Endoplasmic reticulum stress improved chicken tenderness,promoted apoptosis and autophagy during postmortem ageing

In this study,endoplasmic reticulum(ER)stress inducer tunicamycin(TM)and inhibitor 4-phenylbutyric acid(4-PBA)were used to treat postmortem chicken breast muscle to investigate changes in tenderness and effects on apoptosis and autophagy during 5 days ageing.TM-induced ER stress reduced shear force,enhanced myofibril fragmentation index(MFI),disrupted myofibril structure,increased desmin degradation,and activatedμ-calpain and caspase-12.In addition,TM-induced ER stress increased the expression of Bax,Bim,and cytochrome c,and decreased the expression of Bcl-x L.Furthermore,TM-induced ER stress improved the conversion of LC3I to LC3II,raised the expression of Beclin-1,and decreased the expression of p62,PI3K,and m TOR.The opposite results were observed after 4-PBA treatment.These results suggested that ER stress could improve chicken tenderness,promote apoptosis and autophagy during chicken postmortem ageing.

A wheat germ-rich diet preserves bone homeostasis by regulating gut microbiota and plasma metabolites in aged rats

Bone loss caused by ageing has become one of the leading health risk factors worldwide.Wheat germ(WG)is consists of high amounts of bioactive peptides,polyunsaturated fatty acids,and dietary fibre.Currently,WG has been proven to possess strong antioxidant and anti-infl ammatory properties.We recently explored the beneficial effects and relevant mechanisms of a WG-rich diet(2.5%and 5%WG,m/m)on bone homeostasis in aged rats.Our results showed that 5%WG supplementation for 12 months effectively attenuated ageing-induced microstructural damage and differentiation activity changes in the femur.The 5%WG supplementation also signifi cantly increased the levels of total antioxidant capacity(T-AOC),glutathione peroxidase(GSH-Px)(P<0.01),and superoxide dismutase(SOD)(P<0.05),and decreased infl ammatory cytokine levels(tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α)and interleukin-6(IL-6))(P<0.01).Furthermore,the WG-rich diet reshaped the composition of the gut microbiota,enhancing short-chain fatty acids(SCFAs)-producing microbes and reducing infl ammation-related microbes.In addition,metabolomics analysis showed that 5%WG supplementation improved plasma metabolites related to bone metabolism.Conclusively,our study purports long-term WG-rich diet may preserve bone homeostasis by regulating gut microbiota and plasma metabolites in aged rats.

Protective mechanism of quercetin compounds against acrylamide-induced hepatotoxicity

Quercetin compounds have antioxidant,anti-inflammatory and anticancer pharmacological functions.Longterm exposure to acrylamide(AA)can cause liver injury and endanger human health.However,whether quercetin compounds can attenuate AA-induced liver injury and the specific mechanism are not clear.Here,we studied the mechanism and structure-activity relationship of quercetin compounds in reducing AA-induced hepatotoxicity in vivo and in vitro.In vivo studies found that quercetin-like compounds protect against AAinduced liver injury by reducing oxidative stress levels,activating the Akt/m TOR signaling pathway to attenuate autophagy,and improving mitochondrial apoptosis and endoplasmic reticulum stress-mediated apoptosis.In vitro studies found that quercetin compounds protected Hep G2 cells from AA by attenuating the activation of AA-induced autophagy,lowering reactive oxygen species(ROS)levels by exerting antioxidant effects and thus attenuating oxidative stress,increasing mitochondrial membrane potential(MMP),and improving apoptosis-related proteins,thus attenuating AA-induced apoptosis.Furthermore,the conformational differences between quercetin compounds correlated with their protective capacity against AA-induced hepatotoxicity,with quercetin showing the best protective capacity due to its strongest antioxidant activity.In conclusion,quercetin compounds can protect against AA-induced liver injury through multiple pathways of oxidative stress,autophagy and apoptosis,and their protective capacity correlates with antioxidant activity.

Comparison of chicoric acid,and its metabolites caffeic acid and caftaric acid:In vitro protection of biological macromolecules and inflammatory responses in BV2 microglial cells

Chicoric acid(CA),a natural phenolic acid,has been used as a nutraceutical food ingredient due to its powerful antioxidant,anti-HIV and anti-diabetic bioactivities.CA could be partly metabolized into caffeic acid(CFA)and caftaric acid(CTA)on cytochrome P450s in rat liver microsomes.To compare the protective effects of CA and its metabolites on biomolecules and inflammatory responses,oxidative damage induced by free radicals in vitro and microglial inflammation triggered by lipopolysaccharide in BV2 cells were constructed.Results showed that CA,CTA and CFA all significantly inhibited protein degradation and carbonylation induced by hydroxyl radicals and alcoxyl radicals,and suppressed hemin/nitrite/H2O2 triggered-nitration.Moreover,CA,CTA and CFA all exerted remarkable inhibition capacities on linoleic acid and soybean lecithin liposomes peroxidation in a dose-dependent manner,and restrained the oxidation of herring sperm DNA,as well as the breakage of pBR322 plasmid DNA.Furthermore,CA and its metabolites suppressed lipopolysaccharide-induced decline of BV2 cell viability and the production of NO and ROS.However,bioactivities of CA were significantly stronger than those of its metabolites within a certain concentration range.This study provides scientific basis for the application of CA and its metabolites as nutrition and natural antioxidants.

大模型关键技术与未来发展方向——从ChatGPT谈起

大规模预训练模型,也被称为“基座模型”或“大模型”,目前被认为是通用人工智能技术的核心引擎,已经成为了全球科技竞争焦点。本文归纳总结了以聊天生成预训练转换器(Chat Generative Pre-trained Transformer, ChatGPT)为代表的生成式大模型技术研究现状和发展趋势,从大模型基座、大模型人类偏好对齐、大模型推理与评价、多模态大模型、大模型安全可控五个方面讨论了当前大模型研究的现状和挑战,并结合我国人工智能研究特点,简要分析了大模型未来的重点发展方向。

Ni2P Nanosheets:A High Catalytic Activity Platform for Electrochemical Detection of Acetaminophen

Main observation and conclusion Accurate determination of acetaminophen concentration is essential for studying the metabolic status of acetaminophen in clinical practice.In this study,nickel phosphide was used for electrochemical detection of acetaminophen for the first time.