycerol and dimethyl carbonate. The tunable basicity and the anion–cation cooperative effect were responsible for the obtained results. The [TMG][TFE] showed the best activity turnover frequency(TOF)of 1754.0 h^(-1), glycerol(GL) conversion of 91.8%, glycerol carbonate(GC) selectivity of 95.5%) at 80 °C with 0.1 mol% catalyst for 30 min. The reaction mechanism of the transesterification was also proposed.

Determination of Eight Organophosphorus Pesticide Residues in Pepper by QuEChERS-Gas Chromatography

[ Objectives] This study was conducted to establish a QuEChERS-gas chromatography method for determination of eight kinds of organophosphorus pesticide residues in pepper. [Methods] The samples were extracted by acetonitrile, and anhydrous magnesium sulfate was used for salting out. The extracts were then purified by dispersive solid phase extraction combining with GCB, C18 and PSA. Samples were analyzed by FPD detector. External standard was used as quantitive method. [ Results] The detection limits were in the range of 0. 001 -0. 008 mg/kg, the average recoveries ranged from 83.5% to 101.2% , and the relative standard deviation （RSD） of the eight organophosphorus pesticide residues were below 5%. [ Conclusions] The method is simple, quick, easy and effective for the determination of pepper.

PpINH1,an invertase inhibitor,interacts with vacuolar invertase PpVIN2 in regulating the chilling tolerance of peach fruit

Sucrose metabolism,particularly the decomposition of sucrose by invertase,plays a central role in plant responses to cold stress.Invertase inhibitors(INHs)evolved in higher plants as essential regulators of sucrose metabolism.By limiting invertase activity,INHs keep cellular sugar levels elevated,which provides enhanced protection to plants under stress.Our results showed that the expression of PpVIN2,the only vacuolar invertase(VIN)gene in peach fruit sensitive to chilling temperatures,increases significantly during cold storage,while VIN enzyme activity increases more modestly.We also found that peach fruit transiently overexpressing PpINH1 had decreased VIN activity.Interactions of PpINH1 and PpVIN2 with recombinant proteins were shown by yeast two-hybrid assays and bimolecular fluorescence complementation assays,as well as in vitro.During cold storage,trehalose-treated peach fruit had significantly increased PpINH1 expression,decreased VIN enzyme activity,and significantly higher sucrose content than did untreated fruit.As a result,the treated fruit had enhanced resistance to chilling injury.Collectively,our data show that the post-translational repression of VIN enzyme activity by PpINH1 helps maintain sucrose levels in peach fruit during cold storage,thereby improving resistance to chilling injury.

Fetuin-A is an immunomodulator and a potential therapeutic option in BMP4-dependent heterotopic ossification and associated bone mass loss

Heterotopic ossification(HO)is the abnormal formation of bone in extraskeletal sites.However,the mechanisms linking HO pathogenesis with bone mass dysfunction remain unclear.Here,we showed that mice harboring injury-induced and BMP4-dependent HO exhibit bone mass loss similar to that presented by patients with HO.Moreover,we found that injury-induced hyperinflammatory responses at the injury site triggered HO initiation but did not result in bone mass loss at 1 day post-injury(dpi).In contrast,a suppressive immune response promoted HO propagation and bone mass loss by 7 dpi.Correcting immune dysregulation by PD1/PDL1 blockade dramatically alleviated HO propagation and bone mass loss.We further demonstrated that fetuin-A(FetA),which has been frequently detected in HO lesions but rarely observed in HO-adjacent normal bone,acts as an immunomodulator to promote PD1 expression and M2 macrophage polarization,leading to immunosuppression.Intervention with recombinant FetA inhibited hyperinflammation and prevented HO and associated bone mass loss.Collectively,our findings provide new insights into the osteoimmunological interactions that occur during HO formation and suggest that FetA is an immunosuppressor and a potential therapeutic option for the treatment of HO.

