Heat-inducible SlWRKY3 confers thermotolerance by activating the SlGRXS1 gene cluster in tomato

High temperature stress is one of the major environmental factors that affect the growth and development of plants. Although WRKY transcription factors play a critical role in stress responses, there are few studies on the regulation of heat stress by WRKY transcription factors,especially in tomato. Here, we identified a group I WRKY transcription factor, SlWRKY3, involved in thermotolerance in tomato. First, SlWRKY3 was induced and upregulated under heat stress. Accordingly, overexpression of SlWRKY3 led to an increase, whereas knock-out of SlWRKY3 resulted in decreased tolerance to heat stress. Overexpression of SlWRKY3 accumulated less reactive oxygen species(ROS), whereas knock-out of SlWRKY3 accumulated more ROS under heat stress. This indicated that SlWRKY3 positively regulates heat stress in tomato. In addition,SlWRKY3 activated the expression of a range of abiotic stress-responsive genes involved in ROS scavenging, such as a SlGRXS1 gene cluster.Further analysis showed that SlWRKY3 can bind to the promoters of the SlGRXS1 gene cluster and activate their expression. Collectively, these results imply that SlWRKY3 is a positive regulator of thermotolerance through direct binding to the promoters of the SlGRXS1 gene cluster and activating their expression and ROS scavenging.

Preparation of single atom catalysts for high sensitive gas sensing

Single atom catalysts(SACs)have garnered significant attention in the field of catalysis over the past decade due to their exceptional atom utilization efficiency and distinct physical and chemical properties.For the semiconductor-based electrical gas sensor,the core is the catalysis process of target gas molecules on the sensitive materials.In this context,the SACs offer great potential for highly sensitive and selective gas sensing,however,only some of the bubbles come to the surface.To facilitate practical applications,we present a comprehensive review of the preparation strategies for SACs,with a focus on overcoming the challenges of aggregation and low loading.Extensive research efforts have been devoted to investigating the gas sensing mechanism,exploring sensitive materials,optimizing device structures,and refining signal post-processing techniques.Finally,the challenges and future perspectives on the SACs based gas sensing are presented.

Utilizing resequencing big data to facilitate Brassica vegetable breeding:tracing introgression pedigree and developing highly specific markers for clubroot resistance

Clubroot caused by Plasmodiophora brassicae is a devastating disease of Cruciferous crops.Developing cultivars with clubroot resistance(CR)is the most effective control measure.For the two major Brassica vegetable species B.rapa and B.oleracea,several commercial cultivars with unclear CR pedigrees have been intensively used as CR donors in breeding.However,the continuous occurrence of CR-breaking makes the CR pedigree underlying these cultivars one of the breeders'most urgent concerns.The complex intraspecific diversity of these two major Brassica vegetables has also limited the applicability of CR markers in different breeding programs.Here we first traced the pedigree underlying two kinds of CR that have been widely applied in breeding by linkage and introgression analyses based on public resequencing data.In B.rapa,a major locus CRzi8 underlying the CR of the commercial CR donor‘DegaoCR117’was identified.CRzi8 was further shown to have been introgressed from turnip(B.rapa ssp.rapifera)and that it carried a potential functional allele of Crr1a.The turnip introgression carried CRb^(c),sharing the same coding sequence with the CRb that was also identified from chromosome C07 of B.oleracea CR cultivars with different morphotypes.Within natural populations,variation analysis of linkage intervals of CRzi8,PbBa8.1,CRb,and CRb^(c)yielded easily resolved InDel markers(>20 bp)for these fundamental CR genes.The specificity of these markers was tested in diverse cultivars panels,and each exhibited high reliability in breeding.Our research demonstrates the value of the practice of applying resequencing big data to solve urgent concerns in breeding programs.

