Research and Application of Caideng Model Rendering Technology for Virtual Reality

With the development of virtual reality (VR) technology, more and more industries are beginning to integrate with VR technology. In response to the problem of not being able to directly render the lighting effect of Caideng in digital Caideng scenes, this article analyzes the lighting model. It combines it with the lighting effect of Caideng scenes to design an optimized lighting model algorithm that fuses the bidirectional transmission distribution function (BTDF) model. This algorithm can efficiently render the lighting effect of Caideng models in a virtual environment. And using image optimization processing methods, the immersive experience effect on the VR is enhanced. Finally, a Caideng roaming interactive system was designed based on this method. The results show that the frame rate of the system is stable during operation, maintained above 60 fps, and has a good immersive experience.

O_(2)在金团簇阳离子上的吸附:键合强度和活化程度的分析

本文结合团簇反应动力学实验和量子化学计算,研究了O_(2)在金团簇阳离子上的吸附与活化.实验发现,在温和条件下,Au_(10)^(+)能快速吸附单个O_(2)分子形成Au_(10)O_(2)^(+);Au_(2)^(+)和Au_(4)^(+)的反应性则较低,但相应的氩络合物Au_(2)ArO_(2)^(+)和Au_(4)Ar_(1,2)O_(2)^(+)很容易形成;除此之外,其他尺寸的团簇都表现出反应惰性.理论计算表明,O_(2)倾向于以端接的方式吸附在具有线型或平面型结构的Au_(n)^(+)(n=2~7)簇和Au_(8)^(+)的平面异构体上,并表现出极低的活化程度吸附在具有三维结构的Au_(n)^(+)(n=9,11,13)簇上的O_(2)也呈现出类似的特征。与此形成鲜明对比的是,在Au_(8)^(+)的三维异构体和n=10,12,14的偶数大尺寸Au_(n)^(+)上,O_(2)倾向于以侧向桥接的方式吸附并被高度活化.理论预测的O_(2)在团簇上的键合强度结合动力学因素影响,合理地解释了实验中观察到的反应产物Au_(2,4,10)O_(2)^(+),Au_(2)ArO_(2)^(+)和Au_(4)ArO_(2)^(+).

Vesicular transport-related genes in Diaphorina citri are involved in the process of Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus infection

Asian citrus psyllid(ACP,Diaphorina citri)is the major vector of Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus(CLas),which is a bacterial pathogen causing the devastating citrus Huanglongbing(HLB)disease.Diaphorina citri is known to carry CLas in a persistent and propagative manner.Some studies have suggested that CLas may use the vesicular structures of D.citri cells as its propagation organelles.However,the mechanisms by which CLas enters the D.citri cells and how vesicle-mediated trafficking is involved remain unclear.In this study,we monitored the titer change of CLas in D.citri nymphs during the process of CLas acquisition from feeding on infected citrus plants.We found that the titer of CLas increased with the acquisition access period.After infection,there was a significant upregulation in the expression of several vesicular transport-related genes in D.citri.The titer of CLas was significantly reduced in the midgut and whole insect body when endocytosis and the endosome network in D.citri were inhibited.Furthermore,silencing the D.citri clathrin-heavy chain gene also led to a reduction in the CLas titer in D.citri.These results suggest that CLas infection upregulates the genes related to vesicular transport in D.citri,which facilitates the invasion of endocytosis-dependent pathogens.

Cationic ordering transition in oxygen-redox layered oxide cathodes

Understanding the structural origin of the competition between oxygen 2p and transition-metal 3d orbitals in oxygen-redox(OR)layered oxides is eminently desirable for exploring reversible and high-energy-density Li/Na-ion cathodes.Here,we reveal the correlation between cationic ordering transition and OR degradation in ribbon-ordered P3-Na_(0.6)Li_(0.2)Mn_(0.8)O_(2) via in situ structural analysis.Comparing two different voltage windows,the OR capacity can be improved approximately twofold when suppressing the in-plane cationic ordering transition.We find that the intralayer cationic migration is promoted by electrochemical reduction from Mn^(4+)to Jahn–Teller Mn^(3+)and the concomitant NaO_(6) stacking transformation from triangular prisms to octahedra,resulting in the loss of ribbon ordering and electrochemical decay.First-principles calculations reveal that Mn^(4+)/Mn^(3+)charge ordering and alignment of the degenerate eg orbital induce lattice-level collective Jahn–Teller distortion,which favors intralayer Mn-ion migration and thereby accelerates OR degradation.These findings unravel the relationship between in-plane cationic ordering and OR reversibility and highlight the importance of superstructure protection for the rational design of reversible OR-active layered oxide cathodes.

