Valuable metals recovery from spent ternary lithium-ion battery:A review

Ternary lithium-ion batteries(LIBs),widely used in new energy vehicles and electronic products,are known for their high en-ergy density,wide operating temperature range,and excellent cycling performance.With the rapid development of the battery industry,the recycling of spent ternary LIBs has become a hot topic because of their economic value and environmental concerns.To date,a con-siderable amount of literature has reported on the recycling of spent ternary LIBs designed to provide an efficient,economical,and envir-onmentally friendly method for battery recycling.This article examines the latest developments in various technologies for recycling spent ternary LIBs in both research and practical production,including pretreatment,pyrometallurgy,hydrometallurgy,pyro-hydrometallurgy,and direct regeneration.Suggestions for addressing challenges based on the benefits and disadvantages of each method are made.Finally,through a comparison of the feasibility and economic benefits of various technologies,the challenges faced during battery recycling are summarized,and future development directions are proposed.

Research on the Types of Cigarette Products Preferred by Consumers

Cigarette design and improvement according to consumer needs is an important basis for market-oriented management.The preferences of cigarette consumption such as cigarette product types,packaging styles,packaging colors and packaging materials were investigated and the real needs of cigarette consumers were figured out,in order to provide specific work guidance for the development of new cigarette products.

小农经济现代化的社会主义道路

学界从均等分配角度揭示了家庭承包经营制后农业发展的'社会主义'性质及其制度合理性,本文尝试从农业生产角度揭示1980年以来中国社会主义道路实践,探究小农经济现代化问题。家庭承包经营制改革后的小农经济采取双层经营体制,集体经济以集体统一经营的方式存在。在不同生产力阶段,集体经济分别以资金整合、地权整合和土地集中的方式,促进小农经济现代化。从集体经济扩大农业经营单位,克服小农经济局限性的角度,中国在资本主义式私人大农场农业、社会主义式集体大农场农业、资本主义式小农家庭农业之外,探索出具有中国特色的第四种农业现代化道路,即社会主义式小农家庭农业。

A highly linear stretchable MXene-based biocompatible hydrogel-elastomer hybrid with tissue-level softness

Maintaining low modulus while endowing the wide-range linear stretchability to wearable or implantable devices is crucial for these devices to reduce the mechanical mismatch between the devices and human skin/tissue interfaces.However,improving linear stretchability often results in an increased modulus of stretchable electronic materials,which hinders their conformability in long-term quantifiable monitoring of organs.Herein,we develop a hybrid structure involving interlocking low-modulus porous elastomers(Ecoflex-0030)and MXene-based hydrogels with crosslinking networks of polyvinyl alcohol,sodium alginate,and MXene.This hydrogel–elastomer structure exhibits superior performance compared with previous reports,with a wide linear stretchability strain range from 0 to 1000%and maintaining a low modulus of 6.4 kPa.Moreover,the hydrogel–elastomer hybrids can be utilized as highly sensitive strain sensors with remarkable characteristics,including high sensitivity(gauge factor~3.52),a linear correlation between the resistance and strain(0–200%),rapid response(0.18 s)and recovery times(0.21 s),and excellent electrical reproducibility(1000 loading–unloading cycles).Those electrical and mechanical properties allow the sensor to act as a suitable quantifiable equipment in organ monitoring,human activities detecting,and human–machine interactions.

Numerical investigation of the moving liquid column coalescing with a droplet in triangular microchannels using CLSVOF method

The dynamic behavior of the moving liquid column coalescing with a sessile droplet in triangular microchannels is numerically investigated by using coupled volume of fluid with level set interface tracking method implemented in ANSYS Fluent 14.5 in conjunction with the continuum surface force model. It is found that for both hydrophobic and hydrophilic microchannels, the coalescence between the moving liquid column and droplet can accelerate the original liquid column movement as a result of the induced curvature that lowers the liquid pressure at the interface. As compared to the rectangular microchannel with the same hydraulic diameter, the triangular microchannel exhibits smaller velocity increment ratio because of stronger viscous effect. Simulation results also reveal that the velocity increment ratio increases with the contact angle in hydrophobic microchannels, but it is reverse in the hydrophilic microchannels. The effects of the droplet size, lengthways and transverse positions are also investigated in this work. It is shown that larger droplet and smaller distance between the droplet and inlet or the substrate center can result in larger velocity increment ratio as a result of higher surface energy and lower viscous dissipation energy, respectively. The results obtained in this study create a solid theoretical foundation for designingand optimizing microfluidic devices encountering such a typical phenomenon.

Photocatalytic synergistic biofilms enhance tetracycline degradation and conversion

Tetracyclines are refractory pollutants that cause persistent harm to the environment and human health.Therefore,it is urgently necessary to develop methods to promote the efficient degradation and conversion of tetracyclines in wastewater.This report proposes a photobiocatalytic synergistic system involving the coupling of GeO_(2)/Zn-doped phosphotungstic acid hydrate/TiO_(2)(GeO_(2)/Zn-HPW/TiO_(2))-loaded photocatalytic optical hollow fibers(POHFs)and an algalebacterial biofilm.The GeO_(2)/Zn-HPW/TiO_(2) photocatalyst exhibits a broad absorption edge extending to 1000 nm,as well as high-efficiency photoelectric conversion and electron transfer,which allow the GeO_(2)/Zn-HPW/TiO_(2)-coated POHFs to provide high light intensity to promote biofilm growth.The resulting high photocatalytic activity rapidly and stably reduces the toxicity and increases the biodegradability of tetracycline-containing wastewater.The biofilm enriched with Salinarimonas,Coelastrella sp.,and Rhizobium,maintains its activity for the rapid photocatalytic degradation and biotransformation of intermediates to generate the O_(2) required for photocatalysis.Overall,the synergistic photocatalytic biofilm system developed herein provides an effective and efficient approach for the rapid degradation and conversion of water containing high concentrations of tetracycline.

A micro photocatalytic fuel cell with an air-breathing, membraneless and monolithic design

In this study, a membraneless, monolithic micro photocatalytic fuel cell with an air-breathing cathode was developed for simultaneous wastewater treatment and electricity generation. In this newly-developed micro photocatalytic fuel cell, the photoanode and cathode were arranged with a shoulder-to-shoulder design, forming two planar electrodes. Such design offers several advantages of enhanced mass transfer, uniform light distribution, short light transfer path, membrane elimination and easy fabrication, integration, and compatibility with other microdevices. The performance of this type fuel cell was evaluated by using methanol as a model pollutant under the alkaline condition. Experimental results indicated the developed micro photocatalytic fuel cell was able to show good photo-response to the illumination and satisfactory performance as well as durability. Parametric study on the cell performance was also performed. It was found that increasing the light intensity, methanol concentration andKOH concentration could improve the cell performance. But for the effect of the liquid flow rate, it was shown that the cell performance firstly increased with increasing the liquid flow rate and then decreased with further increasing the liquid flow rate. This study not only opens a new avenue for the design of the micro photocatalytic fuel cell but also is helpful for the optimization of the operating conditions.