Effects of Different Dwarfing Rootstocks on Growth,Yield and Fruit Quality of‘Tianhong 2’Apple Trees

[Objectives]The paper was to provide a reference for screening dwarfing rootstock suitable for main spur-type Fuji cultivars in central and southern Hebei Province.[Methods]With spur-type Fuji‘Tianhong 2’as the material,the vegetative growth,yield and fruit quality of 8 different rootstock-scion combinations were compared.[Results]‘Tianhong 2’/SH6 as self-rooted rootstock had large average single fruit weight(256.33 g),large number of fruits per plant(188.68),the highest yield[(3250.08±23.42)kg/667 m ^(2)]and the highest colored area(93.5%),and the soluble solid content reached the requirement of high quality fruit(15.78%).[Conclusions]In central and southern Hebei Province,‘Tianhong 2’grafted on SH6 self-rooted rootstock has moderate growth,high yield and good fruit quality,so it can be considered as the preferred rootstock-scion combination in the local area.

The interventional effect of Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua polysaccharide on atherosclerosis in mice of different sexes

In the present study,we investigated the intervention effects of a purified Polygonatum cyrtonema polysaccharide(PCP)on high-fat diet(HFD)-induced atherosclerosis in male and female LDLr-/-mice.Results showed that HFD caused severe dyslipidemia,atherosclerotic lesions,oxidative damages and inflammation in male and female mice,and these effects seemed to be more pronounced in males than in females.However,the above variations could be dose-dependently reversed by PCP treatment,and the intervention effects on males were greater than those on females.Nuclear factor kappa-B(NF-κB),mitogen-activated protein kinase(MAPKs)and protein kinase B(Akt)are 3 pivotal signaling pathways mediating the development of atherosclerosis.Consistently,PCP was also found to significantly decrease the phosphorylation of p65,p38,extracellular-regulated kinase 1/2(ERK1/2)and Akt,and increase the protein expression of inhibitor of NF-κB(IκB)in the aortas of male and female mice induced by HFD.Taken together,these findings indicated that PCP could be effective for the prevention of atherosclerosis,and the intervention effect of PCP on male mice was more obvious than that of female mice.

Chrysanthemum WRKY15-1 promotes resistance to Puccinia horiana Henn. via the salicylic acid signaling pathway

Chrysanthemum white rust disease,which is caused by the fungus Puccinia horiana Henn.,severely reduces the ornamental quality and yield chrysanthemum.WRKY transcription factors function in the disease-resistance response in a variety of plants;however,it is unclear whether members of this family improve resistance to white rust disease in chrysanthemum.In this study,using PCR,we isolated a WRKY15 homologous gene,CmWRKY15-1,from the resistant chrysanthemum cultivar C029.Real-time quantitative PCR(RT-qPCR)revealed that CmWRKY15-1 exhibited differential expression patterns between the immune cultivar C029 and the susceptible cultivar Jinba upon P.horiana infection.In addition,salicylic acid(SA)treatment strongly induced CmWRKY15-1 expression.Overexpression of CmWRKY15-1 in the chrysanthemum-susceptible cultivar Jinba increased tolerance to P.horiana infection.Conversely,silencing CmWRKY15-1 via RNA interference(RNAi)in C029 increased sensitivity to P.horiana infection.We also determined that P.horiana infection increased both the endogenous SA content and the expression of salicylic acid biosynthesis genes in CmWRKY15-1-overexpressing plants,whereas CmWRKY15-1 RNAi plants exhibited the opposite effects under the same conditions.Finally,the transcript levels of pathogenesis-related(PR)genes involved in the SA pathway were positively associated with CmWRKY15-1 expression levels.Our results demonstrated that CmWRKY15-1 plays an important role in the resistance of chrysanthemum to P.horiana by influencing SA signaling.

Application of Biotechnology on Apple Breeding

Modern biotechnology is a kind of potential technology. The advantages of this method have aroused much attention. Recently, biotechnology has evolved very fast in apple tree, and has got much progress in production and breeding of seedlings. This paper summarized the advances in tissue culture, molecular marker and gene engineering. The emphases and direction which need further investigation were also discussed.

Biological Characteristics and Control Measures of Cydia pomonella(Linnaeus)

Cydia pomonella （Linnaeus） is a fruit decay pests attacking apples, pears and other fruits, and it is an important quarantine pests in China. In recent years, the momentum of the eastward aggression of the insect in our country was more and more serious, and the harm degree was deepening. If Cydia pomonella （Linnaeus） is introduced, fruit production will be significantly affected in Hebei Province. The damage characteristics, morphological characteristics and life habit of Cydia pomonella （Linnaeus） were reviewed, and the control measures were proposed, in order to provide technical support for promoting the sound development of fruit industries in Hebei province.

