BACKGROUND The complexity of immunoglobulin G4(IgG4)-related diseases and their potential connection to hematologic malignancies remains unclear.This article provided a review of the diagnosis and treatment of a patie...BACKGROUND The complexity of immunoglobulin G4(IgG4)-related diseases and their potential connection to hematologic malignancies remains unclear.This article provided a review of the diagnosis and treatment of a patient with IgG4-related sclerosing cholangitis(SC)and essential thrombocythemia(ET),along with an analysis of relevant literature to enhance comprehension of this disease.CASE SUMMARY A 56-year-old male was admitted to two hospitals with deteriorating jaundice and pruritus prior to hospitalization.Beyond our expectations,the patient was first diagnosed with IgG4-SC and ET with the Janus kinase 2 V617F mutation.Interestingly,the administration of acetate prednisone significantly resulted in improvements in both IgG4-SC and ET.Clinicians need to pay attention to immune disorders and inflammation as they contribute to the development of various disease phenotypes.CONCLUSION When IgG4-SC is suspected without histopathological evidence,diagnostic therapy and long-term regular follow-up can lead to positive treatment outcomes.Clinicians should be mindful of the potential presence of concurrent hematologic diseases in patients with immune disorders.展开更多
BACKGROUND Left ventricular thrombus is a rare condition,for which appropriate treatments are not extensively studied.Although it can be treated by thrombectomy,such surgery can be difficult and risky,and not every pa...BACKGROUND Left ventricular thrombus is a rare condition,for which appropriate treatments are not extensively studied.Although it can be treated by thrombectomy,such surgery can be difficult and risky,and not every patient can tolerate the surgery.CASE SUMMARY We report a case of a middle-aged man receiving veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation(VA-ECMO)for acute myocardial infarction who developed left ventricular thrombus despite systemic anticoagulation.After systemic thrombolysis with urokinase,the left ventricular thrombus disappeared,ECMO was successfully withdrawn 9 days later,and the patient recovered and was discharged from hospital.CONCLUSION Systemic thrombolysis is a treatment option for left ventricular thrombus in addition to anticoagulation and thrombectomy.展开更多
Exosomes derived from bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells can inhibit neuroinflammation through regulating microglial phenotypes and promoting nerve injury repair.However,the underlying molecular mechanism remains uncl...Exosomes derived from bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells can inhibit neuroinflammation through regulating microglial phenotypes and promoting nerve injury repair.However,the underlying molecular mechanism remains unclear.In this study,we investigated the mechanism by which exosomes derived from bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells inhibit neuroinflammation.Our in vitro co-culture experiments showed that bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells and their exosomes promoted the polarization of activated BV2 microglia to their anti-inflammatory phenotype,inhibited the expression of proinflammatory cytokines,and increased the expression of anti-inflammatory cytokines.Our in vivo experiments showed that tail vein injection of exosomes reduced cell apoptosis in cortical tissue of mouse models of traumatic brain injury,inhibited neuroinflammation,and promoted the transformation of microglia to the anti-inflammatory phenotype.We screened some microRNAs related to neuroinflammation using microRNA sequencing and found that microRNA-181b seemed to be actively involved in the process.Finally,we regulated the expression of miR181b in the brain tissue of mouse models of traumatic brain injury using lentiviral transfection.We found that miR181b overexpression effectively reduced apoptosis and neuroinflamatory response after traumatic brain injury and promoted the transformation of microglia to the anti-inflammatory phenotype.The interleukin 10/STAT3 pathway was activated during this process.These findings suggest that the inhibitory effects of exosomes derived from bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells on neuroinflamation after traumatic brain injury may be realized by the action of miR181b on the interleukin 10/STAT3 pathway.展开更多
This paper presents a multi-interface embedded server architecture for remote real-time monitoring system and distributed monitoring applications. In the scheme,an embedded microprocessor( LPC3250 from NXP) is chosen ...This paper presents a multi-interface embedded server architecture for remote real-time monitoring system and distributed monitoring applications. In the scheme,an embedded microprocessor( LPC3250 from NXP) is chosen as the CPU of the embedded server with a linux operation system( OS) environment. The embedded server provides multiple interfaces for supporting various application scenarios. The whole network is based on local area network and adopts the Browser / Server( B / S) model. The monitoring and control node is as a browser endpoint and the remote node with an embedded server is as a server endpoint. Users can easily acquire various sensors information through writing Internet protocol address of remote node on the computer browser. Compared with client / server( C / S) mode,B / S model needs less maintain and can be applicable to large user group. In addition,a simple network management protocol( SNMP) is used for management of devices in Internet protocol( IP) networks. The results of the demonstration experiment show that the proposed system gives good support to manage the network from different user terminals and allows the users to better interact with the ambient environment.展开更多