Facies-controlled prediction of dolomite reservoirs in the Middle Permian Qixia Formation in Shuangyushi,northwestern Sichuan Basin

The Middle Permian Qixia Formation in the Shuangyushi area,northwestern Sichuan Basin,develops shoal-facies dolomite reservoirs.To pinpoint promising reservoirs in the Qixia Formation,deep thin shoal-facies dolomite reservoirs were predicted using the techniques of pre-stack Kirchhoff-Q compensation for absorption,inverse Q filtering,low-to high-frequency compensation,forward modeling,and facies-controlled seismic meme inversion.The results are obtained in six aspects.First,the dolomite reservoirs mainly exist in the middle and lower parts of the second member of Qixia Formation(Qi2 Member),which coincide with the zones shoal cores are developed.Second,the forward modeling shows that the trough energy at the top and bottom of shoal core increases with increasing shoal-core thickness,and weak peak reflections are associated in the middle of shoal core.Third,five types of seismic waveform are identified through waveform analysis of seismic facies.Type-Ⅰ and Type-Ⅱ waveforms correspond to promising facies(shoal core microfacies).Fourth,vertically,two packages of thin dolomite reservoirs turn up in the sedimentary cycle of intraplatform shoal in the Qi2 Member,and the lower package is superior to the upper package in dolomite thickness,scale and lateral connectivity.Fifth,in plane,significantly controlled by sedimentary facies,dolomite reservoirs laterally distribute with consistent thickness in shoal cores at topographical highs and extend toward the break.Sixth,the promising prospects are the zones with thick dolomite reservoirs and superimposition of horstegraben structural traps.

Multiple-model GWAS identifies optimal allelic combinations of quantitative trait loci for malic acid in tomato

Malic acid(MA)is an important flavor acid in fruits and acts as a mediator in a series of metabolic pathways.It is important to understand the factors affecting MA metabolism for fruit flavor improvement and to understand MA-mediated biological processes.However,themetabolic accumulation of MA is controlled by complex heredity and environmental factors,making it difficult to predict and regulate the metabolism of MA.In this study,we carried out a genome-wide association study(GWAS)on MA using eight milestone models with two-environment repeats.A series of associated SNP variations were identified from the GWAS,and 15 high-confidence annotated geneswere further predicted based on linkage disequilibrium and lead SNPs.The transcriptome data of candidate geneswere explored within different tomato organs as well as various fruit tissues,and suggested specific expression patterns in fruit pericarp.Based on the genetic parameters of population differentiation and SNP distribution,tomato MA content has been more influenced by domestication sweeps and less affected by improvement sweeps in the long-term history of tomato breeding.In addition,genotype×environment interaction might contribute to the difference in domestication phenotypic data under different environments.This study provides new genetic insights into how tomato changed its MA content during breeding and makes available function-based markers for breeding by marker-assisted selection.

Propylamine hydrobromide passivated tin-based perovskites to efficient solar cells

The development of tin-based devices with low toxicity is critical for the commercial viability of perovskite solar cells.However because tin halide is a stronger Lewis acid,its crystallization rate is extremely fast,resulting in the formation of numerous defects that affect the device performance of tin-based perovskite solar cells.Herein,propylamine hydrobromide(PABr)was added to the perovskite precursor solution as an additive to passivate defects and fabricate more uniform and dense perovskite films.Because propylamine cations are too large to enter the perovskite lattices,they only exist at the grain boundary to passivate surface defects and promote crystal growth in a preferred orientation.The PABr additive raises the average short-circuit current density from 19.45 to 25.47 mA·cm^(-2)by reducing carrier recombination induced by defects.Furthermore,the device’s long-term illumination stability is improved after optimization,and the hysteresis effect is negligible.The addition of PABr results in a power conversion efficiency of 9.35%.