Protoplast Culture and Its Application in Fruit Breeding

The progress in protoplast technology and its application in fruit breeding were summarized,and the existing problems and application prospect were also discussed.

Production Technique Regulations of Apple Hybrid Seedlings

The production technique of apple hybrid seedlings was systematically summarized, and the technology regulations were made, including rootstock cultivation, interstock grafting, hybrid seeds preparation and hybrid seedlings grafting. This technical specification provides a unified technical specification for hybrid apple seedling breeders, and is of important guiding significance for the production of apple in Hebei Province.

Effect of Calcium Treatment During Production on Quality of Stored Huangguan Pear Fruit

The effect of calcium treatment during production on the quality(soluble solids, fruit firmness, soluble sugar content, titratable acid content, etc.) of Huangguan pear was studied. The results showed that the calcium treatment during production improved the comprehensive quality of Huangguan pear fruit, delayed and reduced the occurrence of browning of fruit core, and enhanced its storage effect in the cold storage. Therefore, the calcium treatment improved the quality of stored pear fruit.

Changes in intracellular and extracellular proteins after ERGIC3 knockdown in lung cancer:Proteins interacting with ERGIC3,HORN,and FLNA

Objective:Endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi intermediate compartment 3(ERGIC3)promotes cell proliferation and metastasis in lung cancer,but its molecular mechanism is unclear.Methods:The GLC-82 cells were randomly divided into the ERGIC3i group and the negative control group.The cells were transfected with ERGIC3 siRNA or control siRNA in the groups,respectively.The ERGIC3-interacting proteins expressed in cells or extracellularly were isolated by the immunoprecipitation method and detected by isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.The differentially expressed proteins were determined by bioinformatic methods.Results:After ERGIC3 knockdown,88 extracellular differentially expressed proteins,41 upregulated and 47 down-regulated,were detected in the supernatant of cultured cells.Among 52 intracellular differentially expressed proteins,33 were up-regulated and 19 down-regulated.Cluster analysis showed that the extracellular differential proteins are mainly involved in Ca2+binding and transport and I-kappa B kinase/NF-kappa B signal transduction.The upregulated proteins are mainly involved in the biological process of H3-K27 and H3-K4 methylation in cells.Co-immunoprecipitation assay showed that proteins interacting with ERGIC3 were rich in cytoskeleton construction and RHO GTPases activated p21-activated kinases.The intersection of these two research methods shows that ERGIC3 interacts with HORN and filamin A(FLNA).Conclusion:Proteomic analyses reveal that ERGIC3 acts as a vesicle transmembrane protein on the distribution of various extracellular and intracellular proteins and regulates the extracellular and intracellular biological processes by specifically binding hornin(HORN)and FLNA proteins.These findings maybe provide new methods and ideas for ERGIC3 as a therapeutic target for lung cancer.

Three-dimensional numerical simulation of heating and melting behaviors of cerium oxide powders in radio frequency thermal plasma

The present study aims at the numerical simulations of the melting process of cerium oxide particles in RF thermal plasma.The physical model and the calculating method were described firstly;the interaction between cerium oxide particles and plasma was analyzed;specific attention was given to the effects of particle initial size,injection velocity on the particle melting and trajectory in plasma.The influence of the temperature field and velocity field distribution of the plasma around the particle trajectory on the melting effect is analyzed,and the relationship between the heat absorption efficiency of the particles and the particle size reduction process is further determined.It is also found that there exists an optimal particle initial injection velocity which led to a more concentrated final particle size distribution and a more significant reduction of particle size.The results could provide effective guidance for understanding the plasma spheroidization process of uranium dioxide and cerium dioxide powder particles.

Quantitative Trait Loci(QTL)Mapping and Marker Analysis of Fatty Acids in Peanut

Peanut,with high oil content,has been a major oil and food crop globally.The compositions of the fatty acids are the common factors in determining the oil quality.In the present study,an F2 segregated population with 140 individuals derived from the cross of Weihua8(a cultivar)and 12L49(a line with high oleic acid concentration)was used to construct a genetic map and conduct QTL mapping analysis.A total of 103 polymorphic SSR primers were utilized for genotyping the RILs and finally generating the SSR loci.Within the 103 SSR loci,a genetic linkage map,covering a total length of 3592.35 cM of the whole peanut genome,was constructed.Based on the genetic map,sixteen QTLs located on nine linkage groups related to peanut fatty acids were finally identified.Among them,four QTLs were detected associated with various traits simultaneously,which showed genetic stability in relation to fatty acids of peanut.Except for the QTLs for oleic acid,linoleic acid,and linolenic acid,three novel QTLs for arachidic acid and behenic acid were also detected.These QTLs might be helpful for further fine mapping analysis and marker-assisted selection of fatty acids in peanut.