Analysis on the Characteristics and Laws of Tunnel Hydraulic Inrush in Karst Area

As highways are extended to deep mountains,high altitudes,and special geological conditions,tunnel construction becomes more and more challenging,especially the construction of tunnels in karst areas.Due to the particularity of the regional geological structure,karst is well developed in the southwest of our country,especially at areas where the problem of tunnel water inrush in karst areas is more prominent.To further ensure the safe construction and operation of tunnels,the characteristics of tunnels in karst areas is analyzed in this article.

Tunnel Support Structure System and Its Synergy

The tunnel support system is composed of lining,bolt,and steel frame.It is of great significance to effectively control the deformation of the surrounding rock of the tunnel,make full use of the characteristics of different support methods,and formulate an economical and effective support plan to ensure the safe operation of the tunnel structure.This paper clarifies the synergistic relationship between the support structure and the surrounding rock based on their fundamental characteristics and functions.Various support structures and components are also discussed in this paper.Additionally,the paper presents an optimized design of the tunnel support structure system.

Clinical Research Progress of Fire Needle Acupuncture in the Treatment of Alopecia Areata

Alopecia areata is a common disease in dermatology.It is a localized non-inflammatory alopecia that occurs in the head.Its etiology is unclear,but it is thought to be related to a number of factors.At present,there are many methods of treatment with different curative effects.Fire needle acupuncture directly acts on skin lesions,dredges meridians,and regulates Qi and blood.It has a good curative effect.This paper reviews current research progress of fire acupuncture in the treatment of alopecia areata,in order to provide some diagnostic and treatment suggestions for the management of alopecia areata.

Selective immobilization of Pb(Ⅱ)by biogenic whewellite and its mechanism

The development of bio-adsorbents with highly selective immobilization properties for specific heavy metals is a great challenge,but has important application value.Biogenic whewellite(BW)with high selectivity for Pb(Ⅱ)was synthesized by mineral microbial transformation.The selective immobilization properties and mechanism of BW for Pb(Ⅱ)were analyzed by combining mineral characterization technology and batch adsorption research methods.The results indicated that BW can efficiently and selectively immobilize Pb(Ⅱ)in single or composite heavy metal adsorption solutions,and the immobilized Pb(Ⅱ)is difficult to desorb.BW undergoes monolayer adsorption on Pb(Ⅱ),Qmax≈1073.17 mg/g.The immobilization of Pb(Ⅱ)by BW is a physico-chemical adsorption process with spontaneous heat absorption and an accompanying increase in entropy.In addition,the sequestration of Pb(Ⅱ)by BW remains around 756.99 mg/g even at p H=1.The excellent selective immobilization properties of BW for Pb(Ⅱ)are closely related to its smaller Ksp,electrostatic repulsion effect,organic-inorganic composite structure,acid resistance and the formation of Pb(Ⅱ)oxalate.This study provides beneficial information about the recycling of lead in acidic lead-containing wastewater and composite heavy metal contaminated water bodies.

Untypical Electrochemical Corrosion Behavior of High-Nitrogen Austenitic Stainless Steel: Non-Pitting in Transpassivation

The transpassivation and pitting corrosion behavior of a high-nitrogen stainless steel(HNS),Fe18Cr15Mn3Mo0.92N,were systematically investigated by electrochemical analysis,morphology observation,and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy surface analysis.It was surprisingly found that no pitting corrosion occurred in the transpassivation region of HNS.This electrochemical corrosion behavior is untypical for stainless steels,i.e.,the traditional critical pitting potential method was invalid for HNS.Both N and Cr enrichments in the transpassivation film on HNS were found extremely higher than those in the passivation film.The N existed in the form of[CrN]complex,which could stabilize the above both films.Besides,the corrosion product of N was detected as NH_(3) that exhibited an effective corrosion inhibition effect.On this basis,although the transition of Cr from 3-valent to 6-valent was confirmed,the transpassivation film on HNS still maintained it high stability and no pitting was found to occur.Therefore,the real pitting resistance of HNS should be higher than the expected before.And the stable transpassivation film played an important role in its untypical pitting corrosion resistance.

