基于西南地区油菜收获后大豆-玉米带状间作种植存在的弱光环境、品种和密度筛选等问题,选择2个不同熟期的品种南夏豆25号(ND25,中晚熟,多分枝)、齐黄34(QH34,早熟,少分枝),分析播期(2021年,S1:5月17日,S2:5月27日,S3:6月6日;2022年,S1:5...基于西南地区油菜收获后大豆-玉米带状间作种植存在的弱光环境、品种和密度筛选等问题,选择2个不同熟期的品种南夏豆25号(ND25,中晚熟,多分枝)、齐黄34(QH34,早熟,少分枝),分析播期(2021年,S1:5月17日,S2:5月27日,S3:6月6日;2022年,S1:5月10日,S2:5月25日,S3:6月9日)及密度(D1:81,000株hm^(–2),D2:101,000株hm^(–2),D3:140,000株hm^(–2),D4:171,000株hm^(–2))对带状间作大豆茎叶生长及产量形成的影响。结果表明:同一密度,随着播期的推迟,2个品种始粒期的叶面积指数逐渐减小,冠层内部透光率逐渐增加,ND25对荚的分配比率逐渐增加,倒伏率逐渐降低,QH34对荚的分配比率逐渐减少,倒伏率逐渐增加;同一播期,随着密度的增加,2个品种始粒期的叶面积指数逐渐增加,透光率逐渐减小,对荚的干物质分配比率逐渐减少,倒伏率逐渐上升。光环境及干物质分配差异对不同品种的产量影响不同,ND25同一密度不同播期间,S3>S2>S1,同一播期不同密度间,D1>D2>D3>D4,ND25品种S3播期D1密度产量最优,为1752.89 kg hm^(–2);QH34同一密度不同播期间,S1>S2>S3,同一播期不同密度间,D3>D2>D1>D4,QH34品种S1播期D3密度产量最优,为1538.64 kg hm^(–2)。因此,中晚熟品种应适当晚播,早熟品种应适当早播,多分枝品种适度稀植,少分枝品种适度密植,各品种通过播期、密度协同可提高大豆产量。展开更多
为研究种植模式和施氮量对大豆土壤通气环境及结瘤固氮的影响,本研究采用二因素裂区试验设计,主区为种植模式:大豆单作(SS)、玉米/大豆带状套作(MS),副区为不同施氮量:不施氮(NN:0 kg hm^(–2))、减量施氮(RN:45 kg hm^(–2))和常量施氮...为研究种植模式和施氮量对大豆土壤通气环境及结瘤固氮的影响,本研究采用二因素裂区试验设计,主区为种植模式:大豆单作(SS)、玉米/大豆带状套作(MS),副区为不同施氮量:不施氮(NN:0 kg hm^(–2))、减量施氮(RN:45 kg hm^(–2))和常量施氮(CN:60 kg hm^(–2)),监测了大豆生育期内土壤的O_(2)含量和土壤呼吸速率的动态变化规律,分析了各处理的土壤水稳性团聚体、容重和孔隙度差异,探讨了大豆生育期内结瘤量、固氮能力的变化特征。2年数据结果表明,与单作大豆相比,带状套作大豆可提高土壤O_(2)含量、>2 mm粒径团聚体的百分含量、显著增加土壤孔隙度、显著增强后期土壤呼吸的速率,显著降低<1 mm粒径团聚体百分含量与土壤孔隙度;R5期根瘤干重差异不显著,但结瘤数量显著增加39.9%,固氮酶活性与固氮潜力也在此时显著高于单作大豆。各施氮量间,土壤O_(2)含量、0.25~1.00 mm粒径的百分含量、带状套作大豆的土壤呼吸速率以RN处理最高,施氮能降低<0.25 mm粒径的水稳性团聚体的百分含量、土壤容重,施氮显著抑制单作大豆前期的结瘤量、固氮酶活性和固氮潜力,至R5期氮肥的抑制作用有所缓解,减量施氮可提升带状套作大豆后期的结瘤量,显著增强大豆生育期内的固氮酶活性和固氮潜力。带状套作大豆配施减量施氮会促进大团聚体的形成,增加土壤的孔隙度,改善大豆土壤的通气环境状况,保持了较高的土壤O_(2)含量,促进土壤呼吸,有利于大豆后期结瘤固氮。展开更多
Intercropping is one of the most vital practice to improve land utilization rate in China that has limited arable land resource. However, the traditional intercropping systems have many disadvantages including illogic...Intercropping is one of the most vital practice to improve land utilization rate in China that has limited arable land resource. However, the traditional intercropping systems have many disadvantages including illogical field lay-out of crops, low economic value, and labor deficiency, which cannot balance the crop production and agricultural sustainability. In view of this, we developed a novel soybean strip intercropping model using maize as the partner, the regular maize-soybean strip intercropping mainly popularized in northern China and maize-soybean relay-strip intercropping principally extended in southwestern China. Compared to the traditional maize-soybean intercropping systems, the main innovation of field lay-out style in our present intercropping systems is that the distance of two adjacent maize rows are shrunk as a narrow strip, and a strip called wide strip between two adjacent narrow strips is expanded reserving for the growth of two or three rows of soybean plants. The distance between outer rows of maize and soybean strips are expanded enough for light use efficiency improvement and tractors working in the soybean strips. Importantly, optimal cultivar screening and increase of plant density achieved a high yield of both the two crops in the intercropping systems and increased land equivalent ratio as high as 2.2. Annually alternative rotation of the adjacent maize-and soybean-strips increased the grain yield of next seasonal maize, improved the absorption of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potasium of maize, while prevented the continuous cropping obstacles. Extra soybean production was obtained without affecting maize yield in our strip intercropping systems, which balanced the high crop production and agricultural sustainability.展开更多