AIM: To evaluate the safety, efficacy and management of double balloon enteroscopy (DBE) carried out in those aged individuals with suspicious small intestine diseases. METHODS: DBE is a wonderful invention of the pas...AIM: To evaluate the safety, efficacy and management of double balloon enteroscopy (DBE) carried out in those aged individuals with suspicious small intestine diseases. METHODS: DBE is a wonderful invention of the past decade and is widely used as an examination tool for the gastrointestinal tract. From January 2003 to July 2011, data from patients who were ≥ 65 years old and underwent DBE examination in the Nanfang Hospital were included in a retrospective analysis.RESULTS: Fifty-nine individuals were found and subsequently analyzed. The mean age was 69.63 ± 3.89 years (range 65-84), 34 were males. Indications for DBE were melena/hematochezia (36 cases), abdominal pain (15 cases), diarrhea (3 cases), stool change (1 case), weight loss (1 case), vomiting (2 cases), and debilitation (1 case). The average duration of symptoms was 33.34 ± 64.24 mo. Twenty-seven patients suffered from age-related diseases. Severe complications were not found during and after DBE. Comparison between systolic and diastolic blood pressure before and after DBE was statistically significant (mean ± SD, P < 0.01, P < 0.05, respectively). Small bowel pathologies were found by DBE in 35 patients, definite diagnoses were made in 31 cases, and detection rate and diagnostic yield for DBE were 68.6% and 60.8%, respectively. CONCLUSION: DBE is a safe and effective method for gastrointestinal examination in the aged population. Aging alone is not a risk factor for elderly patients with suspicious gastrointestinal diseases and thorough preparation prior to the DBE procedure should be made for individuals with multiple diseases especially cardiopulmonary disorders.展开更多
The dynamic recombination of two triplet excitons with opposite spins in the heterojunction structure has been investigated using a nonadiabatic evolution method.We demonstrate that luminous composite states including...The dynamic recombination of two triplet excitons with opposite spins in the heterojunction structure has been investigated using a nonadiabatic evolution method.We demonstrate that luminous composite states including the excited polaron and the biexciton can be formed efficiently via the triplet exciton-triplet exciton reaction in the heterojunction and therefore this reaction can enhance the electroluminescence efficiency considerably,which is consistent qualitatively with experimental observations.Meanwhile,we find that,although the heterojunctions are beneficial to the generation of luminescent particles,large band offset caused by the heterojunction structure is not helpful to improve the electroluminescence efficiency.In addition,the mechanism of the triplet exciton-triplet exciton reaction in heterojunction is different from that of two similar coupling chains.Our results may deepen the understanding of the electroluminescence mechanism in polymer light-emitting devices.展开更多
The mathematical model of coupling fluid flow,heat transfer,solidification,solute transport,and the electromagnetic field of the bloom in the upper part of the strand was established with three nozzle types.Then,the f...The mathematical model of coupling fluid flow,heat transfer,solidification,solute transport,and the electromagnetic field of the bloom in the upper part of the strand was established with three nozzle types.Then,the flow field,distribution of the temperature,solidification,and macrosegregation of carbon were investigated and compared by numerical modeling.In the case of the straight submerged entry nozzle(SEN),the molten steel flows down deep into the liquid pool,and the depth of the jet flow reaches about 1.0 m beneath the meniscus.The jetting zone is the high-temperature zone.In the case of two-port SEN and four-port SEN,the flow patterns and distribution of temperature in the central longitudinal section are similar.The jet flow impinges directly on the initially solidified shell and then it is divided into two longitudinal circulations.The heat of molten steel is dissipated along with the longitudinal circulations.The negative segregation band was generated near the bloom surface due to the washing effect by the rotating flow at the solidification front with three nozzle types.The negative segregation deteriorates gradually with the number of ports decreasing.展开更多