Development and evaluation of a RT-RAA-combined CRISPR/Cas12a assay for the detection of African horse sickness virus

African horse sickness(AHS)is an acute and fatal vectorborne infectious disease of equids,caused by the African horse sickness virus(AHSV).The World Organization for Animal Health(WOAH)has classified AHS as a notifiable animal disease,and AHS has also been classified as a Class I animal infectious disease in China.AHS is mainly found in Africa,the Middle East and the Arabian Peninsula.China is currently recognized by the WOAH as an AHS-free zone.

In-Situ Atomic-Scale Observation of Brownmillerite to Ruddlesden-Popper Phase Transition Tuned by Epitaxial Strain in Cobaltites

Phase transitions involving oxygen ion extraction within the framework of the crystallographic relevance have been widely exploited for sake of superconductivity,ferromagnetism,and ion conductivity in perovskiterelated oxides.However,atomic-scale pathways of phase transitions and ion extraction threshold are inadequately understood.Here we investigate the atomic structure evolution of LaCoO_(3) films upon oxygen extraction and subsequent Co migration,focusing on the key role of epitaxial strain.The brownmillerite to Ruddlesden-Popper phase transitions are discovered to stabilize at distinct crystal orientations in compressive-and tensile-strained cobaltites,which could be attributed to in-plane and out-of-plane Ruddlesden-Popper stacking faults,respectively.A two-stage process from exterior to interior phase transition is evidenced in compressive-strained LaCoO_(2.5),while a single-step nucleation process leaving bottom layer unchanged in tensile-strained situation.Strain analyses reveal that the former process is initiated by an expansion in Co layer at boundary,whereas the latter one is associated with an edge dislocation combined with antiphase boundary.These findings provide a chemomechanical perspective on the structure regulation of perovskite oxides and enrich insights into strain-dependent phase diagram in epitaxial oxides films.

Kinetic Limits of Graphite Anode for Fast‑Charging Lithium‑Ion Batteries

Fast-charging lithium-ion batteries are highly required,especially in reducing the mileage anxiety of the widespread electric vehicles.One of the biggest bottlenecks lies in the sluggish kinetics of the Li^(+)intercalation into the graphite anode;slow intercalation will lead to lithium metal plating,severe side reactions,and safety concerns.The premise to solve these problems is to fully understand the reaction pathways and rate-determining steps of graphite during fast Li^(+)intercalation.Herein,we compare the Li^(+)diffusion through the graphite particle,interface,and electrode,uncover the structure of the lithiated graphite at high current densities,and correlate them with the reaction kinetics and electrochemical performances.It is found that the rate-determining steps are highly dependent on the particle size,interphase property,and electrode configuration.Insufficient Li^(+)diffusion leads to high polarization,incomplete intercalation,and the coexistence of several staging structures.Interfacial Li^(+)diffusion and electrode transportation are the main rate-determining steps if the particle size is less than 10μm.The former is highly dependent on the electrolyte chemistry and can be enhanced by constructing a fluorinated interphase.Our findings enrich the understanding of the graphite structural evolution during rapid Li^(+)intercalation,decipher the bottleneck for the sluggish reaction kinetics,and provide strategic guidelines to boost the fast-charging performance of graphite anode.

Localized-domains staging structure and evolution in lithiated graphite

Intercalation provides to the host materials a means for controlled variation of many physical/chemical properties and dominates the reactions in metal‐ion batteries.Of particular interest is the graphite intercalation compounds with intriguing staging structures,which however are still unclear,especially in their nanostructure and dynamic transition mechanism.Herein,the nature of the staging structure and evolution of the lithium(Li)‐intercalated graphite was revealed by cryogenic‐transmission electron microscopy and other methods at the nanoscale.The intercalated Li‐ions distribute unevenly,generating local stress and dislocations in the graphitic structure.Each staging compound is found macroscopically ordered but microscopically inhomogeneous,exhibiting a localized‐domains structural model.Our findings uncover the correlation between the long‐range ordered structure and short‐range domains,refresh the insights on the staging structure and transition of Li‐intercalated/deintercalated graphite,and provide effective ways to enhance the reaction kinetic in rechargeable batteries by defect engineering.