A 21-bp InDel in the promoter of STP1 selected during tomato improvement accounts for soluble solid content in fruits

Domestication and improvement are important processes that generate the variation in genome and phonotypes underlying crop improvement.Unfortunately,during selection for certain attributes,other valuable traits may be inadvertently discarded.One example is the decline in fruit soluble solids content(SSC)during tomato breeding.Several genetic loci for SSC have been identified,but few reports on the underlying mechanisms are available.In this study we performed a genome-wide association study(GWAS)for SSC of the red-ripe fruits in a population consisting of 481 tomato accessions with large natural variations and found a new quantitative trait locus,STP1,encoding a sugar transporter protein.The causal variation of STP1,a 21-bp InDel located in the promoter region 1124 bp upstream of the start codon,alters its expression.STP1 Insertion accessions with an 21-bp insertion have higher SSC than STP1Deletion accessions with the 21-bp deletion.Knockout of STP1 in TS-23 with high SSC using CRISPR/Cas9 greatly decreased SSC in fruits.In vivo and in vitro assays demonstrated that ZAT10-LIKE,a zinc finger protein transcription factor(ZFP TF),can specifically bind to the promoter of STP1Insertion to enhance STP1 expression,but not to the promoter of STP1Deletion,leading to lower fruit SSC in modern tomatoes.Diversity analysis revealed that STP1 was selected during tomato improvement.Taking these results together,we identified a naturally occurring causal variation underlying SSC in tomato,and a new role for ZFP TFs in regulating sugar transporters.The findings enrich our understanding of tomato evolution and domestication,and provide a genetic basis for genome design for improving fruit taste.

精子发生障碍的遗传学研究进展

育龄人群中约15%的夫妻被不孕不育困扰,其中男方因素导致的不孕不育约占50%。男性不育通常由精子发生障碍导致,呈现为少、弱、畸形精子症,最严重的是无精子症。本文以精子发生障碍为主线,重点综述了非梗阻性无精子症和畸形精子症的遗传学病因研究。近年来,随着高通量芯片和测序技术的快速发展,无精子症和畸形精子症的遗传学因素得以深入的揭示与解析。围绕无精子症,全基因组关联研究与高通量测序研究揭示了一批非梗阻性无精子症的风险位点和致病基因;围绕畸形精子症,全外显子测序等研究鉴定了一系列致病基因,极大地丰富了精子鞭毛多发性形态异常等精子畸形的遗传学病因。大量致病基因的发现,促进了男性不育病理机制的阐明。全面而深入地了解精子发生障碍中的遗传因素,对男性不育的诊断、临床治疗和遗传咨询具有重要的意义。

An Innovative Non-Pillar Coal-Mining Technology with Automatically Formed Entry: A Case Study

A non-pillar coal-mining technology with an automatically formed entry is proposed,which reduces the waste of coal resources and the underground entry drivage workload.Three key techniques in this technology cooperate to achieve automatic formation and retaining of the gob-side entry,and to realize nonpillar mining.Constant-resistance large deformation(CRLD)support ensures the stability of the entry roof;directional presplitting blasting(DPB)separates the entry roof and the gob roof;and a blockinggangue support system(BGSS)integrates the caved rock material as an effective entry rib.An industrial test was conducted to verify the engineering effects of these key techniques.The field application results showed that the retained entry was under the pressure-relief zone due to the broken-expansion nature of the caved rock mass within the DPB height.After going through a provisional dynamic pressure-bearing zone,the retained entry entered the stability zone.The final stable entry meets the requirements of safety and production.The research results demonstrate the good engineering applicability of this technology.By taking the framework of the technology design principles into consideration and adjusting the measures according to different site conditions,it is expected that the proposed non-pillar coal-mining technology can be popularized on a large scale.

Association between Active School Travel and Depressive Symptoms among 51,702 Adolescents in 26 Low- and Middle-Income Countries