Maize-soybean relay intercropping is an effective approach to improve the crop yield and nutrient use efficiency,which is widely practiced by farmers in southwest of China.To elucidate the characteristics of different...Maize-soybean relay intercropping is an effective approach to improve the crop yield and nutrient use efficiency,which is widely practiced by farmers in southwest of China.To elucidate the characteristics of different planting patterns on crop nutrient uptake,soil chemical properties,and soil bacteria community in maize-soybean relay intercropping systems,we conducted a field experiment in 2015–2016 with single factor treatments,including monoculture maize(MM),monoculture soybean(MS),maize-soybean relay intercropping(IMS),and fallow(CK).The results showed that the N uptake of maize grain increased in IMS compared with MM.Compared with MS,the yield and uptake of N,P,and K of soybean grain were increased by 25.5,24.4,9.6,and 22.4%in IMS,respectively,while the N and K uptakes in soybean straw were decreased in IMS.The soil total nitrogen,available phosphorus,and soil organic matter contents were significantly higher in IMS than those of the corresponding monocultures and CK.Moreover,the soil protease,soil urease,and soil nitrate reductase activities in IMS were higher than those of the corresponding monocultures and CK.The phyla Proteobacteria,Acidobacteria,Chloroflexi,and Actinobacteria dominated in all treatments.Shannon’s index in IMS was higher than that of the corresponding monocultures and CK.The phylum Proteobacteria proportion was positively correlated with maize soil organic matter and soybean soil total nitrogen content,respectively.These results indicated that the belowground interactions increased the crop nutrient(N and P)uptake and soil bacterial community diversity,both of which contributed to improved soil nutrient management for legume-cereal relay intercropping systems.展开更多
土壤氮素氨化、硝化及固氮作用是影响作物氮素吸收及氮肥损失的主要因素,为揭示氮肥减量下玉米-大豆套作系统的土壤氮素转化特性及排放规律,利用大田定位试验研究了3种模式(玉米单作MM、大豆单作MS、玉米-大豆套作IMS)和3种施氮水平(不...土壤氮素氨化、硝化及固氮作用是影响作物氮素吸收及氮肥损失的主要因素,为揭示氮肥减量下玉米-大豆套作系统的土壤氮素转化特性及排放规律,利用大田定位试验研究了3种模式(玉米单作MM、大豆单作MS、玉米-大豆套作IMS)和3种施氮水平(不施氮NN:0;减量施氮RN:180 kg hm^(–2);常量施氮CN:240 kg hm^(–2))对土壤硝化作用、氨化作用、固氮作用及氨挥发、N_2O排放、NO_3~–-N累积的影响。结果表明,IMS较相应单作提高了土壤硝化和氨化作用, IMS的氨挥发损失率和N_2O损失率较MM降低21.6%和29.7%;IMS下玉米土壤的NO_3~–-N积累量显著高于MM,而大豆土壤的NO_3~–-N积累量显著低于MS。各施氮处理间, RN较CN降低了玉米土壤的氨化与硝化作用,增加了大豆土壤的硝化和固氮作用。IMS下RN的玉米、大豆全生育期固氮作用较CN增加29.7%和32.0%,年均氨挥发总量和N_2O排放量较CN降低37.2%和41.0%。玉米-大豆套作系统在减量施氮下通过提高土壤氮素氨化、硝化与固氮作用,减少氮素排放损失,增强耕层土壤NO_3~–-N积累,为作物氮素吸收提供了充足氮源。展开更多