Targeted mutagenesis in Arabidopsis and medicinal plants using transposon-associated TnpB^(FA)

Medicinal plants produce valuable compounds, but often at low concentrations. Genome editing could be used to increase the production of valuable secondary metabolites in medicinal plants. The clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated protein 9(Cas9) system has emerged as a simple, widely used method for gene editing in plants.

Effect of precipitation pH and coexisting magnesium ion on phosphate adsorption onto hydrous zirconium oxide

To understand the effect of precipitation pH and coexisting Mg^(2+) on phosphate adsorption onto zirconium oxide(ZrO_2), ZrO_2 particles precipitated at pH 5.3, 7.1 and 10.5, i.e., ZrO_2(5.3), ZrO_2(7.1)and ZrO_2(10.5), respectively were prepared and characterized, then their adsorption performance and mechanism in the absence and presence of Mg^(2+) were comparatively investigated in this study. The results showed that the Elovich, pseudo-second-order and Langmuir isotherm models correlated with the experimental data well. The adsorption mechanism involved the complexation between phosphate and zirconium. Coexisting Mg^(2+) slightly inhibited the adsorption of phosphate on ZrO_2(5.3), including the adsorption capacity and rate, but coexisting Mg^(2+) greatly increased the adsorption capacity and rate for ZrO_2(7.1)and ZrO_2(10.5). The enhanced adsorption of phosphate on ZrO_2(7.1) and ZrO_2(10.5) in the presence of Mg^(2+) was mainly due to the formation of Mg^(2+)-HPO_4^(2-) ion pair(MgHPO_4~0) in the solution and then the adsorption of MgHPO_4~0 on the adsorbent surface, forming the phosphatebridged ternary complex Zr(OPO_3H)Mg. In the absence of Mg^(2+) , the maximum phosphate adsorption capacity at pH 7 calculated from the Langmuir isotherm model decreased in the order of ZrO 2(7.1)(67.3 mg/g) > ZrO_2(5.3)(53.6 mg/g) ≈ ZrO_2(10.5)(53.1 mg/g), but it followed the order of Zr O2(7.1)(97.0 mg/g) > ZrO_2(10.5)(79.7 mg/g) > ZrO_2(5.3)(51.3 mg/g) in the presence of Mg^(2+) . The results of this work suggest that ZrO_2(7.1) is more suitable for use as an adsorbent for the effective removal of phosphate from municipal wastewater than ZrO_2(5.3) and ZrO_2(10.5),because Mg^(2+) is generally present in this wastewater.

MODIS-based Daily Lake Ice Extent and Coverage dataset for Tibetan Plateau

The Tibetan Plateau houses numerous lakes,the phenology and duration of lake ice in this region are sensitive to regional and global climate change,and as such are used as key indicators in climate change research,particularly in environment change comparison studies for the Earth three poles.However,due to its harsh natural environment and sparse population,there is a lack of conventional in situ measurement on lake ice phenology.The Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer(MODIS)Normalized Difference Snow Index(NDSI)data,which can be traced back 20 years with a 500 m spatial resolution,were used to monitor lake ice for filling the observation gaps.Daily lake ice extent and coverage under clear-sky conditions was examined by employing the conventional SNOWMAP algorithm,and those under cloud cover conditions were re-determined using the temporal and spatial continuity of lake surface conditions through a series of steps.Through time series analysis of every single lake with size greater than 3 km2 in size,308 lakes within the Tibetan Plateau were identified as the effective records of lake ice extent and coverage to form the Daily Lake Ice Extent and Coverage dataset,including 216 lakes that can be further retrieved with four determinable lake ice parameters:Freeze-up Start(FUS),Freeze-up End(FUE),Break-up Start(BUS),and Break-up End(BUE),and 92 lakes with two parameters,FUS and BUE.Six lakes of different sizes and locations were selected for verification against the published datasets by passive microwave remote sensing.The lake ice phenology information obtained in this paper was highly consistent with that from passive microwave data at an average correlation coefficient of 0.91 and an RMSE value varying from 0.07 to 0.13.The present dataset is more effective at detecting lake ice parameters for smaller lakes than the coarse resolution passive microwave remote sensing observations.The published data are available in https://data.4tu.nl/repository/uuid:fdfd8c76-6b7c-4bbf-aec8-98ab199d9093 and http://www.sciencedb.cn/dataSet/handle/744.