Little is known about the role of active school travel(AST)on mental health among adolescents.Thus,this study aimed to explore the AST-depression association among adolescents aged 12–15 years from 26 low-and middle-income countries(LMICs).Data from the Global School-based Student Health Survey were analyzed in 51,702 adolescents[mean(SD)age 13.8(1.0)years;49.3%boys).Both depressive symptoms and AST were assessed by a single question self-reported measure,respectively.Participants who reported having 5 days or above were considered as AST.Multivariable logistic regression analysis(accounting for sampling weights)was performed while controlling for gender,age,physical activity,sedentary behavior,and food insecurity,and a countrywide meta-analysis was undertaken.The prevalence of depressive symptoms and AST were 30.1%and 37.0%,respectively.Compared with those not having AST,adolescents with AST were less likely to have self-reported depressive symptoms(OR=0.88,95%CI:0.85-0.93)regardless of gender.Countrywide meta-analysis demonstrated that having AST versus not having AST was associated with 12%lower odds for depressive symptoms(OR=0.88;95%CI:0.82-0.94)but with a moderate between-country heterogeneity(I^(2)=59.0%).Based on large samples of adolescents from LMICs,it would be expected that AST may play a critical role in preventing adolescent depression worldwide.However,it is necessary to consider more country-specific factors when implementing AST-related mental health interventions.Future studies should adopt the solid study design to confirm or negate our researchfindings.

Effect of shading on ascorbic acid accumulation and biosynthetic gene expression during tomato fruit development and ripening

The purpose of the current study was to determine the effect of leaf shading,fruit shading,and a combination of both,on the accumulation of ascorbic acid(AsA)and the expression levels of AsA biosynthetic genes at the immature green,mature green,breaker,and red ripe stages of Ailsa craig tomato during fruit development.Shading(72%reducing of light intensity)imposed on the leaves significantly reduced AsA content and AsA biosynthetic gene expression in the fruits.Leaf shading,fruit shading,and a combination of both significantly decreased the amount of total AsA and reduced AsA to a range of 18.5%−31.5%at mature green,breaker,and red ripe stages of tomato fruits,with no significant change at the immature green stage of fruits.Moreover,reducing the light intensity in tomato leaves,fruits or both resulted in reduced expression of most AsA biosynthetic genes in the fruits,except for PMM,cAPX,tAPX,and APX7 genes under leaf shading,GPI,PMI,PMM,GP1,GP2,cAPX,and tAPX genes under fruit shading,and PMM,cAPX,APX1,and APX7 genes under both shading.The expression level of GMP,GP1,and GalDH showed an upregulation at the red ripe stage in fruits with leaf shading,and also an up-regulation at the immature green and red ripe stages with both shading.Furthermore,positive correlations between expression of AsA biosynthetic genes and AsA accumulation were recorded under leaf shading,fruit shading,and both types of shading,while a negative correlation was recorded under normal conditions without shading.

Effectiveness of Mind-Body Exercise on Burnout and Stress in Female Undergraduate Students

This study was to investigate the effects of mind-body exercise on burnout and perceived stress among female undergraduate students.A sample of 146 female undergraduate students took part in this study.They were assigned to mind-body exercise group(n=91)and control group(n=55).Mind-body exercise group received three 90-min sessions of Baduanjin exercise per week lasting for 12-weeks.There was no intervention in the control group.The Maslach Burnout Inventory-Student Survey was used to assess burnout level,and the 10-item perceived stress scale was used to assess stress level.Significant decreases in emotional exhaustion(p<0.001),cynicism(p<0.001)and perceived stress(p<0.001)were found in the mind-body exercise group compared with control group.Furthermore after 12-week mind-body exercise,emotional exhaustion,cynicism and perceived stress had greater reduction.Mind-body exercise(Baduanjin)may be considered an alternative strategy to reduce burnout and perceived stress in female undergraduate students.

Noun GOVERNER/GOVERNESS Collocation Model Analysis——Based on enTenTen Corpus of Sketch Engine

This study uses the Sketch Engine,a corpus retrieval tool,to analyze the colplaces of GOVERNOR and GOVERNESS with the help of a large amount of factual corpus in enTenTen network corpus,so as to provide more powerful data support for the research on language and gender and make the results more credible and convincing.