Evaluation of Beta-Lactam Antibiotics on the Regeneration of Peanut Plants and Their Inhibitory Effect on Agrobacterium Growth

The effect of beta-lactam antibiotics on shoot induction and plantlet regeneration from cotyledonary nodes was tested using two peanut cultivars.The culture media contained 4 mg/L 6-benzylaminopurine(BAP)as the main growth regulator.Various concentrations(100–600 mg/L)of cefotaxime,carbenicillin,and timentin were applied in the culture media.In all the tested media,there were no significant differences in the shoot induction as compared to the control.However,little phytotoxic effect was observed at higher concentrations of these antibiotics in the shoot elongation media.Under shoot elongation medium,shoots turned brownish and partly died at higher concentrations where shooting rates were not affected by the treatments.In cefotaxime,timentin,and carbenicillin-containing media,levels of antibiotics greater than 400,300,and 200 mg/L,respectively resulted in the brown coloration of plantlets.Moreover,the mean shoot number and shoot weight significantly decreased as their dosage increased.The results indicate that maximum levels of antibiotics have an adverse effect on the growth and development of peanuts.Also,cefotaxime(100–300 mg/L)and timentin(100–300 mg/L)will be sufficient in controlling Agrobacterium growth in the culture media with the least phytotoxic effect on the peanut plants.

Research Progress of Flower Bud Differentiation of Apple

Flowering is a prerequisite for apple fruiting,and apple flower buds are mixed buds,that is,the vegetative organs and flower structure exist in the same terminal bud simultaneously,which are formed in the year before flowering and fruiting,mainly including spur terminal buds and axillary buds.The infrequent formation of flower buds during its growth and biennial bearing are closely related to flower bud differentiation.Therefore,this paper reviews the research progress of flower bud differentiation of apple from the morphological differentiation,plant hormones and flowering-related genes,in order to provide a theoretical reference for efficient cultivation and stable yield of apple.

Aquaporin-3 promotes proliferation and inflammation in hepatocellular carcinoma

Carcinogenesis is closely associated with inflammation.Studies have shown that lipopolysaccharides(LPS)can contribute to hepatocellular carcinoma(HC)development by inducing IL-6 and TNF-αproduction from the hepatic progenitor cells.1 Aquaporin 3(AQP3),a water channel protein,has recently been found to play a critical role in cancer-associated inflammation.

Improved Electrochemical Performance Based on Nanostructured SnS_2@CoS_2–rGO Composite Anode for Sodium-Ion Batteries

A promising anode material composed of SnS_2@CoS_2 flower-like spheres assembled from SnS_2 nanosheets and CoS_2 nanoparticles accompanied by reduced graphene oxide(rGO) was fabricated by a facile hydrothermal pathway. The presence of rGO and the combined merits of SnS_2 and CoS_2 endow the SnS_2@-CoS_2–rGO composite with high conductivity pathways and channels for electrons and with excellent properties as an anode material for sodium-ion batteries(SIBs). A high capacity of 514.0 mAh g^(-1) at a current density of200 m A g^(-1) after 100 cycles and a good rate capability can be delivered. The defined structure and good sodium-storage performance of the SnS_2@CoS_2–rGO composite demonstrate its promising application in high-performance SIBs.

Autologous exosome facilitates load and target delivery of bioactive peptides to repair spinal cord injury

Spinal cord injury(SCI)causes motor,sensory and automatic impairment due to rarely axon regeneration.Developing effective treatment for SCI in the clinic is extremely challenging because of the restrictive axonal regenerative ability and disconnection of neural elements after injury,as well as the limited systemic drug delivery efficiency caused by blood spinal cord barrier.To develop an effective non-invasive treatment strategy for SCI in clinic,we generated an autologous plasma exosome(AP-EXO)based biological scaffold where AP-EXO was loaded with neuron targeting peptide(RVG)and growth-facilitating peptides(ILP and ISP).This scaffold can be targeted delivered to neurons in the injured area and elicit robust axon regrowth across the lesion core to the levels over 30-fold greater than naïve treatment,thus reestablish the intraspinal circuits and promote motor functional recovery after spinal cord injury in mice.More importantly,in ex vivo,human plasma exosomes(HP-EXO)loaded with combinatory peptides of RVG,ILP and ISP showed safety and no liver and kidney toxicity in the application to nude SCI mice.Combining the efficacy and safety,the AP-EXO-based personalized treatment confers functional recovery after SCI and showed immense promising in biomedical applications in treating SCI.It is helpful to expand the application of combinatory peptides and human plasma derived autologous exosomes in promoting regeneration and recovery upon SCI treatment.