Gas hydrate accumulation associated with fluid escape structure in the western margin of South China Sea

Gas hydrates have been found in the western continental margin of South China Sea,which are revealed by widespread bottom simulating reflectors(BSRs)imaged from a three-dimensional(3D)seismic volume near the Guangle carbonate platform in the western South China Sea.Fluid-escape structures(faults and gas chimneys)are originated below BSR were distinguished.A comprehensive model in three-level structure was proposed to depict the gas hydrate accumulation in the study area.In Level 1,regional major faults and gas chimneys provide the first pathways of upward migration of gas near basement.In Level 2,pervasive polygonal faults in carbonate layer promote the migration of gas.In Level 3,gases sourced from near-basement accumulate within shallow sediment layers and form gas hydrate above the unit with faults once appropriate temperature and pressure occur.The gas hydrates in the study area are mainly in microbial origin,and their accumulation occurs only when fluid-escape structures align in all the three levels.The proposed model of the gas hydrate accumulation in western SCS margin provides new insights for further studies in this poorly studied area.

Doping of group IVB elements for nickel-rich cobalt-free cathodes

Hetero-element doping is a promising strategy to improve the cycling stability of nickel-rich cobalt-free cathodes for the next-generation high energy-density Li ion batteries.To make doping effective,it is important to understand the mechanism of how the dopants regulate the electronic band,lattice parameter adjusting,or hetero-phase formation to achieve high stability.In this study,we investigate LiNi_(0.9)Mn_(0.1)O_(2)cathodes doped with IVB grouping elements via multiple characterization techniques.By utilizing in situ XRD and TEM methods,we found that the stronger Ti-O bond effectively improves the cathode stability via a dual protection mechanism.Specifically,the bulk lattice of cathode is wellpreserved during cycling as a result of the suppressed H_(2)-H_(3)phase transition,while a in situ formed Ti-rich surface layer can prevent continuous surface degradation.As a result,the 5%Ti doped LiNi_(0.9)Mn_(0.1)O_(2)cathode exhibits a high capacity retention of 96%after 100 cycles.Whereas,despite IVB group elements Zr and Hf have stronger bonding energy with oxygen,their larger ionic radii actually impede their diffusion into the cathode,thereby they can not improve the cycling stability.Our findings uncover the functional origin of doped elements with their dynamic modification on cathode structure,providing mechanistic insights into the design of nickel-rich cobalt-free cathodes.

Record of hydrothermal activity in the Yuhuang hydrothermal field and its implications for the Southwest Indian Ridge:evidence from sulfide chronology

The Yuhuang hydrothermal field(YHF)is located between the Indomed and Gallieni fracture zones near the top of the off-axis slope on the south rift wall of Segment 29 on the ultraslow Southwest Indian Ridge(SWIR).Previous studies have shown that sulfides in the YHF formed during different mineralization episodes and the YHF has the greatest potential for the formation of large-scale seafloor massive sulfide deposits.However,the sulfide chronology and hydrothermal activity of the YHF remain poorly constrained.In this study,mineralogical analyses and 230Th/U dating were performed.Hydrothermal activity may start about(35.9±2.3)ka from the southwest part of the YHF and may cease about(708±81)a ago from the northeast part of the YHF.The 74 nonzero chronological data from hydrothermal sulfide samples provide the first quantitative characterization of the spatial and temporal history along the SWIR.Hydrothermal activity in the SWIR has been relatively active over the past20 ka.In contrast,between 40 ka and 100 ka,hydrothermal activity was relatively infrequently and short in duration.The maximum activity occurred at 15–11 ka,9–7 ka,6–0.2 ka.There was a slight positive correlation between the maximal age and estimated surface area or estimated tonnage.The minimum mass accumulation rate of YHF is about 278 t/a,which is higher than most HFs related to ultramafic systems.The ultraslow spreading SWIR has the greatest potential to form large-scale seafloor massive sulfides(SMS)deposits.The results of this study provide new insights into the metallogenic mechanism of hydrothermal sulfides along ultraslow-spreading ridges.