An Analysis of Chinese English Varieties from the Perspective of Eco-linguistics——A Case Study of Pidgin English

This paper focuses on the nativization of English in China,using Pidgin English as a case study to put Chinese English variants under the theoretical framework of eco-linguistics,and put the ecological environment such as species competition,coexistence and co-evolution,etc.The natural phenomenon is compared with the existence of language phenomenon in the development process of China English represented by Pidgin English.The study found that as the spark of the collision of the two mainstream languages of Chinese and English,the Chinese English varieties play a very important role in the exchange and enrichment of the two languages and cultures.Although academic circles have different attitudes and opinions on Chinese English variants,their existence and development conform to the law of the development of things and are also inevitable in historical development.Blindly ignoring their objective existence will definitely bring adverse effects on the ecological balance of the language.We should face up to the existence of Chinese English variants,comply with the law of language development,and allow it to develop naturally,and make efforts to protect the ecological balance of the world’s languages.

Superconducting single-photon detector with a speed of 5 GHz and a photon number resolution of 61

Rapid detection and discrimination of single photons are pivotal in various applications,such as deep-space laser communication,high-rate quantum key distribution,and optical quantum computation.However,conventional single-photon detectors(SPDs),including semiconducting and recently developed superconducting detectors,have limited detection speed and photon number resolution(PNR),which pose significant challenges in practical applications.In this paper,we present an efficient,fast SPD with good PNR,which has 64 paralleled,sandwiched superconducting nanowires fabricated on a distributed Bragg reflector.The detector is operated in a compact Gifford–McMahon cryocooler that supports 64 electrical channels and has a minimum working temperature of 2.3 K.The combined detector system shows a functional nanowire yield of 61/64,a system detection efficiency of 90%at 1550 nm,and a maximum count rate of 5.2 GHz.Additionally,it has a maximum PNR of 61,corresponding to the operating nanowires.This SPD signifies a substantial improvement in quantum detector technology,with potential applications in deep-space laser communication,high-speed quantum communication,and fundamental quantum optics experiments.

Superconducting nanostrip single photon detectors fabricated of aluminum thin-films

We systematically investigated the detection performance of Al nanostrips for single photons at various wavelengths.The Al films were deposited using magnetron sputtering,and the sophisticated nanostructures and morphology of the deposited films were revealed through high-resolution transmission electron microscopy.The fabricated Al meander nanostrips,with a thickness of 4.2 nm and a width of 178 nm,exhibited a superconducting transition temperature of 2.4 K and a critical current of approximately 5μA at 0.85 K.While the Al nanostrips demonstrated a saturated internal quantum efficiency for 405-nm photons,the internal detection efficiency exhibited an exponential dependence on bias current without any saturation tendency for 1550-nm photons.This behavior can be attributed to the relatively large diffusion coefficient and coherence length of the Al films.By further narrowing the nanostrip width,the Al-SNSPDs remain capable of effectively detecting single telecom photons to facilitate practical applications.

Cerium and carbon-sulfur codoped mesoporous TiO_(2)nanocomposites for boosting visible light photocatalytic activity

Ce and C-S codoped mesoporous TiO_(2)nanocomposites were synthesized via a sol-gel method integrated with an evaporation-induced self-assembly approach.The basic physicochemical characteristics of the synthetic samples were analyzed via a series of characterization techniques.The results reveal that C-S and Ce codoping on mesoporous TiO_(2)enhances the photocatalytic activity owing to the synergistic effect caused by narrowing the band gap,enhancing adsorption,trapping and transferring the excited e^(-)/h^(+)pairs and suppressing the recombination of e^(-)/h^(+)pairs.Furthermore,the obtained C,S-TiO_(2)/CeO_(2)materials exhibit large specific surface areas and numerous pores which not only effectively improve the adsorption-enrichment capability,but also supply multi-dimensional mass and electron transfer channels.The photodegradation efficiency of RhB by C,S-TiO_(2)/CeO_(2)within 40 min is nearly 100%,and its degradation efficiency is 6.63 times that of undoped TiO_(2).Recycling experiments show that mesoporous C,S-TiO_(2)/CeO_(2)shows excellent recoverability and stability.Furthermore,by trapping experiments,·O_(2)e^(-)/h^(+)and·OH are the predominant active species and a possible reaction mechanism is proposed.