Opportunities for ionic liquid-based electrolytes in rechargeable lithium batteries

Ionic liquids(ILs)have been deemed as promising electrolyte materials for building safer and highly-performing rechargeable lithium batteries,owing to their negligible volatility,low-flammability,and high thermal stability,etc.The profound structural designability of IL cations and anions allows relatively facile regulations of their key physical(e.g.,viscosities,and ionic conductivities)and electrochemical(e.g.,anodic,and cathodic stabilities)properties,and therefore fulfills the critical requirements stipulated by various battery configurations.In this review,a historical overview on the development of ILs for nonaqueous electrolytes is provided,and the correlations between chemical structures and the basic properties of ILs are discussed.Furthermore,the key achievements in the field of IL-based electrolytes are scrutinized,including liquid electrolytes,polymer electrolytes,and composite polymer electrolytes.Based on literature reports and our previous work in this field,possible strategies to improve the performance of IL-based electrolytes and their rechargeable batteries are discussed.The present work not only provides the status quo in the development of IL-based electrolytes but also inspires the structural design of ILs for other kinds of rechargeable batteries(e.g.,sodium,potassium,zinc batteries).

A lake ice phenology dataset for the Northern Hemisphere based on passive microwave remote sensing

Lake ice phenology(LIP)is an essential indicator of climate change and helps with understanding of the regional characteristics of climate change impacts.Ground observation records and remote sensing retrieval products of lake ice phenology are abundant for Europe,North America,and the Tibetan Plateau,but there is a lack of data for inner Eurasia.In this work,enhanced-resolution passive microwave satellite data(PMW)were used to investigate the Northern Hemisphere Lake Ice Phenology(PMW LIP).The Freeze Onset(FO),Complete Ice Cover(CIC),Melt Onset(MO),and Complete Ice Free(CIF)dates were derived for 753 lakes,including 409 lakes for which ice phenology retrievals were available for the period 1978 to 2020 and 344 lakes for which these were available for 2002 to 2020.Verification of the PMW LIP using ground records gave correlation coefficients of 0.93 and 0.84 for CIC and CIF,respectively,and the corresponding values of the RMSE were 11.84 and 10.07 days.The lake ice phenology in this dataset was significantly correlated(P<0.001)with that obtained from Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer(MODIS)data-the average correlation coefficient was 0.90 and the average RMSE was 7.87 days.The minimum RMSE was 4.39 days for CIF.The PMW is not affected by the weather or the amount of sunlight and thus provides more reliable data about the freezing and thawing process information than MODIS observations.The PMW LIP dataset pro-vides the basic freeze-thaw data that is required for research into lake ice and the impact of climate change in the cold regions of the Northern Hemisphere.The dataset is available at http://www.doi.org/10.11922/sciencedb.j00076.00081.

