D-Psicose intake exacerbates dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis in mice through alteration in the gut microbiota and dysfunction of mucosal barrier

D-Psicose,as a low-calorie rare sugar,has attracted a lot of attention in recent years for alternating to sucrose.The anti-obesity effect of D-psicose has been extensively confirmed in previous studies,however,the impact of D-psicose on colitis remains vague.Here,we firstly evaluated the effect of the D-psicose prophylactic intervention on dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis in C57BL/6 mice.The pathological symptoms,inflammatory cytokines levels,gut microbiota composition,short chain fatty acids(SCFAs)production and colonic barrier integrity were comprehensively evaluated.The results confirmed that D-psicose intervention aggravated colitis,characterized by the exacerbation of colon shortening,increase of colonic inflammatory infiltration,and marked exaltation of disease activity indices and IL-6,IL-1βand TNF-αlevels.Further,the dysfunction of gut microbiota was identified in the psicose group.The abundance of pro-inflammatory bacteria Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136_group was significantly up-regulated while the abundance of probiotics Akkermansia and Lactobacillus were significantly down-regulated in the psicose group compared to the model group.Moreover,the production of SCFAs was suppressed in the psicose group,accompanied by a decrease in the level of mucin 2(Muc-2).Collectively,the underlying mechanism of the exacerbation of colitis by D-psicose intervention might be attributed to microbiota dysfunction accompanied by the reduction of SCFAs,which leads to the damage of the mucosal barrier and the intensifi cation of inflammatory invasion.

Effects of Different Grinding Methods on the Quality of Soybean Bean Milk

[Objectives] This study was conducted to improve the nutritional value of soybean milk, enrich the variety and taste of soybean milk, and find healthy food that is more conducive to people s nutritional needs. [Methods] Whole soybean milk was prepared by grinding with a grinding wheel at a low concentration (low-concentration grinding) and a stainless steel mill at a high concentration (high-concentration grinding). The sensory, physical and chemical characteristics and anti-nutritional factors of whole soybean milk produced by different grinding methods were studied. [Results] Compared with low-concentration grinding, the protein content in soybean milk prepared by high-concentration grinding increased by 24%, and the dietary fiber content increased by 74.7%. Before and after high-pressure homogenization, the particle size D(4, 3) of soybean milk prepared by low-concentration grinding was 212.1 and 93.59 μm, respectively, and the particle size D(4, 3) of soybean milk prepared by high-concentration grinding was 134.0 and 64.64 μm, respectively. The trypsin inhibitor activity and phytic acid content of soybean milk prepared by high-concentration grinding were significantly lower than those of soybean milk prepared by low-concentration grinding. [Conclusions] This study improves the diet structure of the broad masses of people, strengthens people s physique, and provides a new idea for the implementation and development of China s "Soybean Action Programme".

Polysaccharide extract from Rosa laevigata fruit attenuates inflammatory obesity by targeting redox balance and gut interface in high-fat diet-fed rats

Low-molecular-weight polysaccharides(RLPs)extracted from Rosa laevigata fruits showed multiple biofunctions in Asia.This study aimed to investigate its anti-inflammatory obesity effect in high-fat dietfed rats and further elucidated the underlying molecular mechanism by multi-omics methods.The results showed that RLPs administration had significantly restored immune organ indexes and reduced body weight gain.RNA-seq revealed that the effect of RLPs was partially attributed to its regulation on PPARs signaling by increasing the expressions of Scd,Acox3 and Hmgcs2,and on other redox-related pathways by decreasing the expressions of Cyp2 e1,Il1-r1 and Lbp.Moreover,16 S rRNA sequencing coupled with metagenome sequencing showed that RLPs had significantly reduced the ratio of Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes from 8.01 to2.37,and significantly increased the relative abundances of Alistipes,Prevotella,and Akkermansia from 0.36%,1.10%and 2.61%to 0.65%,2.37%and 4.42%,respectively.Spearman correlation analysis result indicated that the abundances of Lachnospiraceae,Prevotella and Bacteroidales were significantly negatively correlated with obesity phenotype,liver function and inflammatory factors.These results revealed that RLPs exerted significant anti-inflammatory obesity property partially via regulation on gut microbiota interface and the redox balance.Therefore,RLPs could be a promising functional food resource with the potential for redox imb alance-related diseases chemoprevention.

