BACKGROUND:Chlorfenapyr is used to kill insects that are resistant to organophosphorus insecticides.Chlorfenapyr poisoning has a high mortality rate and is difficult to treat.This article aims to review the mechanisms...BACKGROUND:Chlorfenapyr is used to kill insects that are resistant to organophosphorus insecticides.Chlorfenapyr poisoning has a high mortality rate and is difficult to treat.This article aims to review the mechanisms,clinical presentations,and treatment strategies for chlorfenapyr poisoning.DATA RESOURCES:We conducted a review of the literature using PubMed,Web of Science,and SpringerLink from their beginnings to the end of October 2023.The inclusion criteria were systematic reviews,clinical guidelines,retrospective studies,and case reports on chlorfenapyr poisoning that focused on its mechanisms,clinical presentations,and treatment strategies.The references in the included studies were also examined to identify additional sources.RESULTS:We included 57 studies in this review.Chlorfenapyr can be degraded into tralopyril,which is more toxic and reduces energy production by inhibiting the conversion of adenosine diphosphate to adenosine triphosphate.High fever and altered mental status are characteristic clinical presentations of chlorfenapyr poisoning.Once it occurs,respiratory failure occurs immediately,ultimately leading to cardiac arrest and death.Chlorfenapyr poisoning is diflcult to treat,and there is no specific antidote.CONCLUSION:Chlorfenapyr is a new pyrrole pesticide.Although it has been identified as a moderately toxic pesticide by the World Health Organization(WHO),the mortality rate of poisoned patients is extremely high.There is no specific antidote for chlorfenapyr poisoning.Therefore,based on the literature review,future efforts to explore rapid and effective detoxification methods,reconstitute intracellular oxidative phosphorylation couplings,identify early biomarkers of chlorfenapyr poisoning,and block the conversion of chlorfenapyr to tralopyril may be helpful for emergency physicians in the diagnosis and treatment of this disease.展开更多
Emergent plants have been remarkably effective in reducing phosphorus(P)discharge from ecological ditches;however,the treatment and recycling of these residues is a great challenge.In this study,magnetic biochars(MBs,...Emergent plants have been remarkably effective in reducing phosphorus(P)discharge from ecological ditches;however,the treatment and recycling of these residues is a great challenge.In this study,magnetic biochars(MBs,i.e.,MB-A,MB-C,and MB-T)were fabricated from three emergent plant residues(Acorus calamus L.,Canna indica L.,and Thalia dealbata Fraser,respectively)and modified with Fe(II)/Fe(III).Scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction spectra confirmed the successful loading of Fe_(3)O_(4)and FeO(OH)onto the surfaces of the MBs.Batch adsorption experiments showed that MBs exhibited a higher P adsorption capacity than that of the raw biochars.Within the range of 0.8-43.0 mg L^(−1)in solution,the adsorption capacities of P by MB-A,MB-C,and MB-T were 304.6-5658.8,314.9-6845.6,and 292.8-5590.0 mg kg^(−1),with adsorption efficiencies of 95.2-32.9%,98.4-39.8%,and 91.5-32.5%,respectively.The primary mechanisms that caused P to adsorb onto the MBs were inner-sphere complexation and electrostatic attraction.Low pH conditions were more beneficial for the P adsorption of the MBs,while co-existing anions had a negative impact with the following order:HCO_(3)^(-)>SO_(4)^(2−)>Cl^(−)≈NO_(3)^(−).The P-31 nuclear magnetic resonance results further demonstrated that the main adsorbed P species on the MBs was orthophosphate,followed by orthophosphate monoesters and DNA.Overall,MBs offer a resource utilization strategy for emergent plant residues and P-laden MBs are promising alternative P fertilizers.展开更多
基金supported by the Research Foundation of Ningbo No.2 Hospital (2023HMKY49)Ningbo Key Support Medical Discipline (2022-F16)。
文摘BACKGROUND:Chlorfenapyr is used to kill insects that are resistant to organophosphorus insecticides.Chlorfenapyr poisoning has a high mortality rate and is difficult to treat.This article aims to review the mechanisms,clinical presentations,and treatment strategies for chlorfenapyr poisoning.DATA RESOURCES:We conducted a review of the literature using PubMed,Web of Science,and SpringerLink from their beginnings to the end of October 2023.The inclusion criteria were systematic reviews,clinical guidelines,retrospective studies,and case reports on chlorfenapyr poisoning that focused on its mechanisms,clinical presentations,and treatment strategies.The references in the included studies were also examined to identify additional sources.RESULTS:We included 57 studies in this review.Chlorfenapyr can be degraded into tralopyril,which is more toxic and reduces energy production by inhibiting the conversion of adenosine diphosphate to adenosine triphosphate.High fever and altered mental status are characteristic clinical presentations of chlorfenapyr poisoning.Once it occurs,respiratory failure occurs immediately,ultimately leading to cardiac arrest and death.Chlorfenapyr poisoning is diflcult to treat,and there is no specific antidote.CONCLUSION:Chlorfenapyr is a new pyrrole pesticide.Although it has been identified as a moderately toxic pesticide by the World Health Organization(WHO),the mortality rate of poisoned patients is extremely high.There is no specific antidote for chlorfenapyr poisoning.Therefore,based on the literature review,future efforts to explore rapid and effective detoxification methods,reconstitute intracellular oxidative phosphorylation couplings,identify early biomarkers of chlorfenapyr poisoning,and block the conversion of chlorfenapyr to tralopyril may be helpful for emergency physicians in the diagnosis and treatment of this disease.
基金the Key Research and Development Project of Science and Technology Department of Zhejiang Province(2023C02016,2023C02019)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2022YFD1700704-3)Bingtuan Science and Technology Program(2021DB019).
文摘Emergent plants have been remarkably effective in reducing phosphorus(P)discharge from ecological ditches;however,the treatment and recycling of these residues is a great challenge.In this study,magnetic biochars(MBs,i.e.,MB-A,MB-C,and MB-T)were fabricated from three emergent plant residues(Acorus calamus L.,Canna indica L.,and Thalia dealbata Fraser,respectively)and modified with Fe(II)/Fe(III).Scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction spectra confirmed the successful loading of Fe_(3)O_(4)and FeO(OH)onto the surfaces of the MBs.Batch adsorption experiments showed that MBs exhibited a higher P adsorption capacity than that of the raw biochars.Within the range of 0.8-43.0 mg L^(−1)in solution,the adsorption capacities of P by MB-A,MB-C,and MB-T were 304.6-5658.8,314.9-6845.6,and 292.8-5590.0 mg kg^(−1),with adsorption efficiencies of 95.2-32.9%,98.4-39.8%,and 91.5-32.5%,respectively.The primary mechanisms that caused P to adsorb onto the MBs were inner-sphere complexation and electrostatic attraction.Low pH conditions were more beneficial for the P adsorption of the MBs,while co-existing anions had a negative impact with the following order:HCO_(3)^(-)>SO_(4)^(2−)>Cl^(−)≈NO_(3)^(−).The P-31 nuclear magnetic resonance results further demonstrated that the main adsorbed P species on the MBs was orthophosphate,followed by orthophosphate monoesters and DNA.Overall,MBs offer a resource utilization strategy for emergent plant residues and P-laden MBs are promising alternative P fertilizers.
