Transcriptional regulation of MdPIN7 by MdARF19 during gravityinduced formation of adventitious root GSA in self-rooted apple stock

Self-rooted apple stock is widely used for apple production.However,the shallowness of the adventitious roots in self-rooted apple stock leads to poor performance in the barren orchards of China.This is because of the considerable difference in the development of a gravitropic set-point angle(GSA)between self-rooted apple stock and seedling rootstock.Therefore,it is crucial to study the molecular mechanism of adventitious root GSA in self-rooted apple stock for breeding self-rooted and deep-rooted apple rootstock cultivars.An apple auxin response factor MdARF19 functioned to establish the adventitious root GSA of self-rooted apple stock in response to gravity and auxin signals.MdARF19 bound directly to the MdPIN7 promoter,activating its transcriptional expression and thus regulating the formation of the adventitious root GSA in 12-2 self-rooted apple stock.However,MdARF19 influenced the expression of auxin efflux carriers(MdPIN3 and MdPIN10)and the establishment of adventitious root GSA of self-rooted apple stock in response to gravity signals by direct activation of MdFLP.Our findings provide new information on the transcriptional regulation of MdPIN7 by auxin response factor MdARF19 in the regulation of the adventitious root GSA of self-rooted apple stock in response to gravity and auxin signals.

Integrating host biological and ecological variables to predict probability of haemosporidian infection in raptors

Variations in host traits that influence their exposure and susceptibility may impact probability of vector-transmitted diseases.Therefore,identifying the predictors of infection probability is necessary to understand the risk of disease outbreaks during expanding environmental perturbation.Here,we conducted a large survey based on microscopic examination and molecular analysis of haemosporidian parasite infection in raptors rescued at the Beijing Raptor Rescue Centre.Combining these data with biological and ecological variables of the raptors,we determined predictors that affect the probability of haemosporidian infection using generalized linear mixed models and multimodel inference.Our results showed that infection probability exhibited considerable variation across host species in raptors,and body mass,sex,and evolutionary history played relatively weaker roles in driving infection probability.Instead,activity pattern,age,geographic range size,migration distance,and nest type were important predictors of the probability of haemosporidian infection,and the role of each predictor differed in the three main haemosporidian genera(Plasmodium,Haemoproteus,and Leucocytozoon).This macro-ecological analysis will add to our understanding of host traits that influence the probability of avian haemosporidian infection and will help inform risk of emerging diseases.

Research on Multi-Scale Feature Fusion Network Algorithm Based on Brain Tumor Medical Image Classification

Gliomas have the highest mortality rate of all brain tumors.Correctly classifying the glioma risk period can help doctors make reasonable treatment plans and improve patients’survival rates.This paper proposes a hierarchical multi-scale attention feature fusion medical image classification network(HMAC-Net),which effectively combines global features and local features.The network framework consists of three parallel layers:The global feature extraction layer,the local feature extraction layer,and the multi-scale feature fusion layer.A linear sparse attention mechanism is designed in the global feature extraction layer to reduce information redundancy.In the local feature extraction layer,a bilateral local attention mechanism is introduced to improve the extraction of relevant information between adjacent slices.In the multi-scale feature fusion layer,a channel fusion block combining convolutional attention mechanism and residual inverse multi-layer perceptron is proposed to prevent gradient disappearance and network degradation and improve feature representation capability.The double-branch iterative multi-scale classification block is used to improve the classification performance.On the brain glioma risk grading dataset,the results of the ablation experiment and comparison experiment show that the proposed HMAC-Net has the best performance in both qualitative analysis of heat maps and quantitative analysis of evaluation indicators.On the dataset of skin cancer classification,the generalization experiment results show that the proposed HMAC-Net has a good generalization effect.

The high-quality sequencing of the Brassica rapa‘XiangQingCai’genome and exploration of genome evolution and genes related to volatile aroma

‘Vanilla’(XQC,brassica variety chinensis)is an important vegetable crop in the Brassica family,named for its strong volatile fragrance.In this study,we report the high-quality chromosome-level genome sequence of XQC.The assembled genome length was determined as 466.11 Mb,with an N50 scaffold of 46.20 Mb.A total of 59.50%repetitive sequences were detected in the XQC genome,including 47570 genes.Among all examined Brassicaceae species,XQC had the closest relationship with B.rapa QGC(‘QingGengCai’)and B.rapa Pakchoi.Two whole-genome duplication(WGD)events and one recent whole-genome triplication(WGT)event occurred in the XQC genome in addition to an ancient WGT event.The recent WGT was observed to occur during 21.59-24.40 Mya(after evolution rate corrections).Our findings indicate that XQC experienced gene losses and chromosome rearrangements during the genome evolution of XQC.The results of the integrated genomic and transcriptomic analyses revealed critical genes involved in the terpenoid biosynthesis pathway and terpene synthase(TPS)family genes.In summary,we determined a chromosome-level genome of B.rapa XQC and identified the key candidate genes involved in volatile fragrance synthesis.This work can act as a basis for the comparative and functional genomic analysis and molecular breeding of B.rapa in the future.