Embodied Cognition From the Perspective of Vygotsky’s Socio-cultural Theory

Embodied cognition is an approach to cognition that departs from traditional Descartes’ mind-body dualism for its emphasis on bodily interactions with the environment. The paper firstly describes three distinctive features of embodied cognition. Furthermore, from the perspective of philosophical methodology, the paper outlines Vygotsky’s socio-cultural theory and his contributions to the development of cognitive science. Three basic themes of Vygotsky’s writings are specifically described： genetic forces as a foundation of the study of mind, social origin of higher mental functioning, and mediation of sign systems in inter-mental and intra-mental functioning. Against the background of Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory, we further discuss the interface between embodied cognition and Vygotsky’s socio-cultural theory. It is claimed that bodily states and body-environment interactions are closely connected to sense-making. Embodied cognition should emphasize on the unity of body, mind, and cultural environment. Finally, the paper concludes with the influence of sociocultural theory on the study of embodied cognition.

Study on the Optimization of Extraction Technology of Rose laevigate Michx. Polysaccharides and Its in vitro Antioxidant Activity

[Objectives]This study was conducted to optimize the optimal process conditions for extracting polysaccharides from Rose laevigate Michx.with hot water.[Methods]The extraction rate of R.laevigate was used as an evaluation index,and extraction temperature,material-to-liquid ratio,extraction time and extraction times were selected as influencing factors.On the basis of single factor tests,L 9(34)orthogonal tests were carried out for optimization,and the content of polysaccharides was determined by the phenol-sulfuric acid method.The in vitro antioxidant activity of the extracted R.laevigate polysaccharides was studied.[Results]The effects of various influencing factors on the extraction rate of R.laevigate polysaccharides ranked as material-liquid ratio>extraction temperature>extraction times>extraction time.The optimal extraction process was extraction temperature 80℃,extraction time 2 h,and material-to-liquid ratio 1∶25,extraction times 3 times,under which the extraction rate was(9.55±0.12)%.R.laevigate polysaccharides had certain scavenging capacities of DPPH free radicals and hydroxyl free radicals,and its scavenging capacity of DPPH free radicals was better than that of hydroxyl free radicals.[Conclusions]This study provides a theoretical basis for the optimization of the extraction process of R.laevigate polysaccharides and the in-depth development and application of polysaccharides.

Research Progress on Biological Characteristics and Integrated Management of Digitaria sanguinalis

Digitaria sanguinalis is an annual worst weed in the grass family that occurs in all parts of China.It mainly does harm to dryland crops and direct-sowing rice fields.In agricultural production,chemical herbicides are mainly used to control them,but the problems of environmental pollution and drug resistance caused by chemical herbicides have become more and more severe,which is in urgent need of integrated management.In this paper,the biological characteristics,chemical control,microbial control and allelopathy of D.sanguinalis were reviewed.

Optimization of Ultrasonic-assisted Extraction of Polysaccharide from Hibiscus syriacus L.

The ultrasonic-assisted extraction of polysaccharides from Hibiscus syriacus L. at 180 W low power was optimized by the single factor tests and orthogonal test. Extraction temperature,ultrasonic treatment time,extraction times,and material-to-liquid ratio were considered as independent variables. The results suggested that the best extraction condition were determined as the extraction temperature at 80 ℃,the ultrasonic treatment time of 40 min,the material-to-liquid ratio at1∶ 20（ g/ml）,and the extraction times of 3. Under the optimal conditions,the extraction rate of polysaccharides from Hibiscus syriacus was 3. 114%.

Comparative analysis of the cardiac structure and transcriptome of scallop and snail,perspectives on heart chamber evolution