The effect of mold electromagnetic stirring(M-EMS)on the solidification structure and solute segregation in the continuous casting bloom of U78CrV steel is investigated.The solute distribution in the macroscale is ana...The effect of mold electromagnetic stirring(M-EMS)on the solidification structure and solute segregation in the continuous casting bloom of U78CrV steel is investigated.The solute distribution in the macroscale is analyzed using a carbon–sulfur analyzer and that in the microscale is measured with an electron probe microanalyzer.The Image-J software is applied to analyze the number density and area ratio of segregation spots.The results show that the segregation spots are mainly located in the columnar to equiaxed transition zone and the equiaxed zone,which are enriched with C,Cr,and Mn elements.With the M-EMS applied,the columnar grain inclines to the upstream side.As the current intensity increases,the deflecting angle of columnar grain rises,especially with the current intensity larger than 300 A.Besides,the center segregation shows a declining trend and the area fraction of the equiaxed zone rises clearly.Moreover,it is found that the area ratio and number density of segregation spots increase with the higher current intensity of M-EMS.展开更多
The strength-to-weight ratio is an important property of high-strength low-alloy(HSLA)steel in pipeline,whose precipitation strengthening can be improved.The final rolling temperature(FRT)and coiling temperature(CT)ar...The strength-to-weight ratio is an important property of high-strength low-alloy(HSLA)steel in pipeline,whose precipitation strengthening can be improved.The final rolling temperature(FRT)and coiling temperature(CT)are the key process parameters in the control of precipitates and microstructure.Continuous cooling rate was fixed at 10℃/s,and the effects of deformation and coiling temperatures on precipitates and microstructure of Ti-Nb microalloyed HSLA steel were investigated through thermo-mechanical controlled processing on Gleeble 3500.The microstructure is mainly acicular ferrite with high density dislocation and several microns scale.The size and volume fraction of the precipitates were studied under transmission electron microscopy.The results showed that the diameter of the precipitates was in the range between 4 and 240 nm.The optimized combination of parameters is FRT of 820℃and CT of 550℃,and the volume fraction of precipitates obtained under this process is 0.59%.展开更多
The new magnetic degree of freedom provided by the noncollinear structure plays an important role in the development of spintronic devices.In this work,we conducted a systematic study on the magnetic and electrical tr...The new magnetic degree of freedom provided by the noncollinear structure plays an important role in the development of spintronic devices.In this work,we conducted a systematic study on the magnetic and electrical transport properties of the hexagonal noncollinear ferromagnetic MnFeGe alloy.Abnormal Hall effect and moderate magnetoresistance(MR)were observed below the Curie temperature(~200 K)of MnFeGe,in both bulk and thin-film forms.Notably,the perpendicular MR in all samples firstly grows,then quasi-linearly descends with magnetic field increasing,making an irregular M-type MR in the low-field region.It is speculated that the abnormal MR is related to the magnetic domain change,and combined with micromagnetic simulations,the labyrinth domain and sparse bubble formation are verified to exist in MnFeGe.Our work offers an understanding of the lowfield-positive MR in a ferromagnet,as well as raises the possibility of magnetic bubble formation in this noncollinear system.展开更多
Magnetic skyrmions are vortex-like swirling spin textures that are promising candidates for carrying information bits in future magnetic memories or logic circuits.To build skyrmionic devices,researchers must electric...Magnetic skyrmions are vortex-like swirling spin textures that are promising candidates for carrying information bits in future magnetic memories or logic circuits.To build skyrmionic devices,researchers must electrically manipulate magnetic skyrmions to enable easy integration into modern semiconductor technology.This operation generally uses a spin-polarized current,which unavoidably causes high energy dissipation and Joule heating.Thus,the electric-field strategy is a hopeful alternative for electrically manipulating the skyrmions due to the strategy’s negligible Joule heating and low energy cost.In this review,we systematically summarize the theoretical and experimental development of the electricalfield manipulation of magnetic skyrmions over the past decade.We review the following magnetic systems and physical mechanisms:(ⅰ)ultra-thin multilayer films with accumulation and release of interfacial charge,(ⅱ)singlephase multiferroic material with magneto-electric coupling,(ⅲ)ferromagnetic/ferroelectric(FM/FE)multiferroic heterostructure with magneto-elastic coupling.Finally,we consider future developmental trends in the electric-field manipulation of magnetic skyrmions and other topological magnetic domain structures.展开更多
基金Natural Science Foundation of Hebei Province,No.H2023206042。