In China, the abuse of chemical nitrogen （N） fertilizer results in decreasing N use efficiency （NUE）, wasting resources and causing serious environmental problems. Cereal-legume intercropping is widely used to enh...In China, the abuse of chemical nitrogen （N） fertilizer results in decreasing N use efficiency （NUE）, wasting resources and causing serious environmental problems. Cereal-legume intercropping is widely used to enhance crop yield and improve resource use efficiency, especially in Southwest China. To optimize N utilization and increase grain yield, we conducted a two-year field experiment with single-factor randomized block designs of a maize-soybean intercropping system （IMS）. Three N rates, NN （no nitrogen application）, LN （lower N application： 270 kg N ha-1）, and CN （conventional N application： 330 kg N ha-1）, and three topdressing distances of LN （LND）, e.g., 15 cm （LND1）, 30 cm （LND2） and 45 cm （LND3） from maize rows were evaluated. At the beginning seed stage （R5）, the leghemoglobin content and nitrogenase activity of LND3 were 1.86 mg plant-1 and 0.14 mL h-1 plant-1, and those of LND1 and LND2 were increased by 31.4 and 24.5%, 6.4 and 32.9% compared with LND3, respectively. The ureide content and N accumulation of soybean organs in LND1 and LND2 were higher than those of LND3. The N uptake, NUE and N agronomy efficiency （NAE） of IMS under CN were 308.3 kg ha-1, 28.5%, and 5.7 kg grain kg-1 N, respectively; however, those of LN were significantly increased by 12.4, 72.5, and 51.6% compared with CN, respectively. The total yield in LND1 and LND2 was increased by 12.3 and 8.3% compared with CN, respectively. Those results suggested that LN with distances of 15-30 cm from the topdressing strip to the maize row was optimal in maize-soybean intercropping. Lower N input with an optimized fertilization location for IMS increased N fixation and N use efficiency without decreasing grain yield.展开更多
Legume cultivars affect N uptake,component crop growth,and soil physical and chemical characteristics in maize-legume intercropping systems.However,how belowground interactions mediate root growth,N fixation,and nodul...Legume cultivars affect N uptake,component crop growth,and soil physical and chemical characteristics in maize-legume intercropping systems.However,how belowground interactions mediate root growth,N fixation,and nodulation of different legumes to affect N uptake is still unclear.Hence,a two-year experiment was conducted with five planting patterns,i.e.,maize-soybean strip intercropping(IMS),maize-peanut strip intercropping(IMP),and corresponding monocultures(monoculture maize(MM),monoculture soybean(MS),and monoculture peanut(MP)),and two N application rates,i.e.,no N fertilizer(N-)and conventional N fertilizer(N+),to examine relationships between N uptake and root distribution of crops,legume nodulation and soil N availability.Results showed that the averaged N uptake per unit area of intercrops was significantly lower than the corresponding monocultures.Compared with the monoculture system,the N uptake of the intercropping systems increased by 31.7-45.4%in IMS and by 7.4-12.2%in IMP,respectively.The N uptake per plant of intercropped maize and soybean significantly increased by 61.6 and 31.8%,and that of intercropped peanuts significantly decreased by 46.6%compared with the corresponding monocultures.Maize and soybean showed asymmetrical distribution of roots in strip intercropping systems.The root length density(RLD)and root surface area density(RSAD)of intercropped maize and soybean were significantly greater than that of the corresponding monocultures.The roots of intercropped peanuts were confined,which resulted in decreased