The evolution of a two-chambered heart,with an atrium and a ventricle,has improved heart function in both deuterostomes(vertebrates)and some protostomes(invertebrates).Although studies have examined the unique structure and function of these two chambers,molecular comparisons are few and limited to vertebrates.Here,we focus on the two-chambered protostome heart of the mollusks,offering data that may provide a better understanding of heart evolution.Specifically,we asked if the atrium and ventricle differ at the molecular level in the mollusk heart.To do so,we examined two very different species,the giant African land snail(Lissachatina fulica)and the relatively small,aquatic yesso scallop(Mizuhopecten yessoensis),with the assumption that if they exhibited commonality these similarities would likely reflect those across the phylum.We found that,although the hearts of these two species differed histologically,their cardiac gene function enrichments were similar,as revealed by transcriptomic analysis.Furthermore,the atrium and ventricle in each species had distinct gene function clusters,suggesting an evolutionary differentiation of cardiac chambers in mollusks.Finally,to explore the relationship between vertebrate and invertebrate two-chambered hearts,we compared our transcriptomic data with published data from the zebrafish,a well-studied vertebrate model with a two-chambered heart.Our analysis indicated a functional similarity of ventricular genes between the mollusks and the zebrafish,suggesting that the ventricle was differentiated to achieve the same functions in invertebrates and vertebrates.As the first such study on protostomes,our findings offered initial insights into how the two-chambered heart arose,including a possible understanding of its occurrence in both protostomes and deuterostomes.

Spatial Distribution of Meteorological Factors During the Key Growth Periods of Apple Cultivation in Longdong Region of Gansu Province

With the ongoing development of the apple industry in the Longdong region of Gansu,this sector has emerged as a key driver for the government s initiatives aimed at increasing stable income for local residents and promoting rural revitalization.The Longdong region boasts a favorable geographical location and a suitable climatic environment,making it an ideal area for apple cultivation.This paper analyzes meteorological data from the national meteorological observatory in Longdong over the past forty years,focusing on average temperature,precipitation,sunshine duration,and relative humidity during three critical growth periods of apples.The research reveals significant differences in the distribution of meteorological conditions across these key growth stages.Notably,the average temperature is higher in the central and northern parts of the region,while lower temperatures are observed in the southwestern areas.The average daily maximum temperature tends to be higher in the northwest and lower in the central and southwestern regions.Conversely,the average daily minimum temperature demonstrates a distinct pattern,being higher in the south and lower in the north.Additionally,precipitation is more abundant in the southeast and less so in the northwest.Sunshine hours are greater in the northern and central regions,while the southwestern and northeastern areas receive fewer hours of sunlight.Finally,relative humidity is higher in the south and lower in the north.

Tailoring the mechanical anisotropy of sintered NdFeB magnets by Pr-Cu grain boundary reconstruction

Pr_(83)Cu_(17)(wt%) grain boundary reconstruction was applied to prepare sintered NdFeB magnets. The effects of addition amount and annealing on the bending strength were investigated. The results show that Pr_(83)Cu_(17) can not only effectively enhance the bending strength, but also change the mechanical anisotropy in two directions parallel and perpendicular to c-axis. The bending strength perpendicular to c-axis reaches 404 MPa in 10 wt% addition magnet, higher than 348 MPa along parallel direction. This change is attributed to the preferred distribution of boundary phases, i.e., ductile(Nd,Pr)-Fe-Cu phase along perpendicular direction to c-axis and(Nd,Pr)-Fe phase along parallel direction. Moreover, the Cu migration during 480 ℃ annealing is found to be related to this boundary phase distribution.

Cold-induced Yes-associated-protein expression through miR-429 mediates the browning of white adipose tissue

Targeting the white-to-brown fat conversion is important for developing potential strategies to counteract metabolic diseases;yet the mechanisms are not fully understood.Yes-associated-protein(YAP),a transcription co-activator,was demonstrated to regulate adipose tissue functions;however,its effects on browning of subcutaneous white adipose tissue(sWAT)are unclear.We demonstrated that YAP was highly expressed in cold-induced beige fat.Mechanistically,YAP was found as a target gene of miR-429,which downregulated YAP expression in vivo and in vitro.In addition,miR-429 level was decreased in cold-induced beige fat.Additionally,pharmacological inhibition of the interaction between YAP and transcriptional enhanced associate domains by verteporfin dampened the browning of sWAT.Although adipose tissue-specific YAP overexpression increased energy expenditure with increased basal uncoupling protein 1 expression,it had no additional effects on the browning of sWAT in young mice.However,we found age-related impairment of sWAT browning along with decreased YAP expression.Under these circumstances,YAP overexpression significantly improved the impaired WAT browning in middle-aged mice.In conclusion,YAP as a regulator of sWAT browning,was upregulated by lowering miR-429 level in cold-induced beige fat.Targeting the miR-429-YAP pathway could be exploited for therapeutic strategies for age-related impairment of sWAT browning.