文摘BACKGROUND The complexity of immunoglobulin G4(IgG4)-related diseases and their potential connection to hematologic malignancies remains unclear.This article provided a review of the diagnosis and treatment of a patient with IgG4-related sclerosing cholangitis(SC)and essential thrombocythemia(ET),along with an analysis of relevant literature to enhance comprehension of this disease.CASE SUMMARY A 56-year-old male was admitted to two hospitals with deteriorating jaundice and pruritus prior to hospitalization.Beyond our expectations,the patient was first diagnosed with IgG4-SC and ET with the Janus kinase 2 V617F mutation.Interestingly,the administration of acetate prednisone significantly resulted in improvements in both IgG4-SC and ET.Clinicians need to pay attention to immune disorders and inflammation as they contribute to the development of various disease phenotypes.CONCLUSION When IgG4-SC is suspected without histopathological evidence,diagnostic therapy and long-term regular follow-up can lead to positive treatment outcomes.Clinicians should be mindful of the potential presence of concurrent hematologic diseases in patients with immune disorders.
文摘BACKGROUND Left ventricular thrombus is a rare condition,for which appropriate treatments are not extensively studied.Although it can be treated by thrombectomy,such surgery can be difficult and risky,and not every patient can tolerate the surgery.CASE SUMMARY We report a case of a middle-aged man receiving veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation(VA-ECMO)for acute myocardial infarction who developed left ventricular thrombus despite systemic anticoagulation.After systemic thrombolysis with urokinase,the left ventricular thrombus disappeared,ECMO was successfully withdrawn 9 days later,and the patient recovered and was discharged from hospital.CONCLUSION Systemic thrombolysis is a treatment option for left ventricular thrombus in addition to anticoagulation and thrombectomy.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China, Nos.81971159(to LW), 81771317(to JFF)
文摘Exosomes derived from bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells can inhibit neuroinflammation through regulating microglial phenotypes and promoting nerve injury repair.However,the underlying molecular mechanism remains unclear.In this study,we investigated the mechanism by which exosomes derived from bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells inhibit neuroinflammation.Our in vitro co-culture experiments showed that bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells and their exosomes promoted the polarization of activated BV2 microglia to their anti-inflammatory phenotype,inhibited the expression of proinflammatory cytokines,and increased the expression of anti-inflammatory cytokines.Our in vivo experiments showed that tail vein injection of exosomes reduced cell apoptosis in cortical tissue of mouse models of traumatic brain injury,inhibited neuroinflammation,and promoted the transformation of microglia to the anti-inflammatory phenotype.We screened some microRNAs related to neuroinflammation using microRNA sequencing and found that microRNA-181b seemed to be actively involved in the process.Finally,we regulated the expression of miR181b in the brain tissue of mouse models of traumatic brain injury using lentiviral transfection.We found that miR181b overexpression effectively reduced apoptosis and neuroinflamatory response after traumatic brain injury and promoted the transformation of microglia to the anti-inflammatory phenotype.The interleukin 10/STAT3 pathway was activated during this process.These findings suggest that the inhibitory effects of exosomes derived from bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells on neuroinflamation after traumatic brain injury may be realized by the action of miR181b on the interleukin 10/STAT3 pathway.
基金Sponsored by the National High Technology Research and Development Program(Grant No.2012AA02A604)
文摘This paper presents a multi-interface embedded server architecture for remote real-time monitoring system and distributed monitoring applications. In the scheme,an embedded microprocessor( LPC3250 from NXP) is chosen as the CPU of the embedded server with a linux operation system( OS) environment. The embedded server provides multiple interfaces for supporting various application scenarios. The whole network is based on local area network and adopts the Browser / Server( B / S) model. The monitoring and control node is as a browser endpoint and the remote node with an embedded server is as a server endpoint. Users can easily acquire various sensors information through writing Internet protocol address of remote node on the computer browser. Compared with client / server( C / S) mode,B / S model needs less maintain and can be applicable to large user group. In addition,a simple network management protocol( SNMP) is used for management of devices in Internet protocol( IP) networks. The results of the demonstration experiment show that the proposed system gives good support to manage the network from different user terminals and allows the users to better interact with the ambient environment.