RLD and RSAD compared with the monoculture.The nodule number and nodule fresh weight of soybean were significantly greater in IMS than in MS,and those of peanut were significantly lower in IMP than in MP.The soil protease,urease,and nitrate reductase activities of maize and soybean were significantly greater in IMS and IMP than in the corresponding monoculture,while the enzyme activities of peanut were significantly lower in IMP than in MP.The soil available N of maize and soybean was significantly greater increased in IMS and IMP than in the corresponding monocultures,while that of IMP was significantly lower than in MP.In summary,the IMS system was more beneficial to N uptake than the IMP system.The intercropping of maize and legumes can promote the N uptake of maize,thus reducing the need for N application and improving agricultural sustainability.展开更多
Soybean is one of the major oil seed crops,which is usually intercropped with other crops to increase soybean production area and yield.However,soybean is highly sensitive to shading.It is unclear if soybean morpholog...Soybean is one of the major oil seed crops,which is usually intercropped with other crops to increase soybean production area and yield.However,soybean is highly sensitive to shading.It is unclear if soybean morphology responds to shading（i.e.,shade tolerance or avoidance）and which features may be suitable as screening materials in relay strip intercropping.Therefore,in this study,various agronomic characteristics of different soybean genotypes were analyzed under relay intercropping conditions.The soybean materials used in this study exhibited genetic diversity,and the coefficient of variations of the agronomic parameters ranged from 13.84 to 72.08%during the shade period and from 6.44 to 52.49%during the maturity period.The ratios of shading to full irradiance in stem mass fraction（SMF）were almost greater than 1,whereas opposite results were found in the leaves.Compared with full irradiance,the average stem length（SL）,leaf area ratio（LAR）and specific leaf area（SLA）for the two years（2013 and 2014）increased by 0.78,0.47 and 0.65 under shady conditions,respectively.However,the stem diameter（SD）,total biomass（TB）,leaf area（LA）,number of nodes（NN）on the main stem,and number of branches（BN）all decreased.During the shady period,the SL and SMF exhibited a significant negative correlation with yield,and the SD exhibited a significant positive correlation with yield.The correlation between the soybean yield and agronomic parameters during the mature period,except for SL,the first pod height（FPH）,100-seed weight（100-SW）,and reproductive growth period（RGP）,were significant（P〈0.01）,especially for seed weight per branch（SWB）,pods per plant（PP）,BN,and vegetative growth period（VGP）.These results provide an insight into screening the shade tolerance of soybean varieties and can be useful in targeted breeding programs of relay intercropped soybeans.展开更多