西南河流源区1981~2020年间径流变化的南北差异及气候驱动机制

西南河流源区位于对气候变化极其敏感的青藏高原东南部,是中国及东南亚多个国家重要的水源地.本研究基于实测径流、再分析资料、遥感反演等多源数据,分析了过去40年(1981~2020年)西南河流源区径流变化的南北空间差异,并从大气环流和水汽含量变化两方面阐明其驱动机制.结果表明:(1)过去40年南部雅鲁藏布江和怒江源的径流突变发生于1997年,北部三江源(澜沧江、长江和黄河源)的径流突变发生于21世纪初期(2004~2007年);(2)降水是引起径流变化的主要气候因子,各流域的径流与降水的突变时间基本一致,且降水-径流相关性均高于0.8;(3)西风-季风环流改变引起青藏高原水汽输送和降水的空间变化,进一步导致源区径流的趋势在2000年左右发生反转,南部流域的径流先增后减,北部流域径流先减后增,空间上呈现南北对称变化的特征.大气环流影响下水汽含量的空间差异及降水变化,是过去40年间西南河流源区径流呈现南北分异的主要原因.

Combination of 6-Benzylaminopurine and Thidiazuron Promotes Highly Efficient Shoot Regeneration from Cotyledonary Node of Mature Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) Cultivars

Efficient in vitro plantlet regeneration is an important step to successfully transform genes for the improvement of agronomic traits.A combination of 6-benzylaminopurine(BAP)and thidiazuron(TDZ)plant growth regulators was applied to evaluate shoot regeneration capacity whereasα-naphthalene acetic acid(NAA)combination with 6-benzylaminopurine(BAP),and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid(2,4-D)with 6-benzylaminopurine were tested to optimize root induction for two peanut cultivars.The result showed combination(BAP with TDZ)was found to be effective in promoting shoot.The highest shoot regeneration frequency(93%)was obtained on a medium supplemented with 4 mg/L BAP and 0.5 mg/L TDZ while an average regeneration frequency(87%)was achieved in a medium containing combinations of 2 mg/L BAP with 1 mg/L TDZ.The shooting rate increased for both cultivars as the concentrations of BAP increased and TDZ decreased.The highest rooting rate(93%)was obtained on a medium supplemented with 3.5 mg/L NAA with 2.5 mg/L BAP for both cultivars.The rooting rate increased as the concentration of auxin to cytokinin ratio increased.The maximum rooting rate(83%)was obtained on MS medium supplemented with 0.3 mg/L 2,4-D with 0.2 mg/L BAP for the cultivar N3.The result indicated that BAP with NAA was much better than BAP with 2,4-D in rooting rate.Thus,the protocol developed was genotype independent and effective for peanut tissue culture.

Analysis on Factors Related with Slender Spindle Shaped Apple Trees

[Objectives] This study was to determine the correlations of stem taperingness with small central shaft total roughness,average roughness,total length,and average length by slender spindle pruning mode on different apple cultivars. [Methods]A total of 2 tree structures were selected,namely,the slender spindleshaped Zhongqiuwang from Shen County of Hebei Province and slender spindle-shaped short shoot Fuji from Xingtang County of Hebei Province,to investigate the growth indicators of the small central shafts. SPSS analysis was used to compare the correlations between the taperingness with the growth factors of the small central shafts. [Results]The stem taperingness on slender spindle-shaped Zhongqiuwang was positively correlated with the various growth factors of the small central shaft,and the difference in the positive correlation with average roughness reached the extremely significant level. The stem taperingness of slender spindle-shaped short shoot Fuji was negatively correlated with the total roughness of small central shaft,but was positively correlated with the average roughness,total length and average length. [Conclusions] The results provided scientific and theoretical basis for guiding the dense planting of dwarfing apple tree pruning technology.

Impacts of Bad Weathers in Growing Season on Apples and Post-disaster Management Measures

Apple cultivation has special requirements for climatic conditions. The period from May to August is a key period for apple growth.During this period,extreme weather occurs frequently,such as extreme high temperature,strong wind,hail,and floods. This paper introduced these extreme weathers and came up with some corresponding management measures.