文摘AIM: To evaluate the safety, efficacy and management of double balloon enteroscopy (DBE) carried out in those aged individuals with suspicious small intestine diseases. METHODS: DBE is a wonderful invention of the past decade and is widely used as an examination tool for the gastrointestinal tract. From January 2003 to July 2011, data from patients who were ≥ 65 years old and underwent DBE examination in the Nanfang Hospital were included in a retrospective analysis.RESULTS: Fifty-nine individuals were found and subsequently analyzed. The mean age was 69.63 ± 3.89 years (range 65-84), 34 were males. Indications for DBE were melena/hematochezia (36 cases), abdominal pain (15 cases), diarrhea (3 cases), stool change (1 case), weight loss (1 case), vomiting (2 cases), and debilitation (1 case). The average duration of symptoms was 33.34 ± 64.24 mo. Twenty-seven patients suffered from age-related diseases. Severe complications were not found during and after DBE. Comparison between systolic and diastolic blood pressure before and after DBE was statistically significant (mean ± SD, P < 0.01, P < 0.05, respectively). Small bowel pathologies were found by DBE in 35 patients, definite diagnoses were made in 31 cases, and detection rate and diagnostic yield for DBE were 68.6% and 60.8%, respectively. CONCLUSION: DBE is a safe and effective method for gastrointestinal examination in the aged population. Aging alone is not a risk factor for elderly patients with suspicious gastrointestinal diseases and thorough preparation prior to the DBE procedure should be made for individuals with multiple diseases especially cardiopulmonary disorders.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.11347171)the Doctoral Foundation(Grant No.12995563)the Research Fund(Grant No.YB2018026)from Hebei North University.
文摘The dynamic recombination of two triplet excitons with opposite spins in the heterojunction structure has been investigated using a nonadiabatic evolution method.We demonstrate that luminous composite states including the excited polaron and the biexciton can be formed efficiently via the triplet exciton-triplet exciton reaction in the heterojunction and therefore this reaction can enhance the electroluminescence efficiency considerably,which is consistent qualitatively with experimental observations.Meanwhile,we find that,although the heterojunctions are beneficial to the generation of luminescent particles,large band offset caused by the heterojunction structure is not helpful to improve the electroluminescence efficiency.In addition,the mechanism of the triplet exciton-triplet exciton reaction in heterojunction is different from that of two similar coupling chains.Our results may deepen the understanding of the electroluminescence mechanism in polymer light-emitting devices.
基金The authors are grateful for support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.U1860206,51725402,51874031 and 51904024)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(Grant No.FRF-BD-20-04A)+2 种基金the High Steel Center(HSC)at Yanshan University,Beijing International Center of Advanced and Intelligent Manufacturing of High Quality Steel Materials(ICSM)Beijing Key Laboratory of Green Recycling and Extraction of Metals(GREM)the High Quality Steel Consortium(HQSC)at University of Science and Technology Beijing(USTB),China.
文摘The mathematical model of coupling fluid flow,heat transfer,solidification,solute transport,and the electromagnetic field of the bloom in the upper part of the strand was established with three nozzle types.Then,the flow field,distribution of the temperature,solidification,and macrosegregation of carbon were investigated and compared by numerical modeling.In the case of the straight submerged entry nozzle(SEN),the molten steel flows down deep into the liquid pool,and the depth of the jet flow reaches about 1.0 m beneath the meniscus.The jetting zone is the high-temperature zone.In the case of two-port SEN and four-port SEN,the flow patterns and distribution of temperature in the central longitudinal section are similar.The jet flow impinges directly on the initially solidified shell and then it is divided into two longitudinal circulations.The heat of molten steel is dissipated along with the longitudinal circulations.The negative segregation band was generated near the bloom surface due to the washing effect by the rotating flow at the solidification front with three nozzle types.The negative segregation deteriorates gradually with the number of ports decreasing.