Comparative Study on Functional Properties of Mulberry Black Tea Fermented by Phellinus igniarius and Eurotium cristatum

[Objectives]To compare functional properties of mulberry black tea fermented by Phellinus igniarius and Eurotium cristatum.[Methods]The functional components of mulberry black tea fermented by P.igniarius and E.cristatum,the deep processing and health care effects of two probiotic fungi were explored.[Results]The polysaccharide content in the tea fermented by P.igniarius was the highest at 0.410 mg/mL,and the hydroxyl radical scavenging rate was the strongest,reaching 60.31%;the content of flavonoids in the tea fermented by E.cristatum was the highest,reaching 60.65μg/mL,and the content of polysaccharides was 83.17%higher than that of mulberry black tea,reaching 0.279 mg/mL.[Conclusions]The mulberry black tea fermented by P.igniarius and E.cristatum has improved in different functional components,and has its own advantages in aroma and mouthfeel,so it has certain research value and market prospect.

Practicing the concept of “structuring” processing in the manufacture of polymer films

Polymer processing is a technology used to transfer raw materials into products with different shapes and functionalities and is a key step for polymer application.After years of development,the polymer processing task has changed from traditional processing,which mainly addresses the specific shapes of articles and focuses on the effect of processing on the structures and properties of polymers,to modern processing,which directly transforms a“designed structure”into commercial products via processing.It is the so-called“structuring”processing.Owing to the unique long-chain nature and slow topological relaxation,polymers are always driven and frozen into different nonequilibrium conformations,providing an effective way to design a given polymer material with desired structure and tunable performances via processing.Among the endless number of processing techniques,film casting is a prototypical pathway involving high supercooling or/and a strong flow field,based on which diverse thin polymer films have been successfully developed.In this review,taking isotactic polypropylene(i PP)film as an example,we highlight the strategy of“structuring”processing,in which we transform various crystalline structures of i PP into diverse commercial film products.

Increased clonal dissemination of OXA-232-producing ST15 Klebsiella pneumoniae in Zhejiang,China from 2018 to 2021

Background OXA-232-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae was first identified in China in 2016,and its clonal transmission was reported in 2019.However,there are no prevalence and genotypic surveillance data available for OXA-232 in China.Therefore,we investigated the trends and characteristics of OXA-232 type carbapenemase in Zhejiang Province,China from 2018 to 2021.Methods A total of 3278 samples from 1666 patients in the intensive care units were collected from hospitals in Zhejiang Province from 2018 to 2021.Carbapenem-resistant isolates were initially selected by China Blue agar plates supplemented with 0.3μg/ml meropenem,and further analyzed by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time-of-flight mass spectrometry identification,immune colloidal gold technique,conjugation experiment,antimicrobial susceptibility testing and whole genome sequencing.Results A total of 79 OXA-producing strains were recovered,with the prevalence increased from 1.8%[95%confidence interval(CI):0.7–3.7%]in 2018 to 6.0%(95%CI:4.4–7.9%)in 2021.Seventy-eight strains produced OXA-232 and one produced OXA-181.The blaOXA-232 gene in all strains was located in a 6141-bp ColKP3-type non-conjugative plasmid and the blaOXA-181 gene was located in a 51,391-bp ColKP3/IncX3-type non-conjugative plasmid.The blaOXA-232-producing K.pneumoniae was dominated(75/76)by isolates of sequence type 15(ST15)that differed by less than 80 SNPs.All OXA-producing strains(100%,95%CI:95.4–100.0%)were multidrug-resistant.Conclusions From 2018 to 2021,OXA-232 is the most prevalent OXA-48-like derivative in Zhejiang Province,and ST15 K.pneumoniae isolates belonging to the same clone are the major carriers.The transmission of ColKP3-type plasmid to E.coli highlighted that understanding the transmission mechanism is of great importance to delay or arrest the propagation of OXA-232 to other species.