Excessive rainfall provides a favorable condition for field mold infection of plants, which triggers field mold(FM) stress. If FM stress occurs during the late maturation stage of soybean seed, it negatively affects s...Excessive rainfall provides a favorable condition for field mold infection of plants, which triggers field mold(FM) stress. If FM stress occurs during the late maturation stage of soybean seed, it negatively affects seed yield and quality. To investigate the responses of soybean seed against FM stress and identify the underlying biochemical pathways involved, a greenhouse was equipped with an artificial rain producing system to allow the induction of mold growth on soybean seed. The induced quality changes and stress responses were revealed on the levels of both transcriptome and metabolome. The results showed that soybean seeds produced under FM stress conditions had an abnormal and inferior appearance, and also contained less storage reserves, such as protein and polysaccharide. Transcriptional analysis demonstrated that genes involved in amino acid metabolism, glycolysis, tricarboxylic acid, β-oxidation of fatty acids, and isoflavone biosynthesis were induced by FM stress. These results were supported by a multiple metabolic analysis which exhibited increases in the concentrations of a variety of amino acids, sugars, organic acids, and isoflavones, as well as reductions of several fatty acids. Reprogramming of these metabolic pathways mobilized and consumed stored protein, sugar and fatty acid reserves in the soybean seed in order to meet the energy and substrate demand on the defense system, but led to deterioration of seed quality. In general, FM stress induced catabolism of storage reserves and diminished the quality of soybean seed in the field. This study provides a more profound insight into seed deterioration caused by FM stress.展开更多
文摘基于西南地区油菜收获后大豆-玉米带状间作种植存在的弱光环境、品种和密度筛选等问题,选择2个不同熟期的品种南夏豆25号(ND25,中晚熟,多分枝)、齐黄34(QH34,早熟,少分枝),分析播期(2021年,S1:5月17日,S2:5月27日,S3:6月6日;2022年,S1:5月10日,S2:5月25日,S3:6月9日)及密度(D1:81,000株hm^(–2),D2:101,000株hm^(–2),D3:140,000株hm^(–2),D4:171,000株hm^(–2))对带状间作大豆茎叶生长及产量形成的影响。结果表明:同一密度,随着播期的推迟,2个品种始粒期的叶面积指数逐渐减小,冠层内部透光率逐渐增加,ND25对荚的分配比率逐渐增加,倒伏率逐渐降低,QH34对荚的分配比率逐渐减少,倒伏率逐渐增加;同一播期,随着密度的增加,2个品种始粒期的叶面积指数逐渐增加,透光率逐渐减小,对荚的干物质分配比率逐渐减少,倒伏率逐渐上升。光环境及干物质分配差异对不同品种的产量影响不同,ND25同一密度不同播期间,S3>S2>S1,同一播期不同密度间,D1>D2>D3>D4,ND25品种S3播期D1密度产量最优,为1752.89 kg hm^(–2);QH34同一密度不同播期间,S1>S2>S3,同一播期不同密度间,D3>D2>D1>D4,QH34品种S1播期D3密度产量最优,为1538.64 kg hm^(–2)。因此,中晚熟品种应适当晚播,早熟品种应适当早播,多分枝品种适度稀植,少分枝品种适度密植,各品种通过播期、密度协同可提高大豆产量。
文摘为研究种植模式和施氮量对大豆土壤通气环境及结瘤固氮的影响,本研究采用二因素裂区试验设计,主区为种植模式:大豆单作(SS)、玉米/大豆带状套作(MS),副区为不同施氮量:不施氮(NN:0 kg hm^(–2))、减量施氮(RN:45 kg hm^(–2))和常量施氮(CN:60 kg hm^(–2)),监测了大豆生育期内土壤的O_(2)含量和土壤呼吸速率的动态变化规律,分析了各处理的土壤水稳性团聚体、容重和孔隙度差异,探讨了大豆生育期内结瘤量、固氮能力的变化特征。2年数据结果表明,与单作大豆相比,带状套作大豆可提高土壤O_(2)含量、>2 mm粒径团聚体的百分含量、显著增加土壤孔隙度、显著增强后期土壤呼吸的速率,显著降低<1 mm粒径团聚体百分含量与土壤孔隙度;R5期根瘤干重差异不显著,但结瘤数量显著增加39.9%,固氮酶活性与固氮潜力也在此时显著高于单作大豆。各施氮量间,土壤O_(2)含量、0.25~1.00 mm粒径的百分含量、带状套作大豆的土壤呼吸速率以RN处理最高,施氮能降低<0.25 mm粒径的水稳性团聚体的百分含量、土壤容重,施氮显著抑制单作大豆前期的结瘤量、固氮酶活性和固氮潜力,至R5期氮肥的抑制作用有所缓解,减量施氮可提升带状套作大豆后期的结瘤量,显著增强大豆生育期内的固氮酶活性和固氮潜力。带状套作大豆配施减量施氮会促进大团聚体的形成,增加土壤的孔隙度,改善大豆土壤的通气环境状况,保持了较高的土壤O_(2)含量,促进土壤呼吸,有利于大豆后期结瘤固氮。
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31401308, 31371555 and 31671445)