基金the support from the High Steel Center(HSC),S&T Program of Hebei(No.20311006D)National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51904024)the Fundamental Research Funds for Central Universities(No.FRF-TP-18-098A1).
文摘The effect of mold electromagnetic stirring(M-EMS)on the solidification structure and solute segregation in the continuous casting bloom of U78CrV steel is investigated.The solute distribution in the macroscale is analyzed using a carbon–sulfur analyzer and that in the microscale is measured with an electron probe microanalyzer.The Image-J software is applied to analyze the number density and area ratio of segregation spots.The results show that the segregation spots are mainly located in the columnar to equiaxed transition zone and the equiaxed zone,which are enriched with C,Cr,and Mn elements.With the M-EMS applied,the columnar grain inclines to the upstream side.As the current intensity increases,the deflecting angle of columnar grain rises,especially with the current intensity larger than 300 A.Besides,the center segregation shows a declining trend and the area fraction of the equiaxed zone rises clearly.Moreover,it is found that the area ratio and number density of segregation spots increase with the higher current intensity of M-EMS.
基金supported by Science and Technology Innovation Cooperation Project between China and South Africa(2017YFE0113400).
文摘The strength-to-weight ratio is an important property of high-strength low-alloy(HSLA)steel in pipeline,whose precipitation strengthening can be improved.The final rolling temperature(FRT)and coiling temperature(CT)are the key process parameters in the control of precipitates and microstructure.Continuous cooling rate was fixed at 10℃/s,and the effects of deformation and coiling temperatures on precipitates and microstructure of Ti-Nb microalloyed HSLA steel were investigated through thermo-mechanical controlled processing on Gleeble 3500.The microstructure is mainly acicular ferrite with high density dislocation and several microns scale.The size and volume fraction of the precipitates were studied under transmission electron microscopy.The results showed that the diameter of the precipitates was in the range between 4 and 240 nm.The optimized combination of parameters is FRT of 820℃and CT of 550℃,and the volume fraction of precipitates obtained under this process is 0.59%.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos.11604148 and 51771003)
文摘The new magnetic degree of freedom provided by the noncollinear structure plays an important role in the development of spintronic devices.In this work,we conducted a systematic study on the magnetic and electrical transport properties of the hexagonal noncollinear ferromagnetic MnFeGe alloy.Abnormal Hall effect and moderate magnetoresistance(MR)were observed below the Curie temperature(~200 K)of MnFeGe,in both bulk and thin-film forms.Notably,the perpendicular MR in all samples firstly grows,then quasi-linearly descends with magnetic field increasing,making an irregular M-type MR in the low-field region.It is speculated that the abnormal MR is related to the magnetic domain change,and combined with micromagnetic simulations,the labyrinth domain and sparse bubble formation are verified to exist in MnFeGe.Our work offers an understanding of the lowfield-positive MR in a ferromagnet,as well as raises the possibility of magnetic bubble formation in this noncollinear system.
基金financially supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2020YFA0309300)the Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province(No.2016A030308019)+1 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.51901081 and 51871161)the Science and Technology Program of Guangzhou(Nos.2019050001 and 202002030052)
文摘Magnetic skyrmions are vortex-like swirling spin textures that are promising candidates for carrying information bits in future magnetic memories or logic circuits.To build skyrmionic devices,researchers must electrically manipulate magnetic skyrmions to enable easy integration into modern semiconductor technology.This operation generally uses a spin-polarized current,which unavoidably causes high energy dissipation and Joule heating.Thus,the electric-field strategy is a hopeful alternative for electrically manipulating the skyrmions due to the strategy’s negligible Joule heating and low energy cost.In this review,we systematically summarize the theoretical and experimental development of the electricalfield manipulation of magnetic skyrmions over the past decade.We review the following magnetic systems and physical mechanisms:(ⅰ)ultra-thin multilayer films with accumulation and release of interfacial charge,(ⅱ)singlephase multiferroic material with magneto-electric coupling,(ⅲ)ferromagnetic/ferroelectric(FM/FE)multiferroic heterostructure with magneto-elastic coupling.Finally,we consider future developmental trends in the electric-field manipulation of magnetic skyrmions and other topological magnetic domain structures.
