Coated sodium butyrate ameliorates high‑energy and low‑protein diet induced hepatic dysfunction via modulating mitochondrial dynamics, autophagy and apoptosis in laying hens

Background Fatty liver hemorrhagic syndrome(FLHS),a fatty liver disease in laying hens,poses a grave threat to the layer industry,stemming from its ability to trigger an alarming plummet in egg production and usher in acute mortality among laying hens.Increasing evidence suggests that the onset and progression of fatty liver was closely related to mitochondria dysfunction.Sodium butyrate was demonstrated to modulate hepatic lipid metabolism,alle-viate oxidative stress and improve mitochondrial dysfunction in vitro and mice models.Nevertheless,there is limited existing research on coated sodium butyrate(CSB)to prevent FLHS in laying hens,and whether and how CSB exerts the anti-FLHS effect still needs to be explored.In this experiment,the FLHS model was induced by administering a high-energy low-protein(HELP)diet in laying hens.The objective was to investigate the effects of CSB on alleviating FLHS with a focus on the role of CSB in modulating mitochondrial function.Methods A total of 288 healthy 28-week-old Huafeng laying hens were arbitrarily allocated into 4 groups with 6 replicates each,namely,the CON group(normal diet),HELP group(HELP diet),CH500 group(500 mg/kg CSB added to HELP diet)and CH750 group(750 mg/kg CSB added to HELP diet).The duration of the trial encompassed a period of 10 weeks.Results The result revealed that CSB ameliorated the HELP-induced FLHS by improving hepatic steatosis and patho-logical damage,reducing the gene levels of fatty acid synthesis,and promoting the mRNA levels of key enzymes of fatty acid catabolism.CSB reduced oxidative stress induced by the HELP diet,upregulated the activity of GSH-Px and SOD,and decreased the content of MDA and ROS.CSB also mitigated the HELP diet-induced inflammatory response by blocking TNF-α,IL-1β,and F4/80.In addition,dietary CSB supplementation attenuated HELP-induced activation of the mitochondrial unfolded protein response(UPRmt),mitochondrial damage,and decline of ATPase activity.HELP diet decreased the autophagosome formation,and downregulated LC3B but upregulated p62 protein expression,which CSB administration reversed.CSB reduced HELP-induced apoptosis,as indicated by decreases in the Bax/Bcl-2,Caspase-9,Caspase-3,and Cyt C expression levels.Conclusions Dietary CSB could ameliorate HELP diet-induced hepatic dysfunction via modulating mitochondrial dynamics,autophagy,and apoptosis in laying hens.Consequently,CSB,as a feed additive,exhibited the capacity to prevent FLHS by modulating autophagy and lipid metabolism.

Surface modification of hollow capsule by Dawson-type polyoxometalate as sulfur hosts for ultralong-life lithium-sulfur batteries

Reasonable construction of sulfur host with high conductivity,large sulfur storage gap,strong chemical adsorption,and fast oxidation–reduction kinetics of polysulfide is very significant for its practical use in lithium-sulfur batteries(LSBs).In this paper,the surface modification of MIL-88A(Fe)is carried out by Dawson-type polyoxometalate(POM),and a hollow capsule shell material with P_(2)W_(18),Fe_(3)O_(4),and C components is synthesized by the subsequent carbonization process.When applied as the sulfur host,the hollow capsule shell material can efficiently improve the conductivity of sulfur electrode and restrain the volumetric change of active sulfur while charging and discharging.On this foundation,electrochemical analysis and density functional theory(DFT)calculation show that the P_(2)W_(18)on the outer layer of the capsule shell have effective electrocatalytic activity and potent chemical bond on the lithium polysulfides(LiPSs),which is helpful to block the shuttle effect.Therefore,the as-assembled LSBs display the outstanding specific capacity and prominent cycle stability.Specifically,it delivers an excellent reversible capacity of 1063 mAh/g after 100 cycles of charge–discharge at a rate of 0.5 C,accounting for a preservation by 96%in comparison to that of the initial cycle.Moreover,even after 2000 cycles at 1 C,the reversible specific capacity of 585 mAh/g can still be maintained with an average decay rate of only 0.021%.