A nanocomposite competent to overcome cascade drug resistance in ovarian cancer via mitochondria dysfunction and NO gas synergistic therapy

Ovarian cancer(OC)is one of the most common and recurring malignancies in gynecology.Patients with relapsed OC always develop"cascade drug resistance"(CDR)under repeated chemotherapy,leading to subsequent failure of chemotherapy.To overcome this challenge,amphiphiles(P1)carrying a nitric oxide(NO)donor(Isosorbide 5-mononitrate,ISMN)and high-density disulfide are synthesized for encapsulatingmitochondria-targeted tetravalent platinum prodrug(TPt)to construct a nanocomposite(INP@TPt).Mechanism studies indicated that INP@TPt significantly inhibited drug-resistant cells by increasing cellular uptake and mitochondrial accumulation of platinum,depleting glutathione,and preventing apoptosis escape through generating highly toxic peroxynitrite anion(ONOO−).To better replicate the microenvironmental and histological characteristics of the drug resistant primary tumor,an OC patient-derived tumor xenograft(PDXOC)model in BALB/c nude mice was established.INP@TPt showed the best therapeutic effects in the PDXOC model.The corresponding tumor tissues contained high ONOO−levels,which were attributed to the simultaneous release of O_(2)^(·−)and NO in tumor tissues.Taken together,INP@TPtbased systematic strategy showed considerable potential and satisfactory biocompatibility in overcoming platinum CDR,providing practical applications for ovarian therapy.

Prognostic-related genes for pancreatic cancer typing and immunotherapy response prediction based on single-cell sequencing data and bulk sequencing data

Pancreatic cancer is associated with high mortality and is one of the most aggressive of malignancies,but studies have not fully evaluated its molecular subtypes,prognosis and response to immunotherapy of different subtypes.The purpose of this study was to explore the molecular subtypes and the key genes associated with the prognosis of pancreas cancer patients and study the clinical phenotype,prognosis and response to immunotherapy using single-cell seq data and bulk RNA seq data,and data retrieved from GEO and TCGA databases.Methods:Single-cell seq data and bioinformatics methods were used in this study.Pancreatic cancer data were retrieved from GEO and TCGA databases,the molecular subtypes of pancreatic cancer were determined using the six cGAS-STING related pathways,and the clinical phenotype,mutation,immunological characteristics and pathways related to pancreatic cancer were evaluated.Results:Pancreatic cancer was classified into 3 molecular subtypes,and survival analysis revealed that patients in Cluster3(C3)had the worst prognosis,whereas Cluster1(C1)had the best prognosis.The clinical phenotype and gene mutation were statistically different among the three molecular subtypes.Analysis of immunotherapy response revealed that most immune checkpoint genes were differentially expressed in the three subtypes.A lower risk of immune escape was observed in Cluster1(C1),indicating higher sensitivity to immunotherapeutic drugs and subjects in this Cluster are more likely to benefit from immunotherapy.The pathways related to pancreatic cancer were differentially enriched among the three subtypes.Five genes,namely SFRP1,GIPR,EMP1,COL17A and CXCL11 were selected to construct a prognostic signature.Conclusions:Single-cell seq data were to classify pancreatic cancer into three molecular subtypes based on differences in clinical phenotype,mutation,immune characteristics and differentially enriched pathways.Five prognosis-related genes were identified for prediction of survival of pancreatic cancer patients and to evaluate the efficacy of immunotherapy in various subtypes.

丹参素对大鼠肝脏缺血再灌注损伤保护作用的机制研究

目的探讨丹参素对大鼠肝脏缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用及作用机制。方法采用成年SD大鼠30只,体重约300g,随机分成假手术(Sham)组、缺血再灌注(I/R)组、丹参素预处理(Sal+I/R)组。I/R组解剖出肝脏中叶、左叶的门静脉、肝动脉以及胆管,夹闭1h,再灌注6h制作肝缺血再灌注损伤模型。Sal+I/R组于缺血前60min尾静脉注射丹参素40mg/kg; Sham组和I/R组注射等剂量生理盐水,再灌注6h后,HE染色,观察肝脏病理学改变;下腔静脉取血,检测ALT及AST水平;Western blot检测肝组织Nrf2、HO-1、p22phox、TGF-β1、p38 MAPK、ICAM-1蛋白表达变化。结果显示丹参素预处理能够有效改善缺血再灌注大鼠肝脏组织形态结构,降低血清中ALT和AST水平;上调肝组织中Nrf2、HO-1、TGF-β1蛋白表达水平,抑制p22phox、p38MAPK、ICAM-1蛋白表达。结论丹参素对大鼠肝脏缺血再灌注损伤具有保护作用,其保护机制可能与其抑制氧化应激作用和抗炎症反应有关。