文摘Intercropping is one of the most vital practice to improve land utilization rate in China that has limited arable land resource. However, the traditional intercropping systems have many disadvantages including illogical field lay-out of crops, low economic value, and labor deficiency, which cannot balance the crop production and agricultural sustainability. In view of this, we developed a novel soybean strip intercropping model using maize as the partner, the regular maize-soybean strip intercropping mainly popularized in northern China and maize-soybean relay-strip intercropping principally extended in southwestern China. Compared to the traditional maize-soybean intercropping systems, the main innovation of field lay-out style in our present intercropping systems is that the distance of two adjacent maize rows are shrunk as a narrow strip, and a strip called wide strip between two adjacent narrow strips is expanded reserving for the growth of two or three rows of soybean plants. The distance between outer rows of maize and soybean strips are expanded enough for light use efficiency improvement and tractors working in the soybean strips. Importantly, optimal cultivar screening and increase of plant density achieved a high yield of both the two crops in the intercropping systems and increased land equivalent ratio as high as 2.2. Annually alternative rotation of the adjacent maize-and soybean-strips increased the grain yield of next seasonal maize, improved the absorption of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potasium of maize, while prevented the continuous cropping obstacles. Extra soybean production was obtained without affecting maize yield in our strip intercropping systems, which balanced the high crop production and agricultural sustainability.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31671625, 31271669)the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2016YFD0300202)
文摘Maize-soybean relay intercropping is an effective approach to improve the crop yield and nutrient use efficiency,which is widely practiced by farmers in southwest of China.To elucidate the characteristics of different planting patterns on crop nutrient uptake,soil chemical properties,and soil bacteria community in maize-soybean relay intercropping systems,we conducted a field experiment in 2015–2016 with single factor treatments,including monoculture maize(MM),monoculture soybean(MS),maize-soybean relay intercropping(IMS),and fallow(CK).The results showed that the N uptake of maize grain increased in IMS compared with MM.Compared with MS,the yield and uptake of N,P,and K of soybean grain were increased by 25.5,24.4,9.6,and 22.4%in IMS,respectively,while the N and K uptakes in soybean straw were decreased in IMS.The soil total nitrogen,available phosphorus,and soil organic matter contents were significantly higher in IMS than those of the corresponding monocultures and CK.Moreover,the soil protease,soil urease,and soil nitrate reductase activities in IMS were higher than those of the corresponding monocultures and CK.The phyla Proteobacteria,Acidobacteria,Chloroflexi,and Actinobacteria dominated in all treatments.Shannon’s index in IMS was higher than that of the corresponding monocultures and CK.The phylum Proteobacteria proportion was positively correlated with maize soil organic matter and soybean soil total nitrogen content,respectively.These results indicated that the belowground interactions increased the crop nutrient(N and P)uptake and soil bacterial community diversity,both of which contributed to improved soil nutrient management for legume-cereal relay intercropping systems.