Experimental research on aero-propulsion coupling characteristics of a distributed electric propulsion aircraft

Distributed Electric Propulsion(DEP)aircraft use multiple electric motors to drive the propulsors,which gives potential benefits to aerodynamic-propulsion interaction.To investigate and quantify the aerodynamic-propulsion interaction effect of the wing section,we built a DEP demonstrator with 24"high-lift"Electric Ducted Fans(EDFs)distributed along the wing’s trailing edge.This paper explores and compares the aero-propulsion coupling characteristics under various upstream speed,throttle,and EDF mounting surface deflection angles using a series of wind tunnel tests.We compare various lift-augmentation power conditions to the clean configuration without propulsion unit under the experiment condition of 15-25 m/s freestream flow and angles of attack from-4°to 16°.The comparison of computational results to the experimental results verifies the effectiveness of the computational fluid dynamic analysis method and the modeling method for the DEP configuration.The results show that the EDFs can produce significant lift increment and drag reduction simultaneously,which is accordant with the potential benefit of Boundary Layer Ingestion(BLI)at low airspeed.

Review of the development of the probabilistic damage tolerance assessment of life-limited parts in compliance with the airworthiness regulations

Probabilistic damage tolerance is a critical method to understand and communicate risk and safety.This paper reviews recent research on the probabilistic damage tolerance design for life-limited parts.The vision of the probabilistic damage tolerance assessment is provided.Five core parts of the probabilistic damage tolerance method are introduced separately,including the anomaly distribution,stress processing and zone definition,fatigue and fracture calculation method,probability of failure(POF)calculation method,and the combination with residual stress induced by the manufacturing process.The above currently-available risk assessment methods provide practical tools for failure risk predictions and are applied by the airworthiness regulations.However,new problems are exposed with the development of the aeroengines.The time-consuming anomaly distribution derivation process restricts the development of the anomaly distribution,especially for the developing aviation industries with little empirical data.Additionally,the strong transient characteristic is prominent because of the significant temperature differences during the take-off and climbing periods.The complex loads then challenge the fatigue and fracture calculation model.Besides,high computational efficiency is required because various variables are considered to calculate the POF.Therefore,new technologies for the probabilistic damage tolerance assessment are provided,including the efficient anomaly distribution acquisition method based on small samples,the zone definition method considering transient process,and stress intensity factor(SIF)solutions under arbitrary stress distributions combined with the machine learning method.Then,an efficient numerical integration method for calculating failure risk based on the probability density evolution theory is proposed.Meanwhile,the influence of the manufacturing process on residual stress and the failure risk of the rotors is explored.The development of the probabilistic damage tolerance method can meet the requirement of the published airworthiness regulation Federal Aviation Regulation(FAR)33.70 and guide the modification or amendment of new regulations to ensure the safety of the high-energy rotors.

Immunostimulant nanomodulator boosts antitumor immune response in triple negative breast cancer by synergism of vessel normalization and photothermal therapy

Tumor vascular dysfunction and immune suppression predict poor outcomes of tumor therapy.Combination of photothermal therapy(PTT)and vessel normalization with tumor immunotherapy is promising to augment antitumor benefit.Herein,we develop a potential immunostimulatory nanomodulator for treatment of triple-negative breast cancer(TNBC)treatment via synergism of PTT,vessel normalization,and priming of tumoral suppressive immune microenvironment by blocking transforming growth factor-β(TGF-β)pathway.The nanomodulator,namely Vac@Apt@BPs,is developed by conjugation of TGF-βinhibitor Vactosertib(Vac)and nucleolin-recognizing aptamer(Apt)on the surface of black phosphorus nanoparticles(BPs).Vac@Apt@BPs show good accumulation in TNBC via aptamer-induced active targeting of TNBC.Via the blockade of TGF-βsignaling,Vac@Apt@BPs effectively inhibit the formation of tumor neovascular,and normalize the vessels to recover vascular integrity and alleviate the hypoxia stress.Together with the tumor eradication and immunogenic cell death via PTT,robust immune response was boosted by promoted maturation of dendritic cells,suppression of regulatory T cells,and stimulation of effective T cells.This synergistic therapeutic strategy potentially suppresses the growth of TNBC in mice.