Total mesopancreas excision for pancreatic head cancer: analysis of 120 cases

Objective： To evaluate the feasibility and safety of total mesopancreas excision （TMpE） in the treatment of pancreatic head cancer. Methods： The clinical and pathological data of 120 patients with pancreatic head cancer who had undergone TMpE in our center from May 2010 to January 2014 were retrospectively analyzed. Results： The mean operative time was （275.0±50.2） min and the average intra-operative blood loss was （390.0±160.5） mL. Post-operative complications were reported in 45 patients, while no peri-operative death was noted. The specimen margins were measured in three dimensions, and 86 patients （71.6%） achieved R0 resection. Conclusions： TMpE is safe and feasible for pancreatic head cancer and is particularly helpful to increase the R0 resection rate.

Retrieval-balloon-assisted enterography in post-pancreaticoduodenectomy endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography

This case reports an application of conventional duodenoscope in a post pancreaticoduodenectomy patient with the help of retrieval balloon assisted enterography.The 56-year-old woman had pancreaticoduodenectomy with Child reconstruction 9 mo ago because of pancreatic adenocarcinoma and now there are recurrent enlarged lymph nodes in the anastomotic stoma of hepaticojejunostomy.Considering the patient's late-stage cancer,a plastic stent was then successfully placed there to drainage.The main challenge in this case was the extremely long afferent loop and blind cannulation through the anastomotic stoma of hepaticojejunostomy.Retrieval balloon assisted enterography is very helpful for duodenoscope going through the reconstructed intestinal tract and for the cannulation.After two weeks,the patient remained free of painful symptoms and free of fever.Liver function improved well.Four months after the placement of stent,the patient died of cachexia without jaundice,fever and abdominal pain according to her daughter's statement.

Ultrastructure of focal cerebral cortex tissue from rats with focal cortical dysplasia

BACKGROUND： Developing a model of focal cortical dysplasia in microgyrus and observing the ultrastructure of focal tissue is of important significance for analyzing the pathology of cortical developmental disorder and the factors of structural changes. OBJECTIVE： This study was to observe the pathological characteristics of focal tissue around the microgyrus of rats with cortical developmental disorder using an electron microscope, so as to analyze the causes associated with cerebral cortical developmental disorder. DESIGN： A randomized controlled animal experiment. SETTING： The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University. MATERIALS： This study was carried out in the Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurology, Room for Electron Microscope of Chongqing Medical University, and Laboratory Animal Center, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University of Chinese PLA between January 2004 and August 2006. Eighteen healthy newborn male Wistar rats, weighing 3.0 - 6.0 g, provided by the Laboratory Animal Center, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University of Chinese PLA, were involved in this study. The protocol was carried out in accordance with animal ethics guidelines for the use and care of animals. Probes （Chongqing Wire ＆ Cable Factory, China） were made of copper core wire with diameter of 1mm. METHODS： The rats were randomly divided into 3 groups with 6 in each： normal control group, liquid nitrogen injured group and sham-operation group. （1）In the liquid nitrogen injured group, a blunt probe frozen by liquid nitrogen was placed on fronto-parietal crinial bone of rats for 8 s. A 3 - 5 cm of microgyrus was induced in the unilateral cerebral sensory cortical area. In the sham-operation group, probe was placed at the room temperature. In the normal control group, rats were untouched. （2） The conscious state and electrical activity of brain of rats in each group were observed. （3） 2 - 3 mm thickness of hippocampal tissue with coronary section was taken for observing its ultrastructure under a transmission electron microscope. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES： （1） The ultrastructure of hippocampal tissue. （2）The conscious state and electrical activity of brain of rats. RESULTS： Eighteen rats were enrolled in the final analysis. （1） Observation of hippocampal ultrastructure： Electromicroscopic pathological findings showed that for each rat of the liquid nitrogen injured group, mitochondrium in the pyramidal neuron around the microgyrus was swelled, endoplasmic reticulum was expanded, glial cells were swelled, water gathered around the blood capillary, partial medullary sheath was degenerated, neuropilem was normal and no obviously abnormal synapse was found. （2） Changes in conscious state of rats： Rats in the normal control group and sham-operation group had no convulsive seizure, but those in the liquid nitrogen injured group had occasionally. Most of them showed increased activities, excitation and restlessness, scratching and frequent ＂ watching face-like activities＂. （3）Electrical activity of brain of rats： Electroencephalogram recording of liquid nitrogen injured group showed that small wave amplitude of rhythm took the main part. No typical sharp wave, V wave, sharp and slow wave, V and slow waves were discharged. CONCLUSION： Liquid nitrogen can lead to cerebral cortical developmental disorder. Pathological changes of ultrastructure of focal tissue around the microgyrus can provide pathological basis for epilepsy associated with focal cortical developmental disorder.