文摘土壤氮素氨化、硝化及固氮作用是影响作物氮素吸收及氮肥损失的主要因素,为揭示氮肥减量下玉米-大豆套作系统的土壤氮素转化特性及排放规律,利用大田定位试验研究了3种模式(玉米单作MM、大豆单作MS、玉米-大豆套作IMS)和3种施氮水平(不施氮NN:0;减量施氮RN:180 kg hm^(–2);常量施氮CN:240 kg hm^(–2))对土壤硝化作用、氨化作用、固氮作用及氨挥发、N_2O排放、NO_3~–-N累积的影响。结果表明,IMS较相应单作提高了土壤硝化和氨化作用, IMS的氨挥发损失率和N_2O损失率较MM降低21.6%和29.7%;IMS下玉米土壤的NO_3~–-N积累量显著高于MM,而大豆土壤的NO_3~–-N积累量显著低于MS。各施氮处理间, RN较CN降低了玉米土壤的氨化与硝化作用,增加了大豆土壤的硝化和固氮作用。IMS下RN的玉米、大豆全生育期固氮作用较CN增加29.7%和32.0%,年均氨挥发总量和N_2O排放量较CN降低37.2%和41.0%。玉米-大豆套作系统在减量施氮下通过提高土壤氮素氨化、硝化与固氮作用,减少氮素排放损失,增强耕层土壤NO_3~–-N积累,为作物氮素吸收提供了充足氮源。
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2016YFD0300202)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31671625, 31271669)
文摘In China, the abuse of chemical nitrogen （N） fertilizer results in decreasing N use efficiency （NUE）, wasting resources and causing serious environmental problems. Cereal-legume intercropping is widely used to enhance crop yield and improve resource use efficiency, especially in Southwest China. To optimize N utilization and increase grain yield, we conducted a two-year field experiment with single-factor randomized block designs of a maize-soybean intercropping system （IMS）. Three N rates, NN （no nitrogen application）, LN （lower N application： 270 kg N ha-1）, and CN （conventional N application： 330 kg N ha-1）, and three topdressing distances of LN （LND）, e.g., 15 cm （LND1）, 30 cm （LND2） and 45 cm （LND3） from maize rows were evaluated. At the beginning seed stage （R5）, the leghemoglobin content and nitrogenase activity of LND3 were 1.86 mg plant-1 and 0.14 mL h-1 plant-1, and those of LND1 and LND2 were increased by 31.4 and 24.5%, 6.4 and 32.9% compared with LND3, respectively. The ureide content and N accumulation of soybean organs in LND1 and LND2 were higher than those of LND3. The N uptake, NUE and N agronomy efficiency （NAE） of IMS under CN were 308.3 kg ha-1, 28.5%, and 5.7 kg grain kg-1 N, respectively; however, those of LN were significantly increased by 12.4, 72.5, and 51.6% compared with CN, respectively. The total yield in LND1 and LND2 was increased by 12.3 and 8.3% compared with CN, respectively. Those results suggested that LN with distances of 15-30 cm from the topdressing strip to the maize row was optimal in maize-soybean intercropping. Lower N input with an optimized fertilization location for IMS increased N fixation and N use efficiency without decreasing grain yield.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31872856)the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2016YFD030020205)
文摘Legume cultivars affect N uptake,component crop growth,and soil physical and chemical characteristics in maize-legume intercropping systems.However,how belowground interactions mediate root growth,N fixation,and nodulation of different legumes to affect N uptake is still unclear.Hence,a two-year experiment was conducted with five planting patterns,i.e.,maize-soybean strip intercropping(IMS),maize-peanut strip intercropping(IMP),and corresponding monocultures(monoculture maize(MM),monoculture soybean(MS),and monoculture peanut(MP)),and two N application rates,i.e.,no N fertilizer(N-)and conventional N fertilizer(N+),to examine relationships between N uptake and root distribution of crops,legume nodulation and soil N availability.Results showed that the averaged N uptake per unit area of intercrops was significantly lower than the corresponding monocultures.Compared with the monoculture system,the N uptake of the intercropping systems increased by 31.7-45.4%in IMS and by 7.4-12.2%in IMP,respectively.The N uptake per plant of intercropped maize and soybean significantly increased by 61.6 and 31.8%,and that of intercropped peanuts significantly decreased by 46.6%compared with the corresponding monocultures.Maize and soybean showed asymmetrical distribution of roots in strip intercropping systems.The root length density(RLD)and root surface area density(RSAD)of intercropped maize and soybean were significantly greater than that of the corresponding monocultures.The roots of intercropped peanuts were confined,which resulted in decreased RLD and RSAD compared with the monoculture.The nodule number and nodule fresh weight of soybean were significantly greater in IMS than in MS,and those of peanut were significantly lower in IMP than in MP.The soil protease,urease,and nitrate reductase activities of maize and soybean were significantly greater in IMS and IMP than in the corresponding monoculture,while the enzyme activities of peanut were significantly lower in IMP than in MP.The soil available N of maize and soybean was significantly greater increased in IMS and IMP than in the corresponding monocultures,while that of IMP was significantly lower than in MP.In summary,the IMS system was more beneficial to N uptake than the IMP system.The intercropping of maize and legumes can promote the N uptake of maize,thus reducing the need for N application and improving agricultural sustainability.