Constructing dataset of classified drainage areas based on surface water-supply patterns in High Mountain Asia

The High Mountain Asia(HMA)region,ranging from the Hindu Kush and Tien Shan in thewest totheHimalaya inthe southwith an altitude between 2000 and 8844 m,holds the largest reservoir of glaciers and snow outside Earth Polar Regions.In the last decades,numerous glaciers and lake areas there have undergone tremendous changes with water redistribution.In order to increase understanding of the pattern of distribution of water resources,and their dynamic changes at the basin scale,a watershed classification based on the water replenishment patterns dataset was constructed.The input dataset are from the Randolph Glacier Inventory V.6.0 and the vector data of rivers and streams.Four datasets were thus obtained:Glacier-fed and Runoff-fed Drainage Area(GRDA),Glacier-fed and Runoff-free Drainage Area(GDA),Glacier-free and Runoff-fed Drainage Area(RDA),and the Glacier-free and Runoff-free Drainage Area(NGRDA),and the numbers of these four types of basins are 87,107,32,and 448 separately.The statistical results show GRDA has the largest surface area,accounting for 82.2%of the total basin area in HMA,mainly in the region of the basin with outflow rivers or streams.Dominated by small basins,the GDA area accounts for the smallest area,only 3.86%and the RDA accounts for 5.62%.For NGRDA,most are with small areas,accounting for 8.32%,and mainly distributes in the closed basin of the Qiangtang Plateau.This dataset provides a fundamental classified data source for research on water resources,climate,ecology,and environment in HMA.The published data are available at https://data.4tu.nl/download/uuid:d07d748f-d10b-4308-9626-199ef05cc9af/and http://www.dx.doi.org/10.11922/sciencedb.923.

Metabolic risk factors associated with sudden cardiac death(SCD)during acute myocardial ischemia

Sudden cardiac death(SCD)is the leading cause of death worldwide.Myocardial ischemia(MI)is the most common underlying causal disorder for SCD.Metabolic risks leading to SCD during acute MI are still not fully understood.Here,using tissue metabolomics,we aimed to investigate myocardial metabolic alterations relevant to SCD events in an acute MI rat model induced by coronary artery ligation(CAL).Thirty-four rats were successfully performed CAL,of which 13 developed lethal ventricular tachyarrhythmia(LVTA)-SCD and 7 developed severe atrioventricular block(AB)-SCD.Fourteen rats that survived within 70 min after the ligation were served as peer controls.The partial least squares-discriminant analysis plots demonstrated clear separations between the SCD rats and controls,indicating obvious differences in myocardial metabolome between these rats.The levels of isoleucine,lactate,glutamate choline,phosphorylcholine,taurine and asparagine in ischemic myocardia were positively associated with LVTA-SCD events;in contrast,the levels of alanine,urea,phenylalanine,linoleic acid,elaidic acid and stearic acid were inversely correlated with LVTA-SCD events.The levels of glutamate and urea were positively and negatively relevant to AB-SCD events,respectively.The dangerous metabolites indicated that lower levels of energy substrates,severe hypoxia,the inhibition of transamination and hyper sympathetic excitement and reactive oxygen species in myocardia were vulnerable to SCD during acute MI.The results suggest fatal metabolic alterations correlated with SCD events during acute MI,which could offer novel clues for the prevention or treatment of acute MI-related SCD.

Ion transport and structural design of lithium-ion conductive solid polymer electrolytes:a perspective

Solid polymer electrolytes(SPEs)possess several merits including no leakage,ease in process,and suppressing lithium dendrites growth.These features are beneficial for improving the cycle life and safety performance of rechargeable lithium metal batteries(LMBs),as compared to conventional non-aqueous liquid electrolytes.Particularly,the superior elasticity of polymeric material enables the employment of SPEs in building ultra-thin and flexible batteries,which could further expand the application scenarios of high-energy rechargeable LMBs.In this perspective,recent progresses on ion transport mechanism of SPEs and structural designs of electrolyte components(e.g.conductive lithium salts,polymer matrices)are scrutinized.In addition,key achievements in the field of single lithium-ion conductive SPEs are also outlined,aiming to provide the status quo in those SPEs with high selectivity in cationic transport.Finally,possible strategies for improving the performance of SPEs and their rechargeable LMBs are also discussed.