Simple,stable and efficient nonlinear pulse compression through cascaded filamentation in air

Nonlinear compression has become an obligatory technique along with the development of ultrafast lasers in generating ultrashort pulses with narrow pulse widths and high peak power.In particular,techniques of nonlinear compression have experienced a rapid progress as ytterbium(Yb)-doped lasers with pulse widths in the range from hundreds of femtoseconds to a few picoseconds have become mainstream laser tools for both scientific and industrial applications.Here,we report a simple and stable nonlinear pulse compression technique with high efficiency through cascaded filamentation in air followed by dispersion compensation.Pulses at a center wavelength of 1040 nm with millijoule pulse energy and 160 fs pulse width from a high-power Yb:CaAlGdO_(4) regenerative amplifier are compressed to 32 fs,with only 2.4% loss from the filamentation process.The compressed pulse has a stable output power with a root-meansquare variation of 0.2% over 1 hour.

Genome-wide identification of endogenous retrovirus elements and their active transcription in mink genome

Mammalian endogenous retroviruses(ERVs)are ancient retroviruses that have been integrated into genomes.ERVs were believed to be inactive until the discovery of ERV transcription in the mouse genome.However,the transcription level and function of ERV elements in mammalian genomes are not well understood.In this study,we performed the first genome‐wide scanning of ERV loci in the American mink(Neogale vison)genome(NeoERV)followed by transcriptomic analysis to detect actively transcribed NeoERV elements.A total of 365,791 NeoERV loci were identified,and161,205(44%)of these loci were found to be actively transcribed based on transcriptomic data from three types of tissues(amygdala,trachea and lung).More than one third of the actively transcribed NeoERV loci were tissue‐specific.Furthermore,some of the active loci were associated with host gene transcription,and the level of NeoERV transcription was positively correlated with that of host genes,specifically when active loci were located in overlapped gene regions.An in‐depth analysis of the envelope protein coding env gene showed that,in general,its transcription level was higher than that of NeoERVs,which is believed to be associated with host immunity.

Traditional Chinese Medicine syndrome-related herbal prescriptions in treatment of malignant tumors

OBJECTIVE： To investigate the distribution characteristics of TCM syndromes and the related herbal prescriptions for malignant tumors （MT）. METHODS： A clinical database of the TCM syndromes and the herbal prescriptions in treatment of 136 MT patients were established. The data were then analyzed using cluster and frequency analysis. RESULTS： According to the cluster analysis, the TCM syndromes in MT patients mainly included two patterns： deficiency of both Qi and Yin and internal accumulation of toxic heat. The commonlyprescribed herbs were Huangqi （Astraglus）, Nuizhenzi （Fructus Ligustri Lucidi）, Lingzhi （Ganoderma Lucidum）, Huaishan （Dioscorea Opposita）, Xiakucao （Prunella Vulgaris）, and Baihuasheshecao （Herba Hedyotidis）. CONCLUSION： Deficiency of Qi and Yin is the pri- mary syndrome of MT, and internal accumulation of toxic heat is the secondary syndrome. The herbs for Qi mainly heat-cl supplementation and Yin houris used, with earance and the assistance of detoxification. hment are herbs for

A high-performance potassium-ion capacitor based on a porous carbon cathode originated from the Aldol reaction product

Potassium-ion capacitors(KICs) emerge as a promising substitute for the well-developed lithium-ion capacitors(LICs),however,the energy density of KICs is below expectations because of lacking a suitable electrical double-layer positive electrode.Using chemical activation of the Aldol reaction product of acetone with KOH,we synthesized a porous ca rbon with a Brunauer-Emmett-Teller surface area of up to 2947 m2/g and a narrow pore size distribution ranging from 1 nm to 3 nm.Half-cell(versus potassium metal) test demonstrates that this porous carbon has high capacitive performance in K+ based organic electrolytes.Furthermore,a novel KIC fabricated by this porous carbon as the cathode,yields high values of energy density and power density.The processes used to make this porous carbon are readily low-cost to fabricate metal-ion capacitors.

四丁基溴化铵催化炔基酮的氢化反应

炔丙醇类化合物因其同时具有炔基与羟基两种官能团,在医药、农药及功能分子材料方面有很多的应用,同时也是有机合成中一类用途很广泛的中间体.目前获得炔丙醇类化合物的方法通常依赖于过渡金属催化的氢化反应和羰基化合物的炔基化反应,制备成本较高,基团耐受性差.本文报道了一类四丁基溴化铵催化的炔基酮与频那醇硼烷的氢化反应,以高达94%收率合成了一系列炔丙醇化合物.该反应为炔丙醇类化合物的合成提供了一种便捷、经济、高效的方法.