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31571615)the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2016YFD0300602, 2016YFD0300209)+1 种基金the Major Project of Education Department in Sichuan, China (16ZA0041)the earmarked fund for China Agriculture Research System, China (CARS-04-PS19)
文摘Soybean is one of the major oil seed crops,which is usually intercropped with other crops to increase soybean production area and yield.However,soybean is highly sensitive to shading.It is unclear if soybean morphology responds to shading（i.e.,shade tolerance or avoidance）and which features may be suitable as screening materials in relay strip intercropping.Therefore,in this study,various agronomic characteristics of different soybean genotypes were analyzed under relay intercropping conditions.The soybean materials used in this study exhibited genetic diversity,and the coefficient of variations of the agronomic parameters ranged from 13.84 to 72.08%during the shade period and from 6.44 to 52.49%during the maturity period.The ratios of shading to full irradiance in stem mass fraction（SMF）were almost greater than 1,whereas opposite results were found in the leaves.Compared with full irradiance,the average stem length（SL）,leaf area ratio（LAR）and specific leaf area（SLA）for the two years（2013 and 2014）increased by 0.78,0.47 and 0.65 under shady conditions,respectively.However,the stem diameter（SD）,total biomass（TB）,leaf area（LA）,number of nodes（NN）on the main stem,and number of branches（BN）all decreased.During the shady period,the SL and SMF exhibited a significant negative correlation with yield,and the SD exhibited a significant positive correlation with yield.The correlation between the soybean yield and agronomic parameters during the mature period,except for SL,the first pod height（FPH）,100-seed weight（100-SW）,and reproductive growth period（RGP）,were significant（P〈0.01）,especially for seed weight per branch（SWB）,pods per plant（PP）,BN,and vegetative growth period（VGP）.These results provide an insight into screening the shade tolerance of soybean varieties and can be useful in targeted breeding programs of relay intercropped soybeans.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31971853)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2016YFD0300209)the Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars of Sichuan,China(20JCQN0155)。
文摘Excessive rainfall provides a favorable condition for field mold infection of plants, which triggers field mold(FM) stress. If FM stress occurs during the late maturation stage of soybean seed, it negatively affects seed yield and quality. To investigate the responses of soybean seed against FM stress and identify the underlying biochemical pathways involved, a greenhouse was equipped with an artificial rain producing system to allow the induction of mold growth on soybean seed. The induced quality changes and stress responses were revealed on the levels of both transcriptome and metabolome. The results showed that soybean seeds produced under FM stress conditions had an abnormal and inferior appearance, and also contained less storage reserves, such as protein and polysaccharide. Transcriptional analysis demonstrated that genes involved in amino acid metabolism, glycolysis, tricarboxylic acid, β-oxidation of fatty acids, and isoflavone biosynthesis were induced by FM stress. These results were supported by a multiple metabolic analysis which exhibited increases in the concentrations of a variety of amino acids, sugars, organic acids, and isoflavones, as well as reductions of several fatty acids. Reprogramming of these metabolic pathways mobilized and consumed stored protein, sugar and fatty acid reserves in the soybean seed in order to meet the energy and substrate demand on the defense system, but led to deterioration of seed quality. In general, FM stress induced catabolism of storage reserves and diminished the quality of soybean seed in the field. This study provides a more profound insight into seed deterioration caused by FM stress.