Formation of the Huajiang Grand Canyon (southwestern China) driven by the evolution of a Late Pleistocene tiankeng

Collapse is a common geomorphic process in karst areas,especially on the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau,which has a tectonic background of integral uplift.The frequent occurrence of collapse processes in karst underground caves and canyons indicates that collapses play an important role in the formation of canyons.Through an analysis of the morphology of a semicircular cliff in the Huajiang Grand Canyon and an investigation of sediments at the bottom of the cliff,a large-scale collapse event was found to have occurred.U-series dating of secondary calcium carbonate cement in the collapse breccias indicates that collapse processes occurred approximately 200 ka.According to the geomorphological evolution of the Huajiang Grand Canyon,the following geomorphic evolutionary process is proposed:underground river-cave hall-collapse of a tiankeng-tiankeng degradation-canyon formation.These findings also show that the dating of collapsed breccia cement can be effectively used to determine the development times of karst canyons and the formation ages of tiankengs.

Origin of the low formation energy of oxygen vacancies in CeO_(2)

Oxygen vacancies play a crucial role in determining the catalytic properties of Ce-based catalysts,especially in oxidation reactions.The design of catalytic activity requires keen insight into oxygen vacancy formation mechanisms.In this work,we investigate the origin of oxygen vacancies in CeO_(2)from the perspective of electron density via high-energy synchrotron powder x-ray diffraction.Multipole refinement results indicate that there is no obvious hybridization between bonded Ce and O atoms in CeO_(2).Subsequent quantitative topological analysis of the experimental total electron density reveals the closed-shell interaction behavior of the Ce-O bond.The results of first-principles calculation indicate that the oxygen vacancy formation energy of CeO_(2)is the lowest among three commonly used redox catalysts.These findings indicate the relatively weak bond strength of the Ce-O bond,which induces a low oxygen vacancy formation energy for CeO_(2)and thus promotes CeO_(2)as a superior catalyst for oxidation reactions.This work provides a new direction for design of functional metal oxides with high oxygen vacancy concentrations.

Electron density distribution of LiMn_(2)O_(4)cathode investigated by synchrotron powder x-ray diffraction

Electron density plays an important role in determining the properties of functional materials.Revealing the electron density distribution experimentally in real space can help to tune the properties of materials.Spinel Li Mn2 O4 is one of the most promising cathode candidates because of its high voltage,low cost,and non-toxicity,but suffers severe capacity fading during electrochemical cycling due to the Mn dissolution.Real-space measurement of electron distribution of Li Mn2 O4 experimentally can provide direct evaluation on the strength of Mn–O bond and give an explanation of the structure stability.Here,through high energy synchrotron powder x-ray diffraction(SPXRD),accurate electron density distribution in spinel Li Mn2 O4 has been investigated based on the multipole model.The electron accumulation between Mn and O atoms in deformation density map indicates the shared interaction of Mn–O bond.The quantitative topological analysis at bond critical points shows that the Mn–O bond is relatively weak covalent interaction due to the oxygen loss.These findings suggest that oxygen stoichiometry is the key factor for preventing the Mn dissolution and capacity fading.